Solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun and represents the entire electromagnetic radiation that reaches Earth. It has powered life on Earth for millions of years. Solar energy can be used to heat living spaces and water through solar collectors and photovoltaic cells can convert sunlight directly into electricity. Research is ongoing to develop more efficient solar cell technologies like thin-film and multi-junction cells to harness solar energy on a larger scale.
A basic introduction of Solar Energy. Solar energy is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of electricity, heat, etc.
What Is Solar Energy & Types of Solar EnergyDavid Stoffel
What is Solar Power, Types and Advantages. Solar power is energy from the sun. It is considered as a serious source of energy for many years because of the vast amounts of energy that is made freely available. let's see more detail Visit:- http://www.wesrch.com/
A basic introduction of Solar Energy. Solar energy is the energy received by the earth from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of electricity, heat, etc.
What Is Solar Energy & Types of Solar EnergyDavid Stoffel
What is Solar Power, Types and Advantages. Solar power is energy from the sun. It is considered as a serious source of energy for many years because of the vast amounts of energy that is made freely available. let's see more detail Visit:- http://www.wesrch.com/
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
It's an army version...as it was made by me for my dad :) I have a word report too...for that or any queries regarding this topic contact me on alizamalik01@gmail.com....Gud luck!
A short presentation about solar energy, renewable energy, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, applications of solar energy. Life of earth.
Non-renewable energy and disadvantages of non renewable energy.
This is a presentation I did recently to Secondary School Children as part of the Singapore Science festival. Realized that its both easy and also difficult to explain the technology and benefits of solar energy to school children.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
Concentrated solar power in India - an evaluationSindhu Maiyya
Work done as a part of internship with Energy Alternatives India. A researched insight into India as an investment site for concentrated solar power generation. Technology explained along with pros, cons, and market conditions.
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
It's an army version...as it was made by me for my dad :) I have a word report too...for that or any queries regarding this topic contact me on alizamalik01@gmail.com....Gud luck!
A short presentation about solar energy, renewable energy, advantages and disadvantages of solar energy, applications of solar energy. Life of earth.
Non-renewable energy and disadvantages of non renewable energy.
This is a presentation I did recently to Secondary School Children as part of the Singapore Science festival. Realized that its both easy and also difficult to explain the technology and benefits of solar energy to school children.
photovoltaics cell pv cell solar cell Gautam Singh
this ppt tells about the how energy get from solar energy. it also tell about the new element that is graphene. it also tell about how semiconductor works
Concentrated solar power in India - an evaluationSindhu Maiyya
Work done as a part of internship with Energy Alternatives India. A researched insight into India as an investment site for concentrated solar power generation. Technology explained along with pros, cons, and market conditions.
introduction,advantage and disadvantage of solar energy,Generation of solar cell: 1st 2nd 3rd generation solar cell , I-V characteristics, working,application, efficiency data and advantage solar cell.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. What is Solar Energy?What is Solar Energy?
Originates with theOriginates with the
thermonuclear fusionthermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring in thereactions occurring in the
sun.sun.
Represents the entireRepresents the entire
electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation
(visible light, infrared,(visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and radioultraviolet, x-rays, and radio
waves).waves).
Radiant energy from the sunRadiant energy from the sun
has powered life on Earth forhas powered life on Earth for
many millions of years.many millions of years.
3. Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of theAll chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the
thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only purethermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure
radiant energy reaches the Earth.radiant energy reaches the Earth.
Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 daysEnergy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days
of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the totalof sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total
of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Sun does not shine consistently.Sun does not shine consistently.
Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate itSolar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it
into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.
Addressed by approaching the problem through:Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.
4. Solar Energy toSolar Energy to Heat Living SpacesHeat Living Spaces
Proper design of a building is for it to act as a solarProper design of a building is for it to act as a solar
collector and storage unit. This is achieved throughcollector and storage unit. This is achieved through
three elements: insulation, collection, and storage.three elements: insulation, collection, and storage.
