Perovskite solar cells

1. Perovskite Solar Cells
MSE 630
Koushik Kosanam

2. List of Contents
• Introduction
• Crystal structure
• Preparation methods
• Properties
• Challenges and solutions
• Conclusions
• References

3. Introduction
A perovskite is any compound that has the same structure as the perovskite
mineral which is first found in the Ural Mountains and named after Lev Perovski.
Emergence of perovskite solar cells (PSC) revolutionized the PV cells because of
their unique growth and rapid growth in efficiency 3.8% in 2009 to 19.3% in 2014
and high flexibility in material growth and architecture.

4. Crystal structure
General crystal structure of Perovskites is AXB3
A - cation which is generally methylammonium
(CH3NH3) or Formamidinium (CH(NH2)2), and
cesium (Cs)
B - cations which are lead or tin
X represents anions (halogens).
Goldschmidt tolerance factor (t)

5. Preparation methods
Manufacturing Methods- Spin Coating, Slot Die Coating, Inkjet Printing,
Electron Deposition, Vapor Deposition techniques

6. Ink Jet Printing

7. Properties
High absorption coefficient
Another benefit of the perovskite material’s high
absorption coefficient is ability to absorb photons with
a thin layer.

8. Properties
Tunable band Gap
One of the benefits of the perovskite material is its ability to tune its bandgap. If the ion radius of ‘X’
increases while ‘A’ and ‘B’ ions remain the same, the bandgap of the perovskite decreases.
the bandgap of 1.5 eV for MAPbI3 and 2.8 eV for MAPbCl3 . For example, tin is commonly used to
replace toxic lead.
High diffusion carrier lengths
Flexibility
Low excitation binding energy

9. Challenges for Commercialization

10. Challenges and solutions
Challenges Solutions
Oxygen affects the stability by creating a highly
reactive superoxide which then reacts with the ‘A’
ion to create water which degrades the film
progressively
This problem can be overcome by addition of
cadmium to reduce the iodine vacancies and also
by using less acidic cations like cesium and
formamidinium.
Water breaks down the perovskites into
precursors. For instance, In MAPbI3 PSC, water
reverts perovskite into lead iodide and
methylammonium and iodide.
Halide replacement- Increase the crystallinity
including a fraction of bromide into the
perovskite structure shrinks the lattice to inhibit
the entrance of water
Heat – changes phase ‘A’ ion has the greatest effect on thermal stability.
The common PSC utilizes MA which is more
reactive than other ‘A’ ions

11. Challenges and solutions
Challenge- UV light can also degrade
the film. Its result, a superoxide, then
reacts with the perovskite as previously
stated in the oxygen degradation section

12. Conclusions
The excellent and unique properties of perovskites will make them leading future
photovoltaic materials.
The efficiency of PSC has increased over the years from 3.8% in 2009 to 19.3% in
2014 and highest -29.2 % , higher than that of silicon cells.
Though there are few issues with stability like degradation due to oxygen,
moisture and UV light, these can be overcome by choosing a proper combination
of materials and encapsulation methods.
Replacing Pb by more greener materials and employing novel coatings to reduce
lead leakages. Efforts are being made to increase the stability of PCS against
moisture and oxygen and improve its efficiency. Novel manufacturing techniques
like rapid-spray plasma processing and various deposition techniques are being
employed for deposition of perovskites for higher efficiencies and large-scale
productions at lower costs.

13. References
1. Melissa Davis and Zhibin Yu, A review of flexible halide perovskite solar cells towards scalable
manufacturing and environmental sustainability, Journal of semiconductors, Vol-41(4), 2020[1], doi:
10.1088/1674-4926/41/4/041603.
2. Wan-Jian Yin, Ji-Hui Yang, Joongoo Kang, Yanfa Yan Su-Huai Wei, Halide perovskite materials for solar
cells: a theoretical review, Journal of materials chemistry A, Issue-4, (2015),
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05033A.
3. L. Wang1,G. D. Yuan, R. F. Duan, F. Huang, T. B. Wei, Z. Q. Liu, J. X. Wang, and J. M. Li, Tunable
bandgap in hybrid perovskite CH3NH3Pb(Br3−yXy) single crystals and photodetector applications, Vol
6(4), 2016, doi.org/10.1063/1.4948312.
4. Yu Han, Steffen Meyer, Yasmina Dkhissi, Karl Weber, Jennifer M. Pringle, Udo Bach, Leone Spiccia, Yi-
Bing Cheng, Degradation observations of encapsulated planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells at high
temperatures and humidity, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015,
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00358J.
5. Paola Vivo, Jagadish K.salunke, Arri Priimagi, Hole-Transporting Materials for Printable Perovskite Solar
Cells, Vol 10(9), 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091087.
6. Zhengqi Shi and Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Perovskites-Based Solar Cells: A Review of Recent Progress,
Materials and Processing Methods, Vol 11(5), 2018, MDPI, doi: 10.3390/ma11050729.
7. Amir Habib,Syed Saad Javaid, Perovskite Solar Cells: Potentials, Challenges, and Opportunities,
International journal of Photoenergy, 2015, Article ID 592308 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/592308.

14. • Everyone: Solar Energy cannot meet modern day needs
• Perovskites in 2040: Hold my Solar Panels