Schockley-Queisser Limit
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This document discusses the Shockley-Queisser limit, which describes the maximum theoretical efficiency of around 33.7% for a single p-n junction solar cell. It outlines approaches that can exceed this limit, including multi-junction solar cells that use multiple semiconductor materials to capture more energy from sunlight, concentrating sunlight to increase efficiency, using multiple exciton generation in quantum dots to produce multiple electron-hole pairs from one photon, and up-conversion or down-conversion of photons to better match the solar spectrum to the materials' bandgaps.
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Schockley-Queisser Limit
- 1. 1
- 2. Schockley-Queisser Limit Samina Qamar January 17, 2019 2
- 3. Outline Efficiency of Solar Cells Shockley-Queisser Limit Exceeding beyond the Shockley-Queisser Limit Multi-Junction Solar Cells Concentration of Sunlight Multiple Exciton Generation Photon up and down conversion 3
- 4. Efficiency of Solar Cells The Shockley-Queisser limit describes the maximum solar energy conversion efficiency achievable for a particular material and is the standard by which new photovoltaic technologies are compared. 4 1961 William Shockley and Hans Queisser calculated the maximum theoretical efficiency of an ideal single p-n junction solar cell. Shockley, W., Queisser, H.J., Journal of Applied Physics, 32, 510 (1961).
- 5. Concentration of one sun Absorption of one photon produces one electron-hole pair. Quantum Yield = 1. The solar frequency spectrum can be approximated as a black body emitter at 6000 K. Absorption-Step Funtion. Radiative recombination is the only recombination mechanism present. Carriers have infinite mobility. Assumptions 5 Shockley, W., Queisser, H.J., Journal of Applied Physics, 32, 510 (1961). Liao, Bolin and Hsu, Wei-Chun, “An Investigation of Shockley-Queisser Limit of Single p-n Junction Solar Cells”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2.997 Project Report (2012 33.7% at 1.34ev
- 6. 6 Liao, Bolin and Hsu, Wei-Chun, “An Investigation of Shockley-Queisser Limit of Single p-n Junction Solar Cells”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2.997 Project Report (2012
- 7. Valid Thermodynamic Approaches to Achieve Photon Conversion Efficiencies > 33% (Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit) 6 Multi-Junction Solar Cells Concentration of Sunlight Multiple Exciton Generation Photon up and down conversion
- 8. Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit: Multi-Junction Solar Cells 8 A multi-junction solar cell can be made by stacking two or more semiconductor junctions with different bandgaps—can capture more energy from the high- energy photons without losing the lower-energy ones.
- 9. Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit: Concentration of Sunlight 9
- 10. MEG been demonstrated in nanocrystals (quantum dots) such as PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CdS, CdSe, and InAs, as well as in single- walled carbon nanotubes. 10 Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit: Multiple Exciton Generation (MEG) Multiple exciton generation (MEG) in quantum-confined semiconductors is the process by which multiple bound charge-carrier pairs are generated after absorption of a single high-energy photon e- e- e- h O h+ O h+ Egap One photon yields two e-–h+ pairs impact ionization
- 11. Up-conversion for a single junction 2 photons of energy 0.5 Eg< hν< Eg are converted to 1 photon of hν> Eg Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit: 11
- 12. Down-conversion for a single junction 1 photon of energy hν > 2Eg is converted into 2 photons of hν > Eg Exceeding the Shockley-Queisser Limit: 12
- 13. Conclusion The theoretical efficiency of solar cells is highly limited, even in the limit of perfect engineering. Researchers are developing ways to increase this maximum efficiency, but the cost of implementing these new technologies is still an issue. Questions? 13