5. Solar Energy to Heat WaterSolar Energy to Heat Water
A flat-plate collector is usedA flat-plate collector is used
to absorb the sun’s energy toto absorb the sun’s energy to
heat the water.heat the water.
The water circulatesThe water circulates
throughout the closed systemthroughout the closed system
due to convection currents.due to convection currents.
Tanks of hot water are usedTanks of hot water are used
as storage.as storage.
7. Solar Cells BackgroundSolar Cells Background
1839 - French physicist A. E. Becquerel first recognized the photovoltaic1839 - French physicist A. E. Becquerel first recognized the photovoltaic
effect.effect.
1883 - first solar cell built, by Charles Fritts, coated semiconductor1883 - first solar cell built, by Charles Fritts, coated semiconductor
selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions.selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions.
1954 - Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, accidentally1954 - Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, accidentally
found that silicon doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light.found that silicon doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light.
Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson, invented the firstDaryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson, invented the first
practical device for converting sunlight into useful electrical power.practical device for converting sunlight into useful electrical power.
Resulted in the production of the first practical solar cells with a sunlightResulted in the production of the first practical solar cells with a sunlight
energy conversion efficiency of around 6%.energy conversion efficiency of around 6%.
1958 - First spacecraft to use solar panels was US satellite Vanguard 11958 - First spacecraft to use solar panels was US satellite Vanguard 1
8. Driven by Space Applications inDriven by Space Applications in
Early DaysEarly Days
9. The heart of a photovoltaic system is a solid-state device called aThe heart of a photovoltaic system is a solid-state device called a
solar cell.solar cell.
How does it workHow does it work
10. Energy Band Formation in SolidEnergy Band Formation in Solid
Each isolated atom has discrete energy level, with two electrons of
opposite spin occupying a state.
When atoms are brought into close contact, these energy levels split.
If there are a large number of atoms, the discrete energy levels form a
“continuous” band.
11. Energy Band Diagram of a Conductor,Energy Band Diagram of a Conductor,
Semiconductor, and InsulatorSemiconductor, and Insulator
a conductor a semiconductor an insulator
Semiconductor is interest because their conductivity can be readily modulated
(by impurity doping or electrical potential), offering a pathway to control electronic
circuits.
12. SiliconSilicon
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
-
Si Si Si
Si
SiSi
Si
Si
Si
Shared electrons
Silicon is group IV element – with 4 electrons in their valence shell.
When silicon atoms are brought together, each atom forms covalent
bond with 4 silicon atoms in a tetrahedron geometry.
13. Intrinsic SemiconductorIntrinsic Semiconductor
At 0 ºK, each electron is in its lowest energy state
so each covalent bond position is filled. If a small
electric field is applied to the material, no electrons
will move because they are bound to their individual
atoms.
=> At 0 ºK, silicon is an insulator.
As temperature increases, the valence electrons
gain thermal energy. If a valence electron gains
enough energy (Eg), it may break its covalent bond
and move away from its original position. This
electron is free to move within the crystal.
Conductor Eg <0.1eV, many electrons can be
thermally excited at room temperature.
Semiconductor Eg ~1eV, a few electrons can be
excited (e.g. 1/billion)
Insulator, Eg >3-5eV, essentially no electron can
be thermally excited at room temperature.
14. Extrinsic Semiconductor, n-type DopingExtrinsic Semiconductor, n-type Doping
Electron
-
Si Si Si
Si
SiSi
Si
Si
As
Extra
Valence band, Ev
Eg = 1.1 eV
Conducting band, Ec
Ed ~ 0.05 eV
Doping silicon lattice with group V elements can creates extra
electrons in the conduction band — negative charge carriers (n-type), As-
donor.
Doping concentration #/cm3
(1016
/cm3
~ 1/million).
15. Valence band, Ev
Eg = 1.1 eV
Conducting band, Ec
Ea ~ 0.05 eV
Electron
-
Si Si Si
Si
SiSi
Si
Si
B
Hole
Doping silicon with group III elements can creates empty holes in the
conduction band — positive charge carriers (p-type), B-(acceptor).
Extrinsic Semiconductor, p-type dopingExtrinsic Semiconductor, p-type doping
16. V
I
R O F
p n
p n
V>0 V<0
Reverse bias Forward bias
p-n Junction (p-n diode)p-n Junction (p-n diode)
A p-n junction is a junction formed by combining p-type and n-type
semiconductors together in very close contact.
In p-n junction, the current is only allowed to flow along one
direction from p-type to n-type materials.
i
p n
V<0 V>0
depletion layer
- +
17. Solar Cells
Light-emitting Diodes
Diode Lasers
Photodetectors
Transistors
p-n Junction (p-n diode)p-n Junction (p-n diode)
A p-n junction is the basic device component for many
functional electronic devices listed above.
18. How Solar Cells WorkHow Solar Cells Work
Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials
to create electron hole pairs.
Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to
flow through the material to produce electricity.
p n
- +
- +
- +
- +
- +
hv > Eg
19. Cost vs. Efficiency TradeoffCost vs. Efficiency Tradeoff
Efficiency ∝ τ1/2
Long d
High τ
High Cost
d
Long d
Low τ
Lower Cost
d
τ decreases as grain size (and cost) decreases
Large Grain
Single
Crystals
Small Grain
and/or
Polycrystalline
Solids
20. 89.6% of 2007 Production89.6% of 2007 Production
45.2% Single Crystal Si45.2% Single Crystal Si
42.2% Multi-crystal SI42.2% Multi-crystal SI
Limit efficiency 31%Limit efficiency 31%
Single crystal silicon - 16-19%Single crystal silicon - 16-19%
efficiencyefficiency
Multi-crystal silicon - 14-15%Multi-crystal silicon - 14-15%
efficiencyefficiency
Best efficiency by SunPower Inc 22%Best efficiency by SunPower Inc 22%
Silicon Cell Average Efficiency
First GenerationFirst Generation
–– Single Junction Silicon CellsSingle Junction Silicon Cells
21. CdTe 4.7% & CIGS 0.5% of 2007 ProductionCdTe 4.7% & CIGS 0.5% of 2007 Production
New materials and processes to improve efficiencyNew materials and processes to improve efficiency
and reduce cost.and reduce cost.
Thin film cells use about 1% of the expensiveThin film cells use about 1% of the expensive
semiconductors compared to First Generation cells.semiconductors compared to First Generation cells.
CdTe – 8 – 11% efficiency (18% demonstrated)CdTe – 8 – 11% efficiency (18% demonstrated)
CIGS – 7-11% efficiency (20% demonstrated)CIGS – 7-11% efficiency (20% demonstrated)
Second GenerationSecond Generation
–– Thin Film CellsThin Film Cells
22. Enhance poor electrical performance while maintaining very lowEnhance poor electrical performance while maintaining very low
production costs.production costs.
Current research is targetingCurrent research is targeting conversion efficiencies of 30-60%conversion efficiencies of 30-60% while retainingwhile retaining
low cost materials and manufacturing techniques.low cost materials and manufacturing techniques.
Multi-junction cells – 30% efficiency (40-43% demonstrated)Multi-junction cells – 30% efficiency (40-43% demonstrated)
Third GenerationThird Generation
–– Multi-junction CellsMulti-junction Cells
27. Top 10 PV Cell ProducersTop 10 PV Cell Producers
Top 10 produce 53% of world
total
Q-Cells, SolarWorld - Germany
Sharp, Kyocera, Sharp, Sanyo –
Japan
Suntech, Yingli, JA Solar –
China
Motech - Taiwan
28. (in the U.S. in 2002)
1-4
¢
2.3-5.0 ¢ 6-8
¢
5-7
¢
Production Cost of ElectricityProduction Cost of Electricity
0
5
10
15
20
25
C o al G a s O il W ind Nucle ar S o la r
C o s t
6-7
¢
25-50 ¢
Cost,¢/kW-hr