there is notes of developmental psychology it is very important chapter of psychology i make this notes in very easy method easy you can understand, in this unit will get knowledge about the psychological development according to age and what psychological changes will be there according to age, about all these will get knowledge except of these topic will get knowledge about the psychology of challenged individual, psychology of women and psychology of group, this notes will help you for exam if you loke so please like
3. From GCN NOTS
• INTRODUCTION – The term development means a
progressive series of change that occur as a result of
maturation and experience
• Developmental psychology studies the
developmental changes covering the life span from
conception to death.
4. • Life span is divided into various stages which are
associated with specific age periods these are..
The prenatal period
Infancy – birth – 2 year
Early childhood – 2- 6 year
Middle childhood – 6- 12 years
Adolescence – 12- 19 years
5. Early adulthood - 19-40 years
Middle adulthood – 40- 60 years
Late adulthood / old age - 60 and beyond
7. • Prenatal period includes from conception to birth,
family and maternal attitudes contributes for the
relationship between mother and child during this
period
• Maternal stress and unfavorable[do not like
someone] attitudes toward the child, had impact on
child
• The full term unborn or neonate has remarkable
competencies to survive in the outside world
8. • Newborn look toward moving objects and listen
closely to the sound of voices, specially their
mother’s voice. Which they heard during the womb
9. Psychological need of
• Include the acceptance of the pregnancy by the
family, development of an attachment to the baby
and preparation for birth, adjustment to the changes
in her physical appearance and maintenance of a
positive relationship with the father of the baby
11. • The period of infancy begin with birth and last for
two year, the infant is called neonate for the first
four weeks after birth, during the first 12 months of
the infant shows very rapid motor development and
learn to sit, stand and begin walk, infant weight
triple from birth weight by one to two years length
increased by almost 50% from birth
12. PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF INFANT
• Include need for security, love, affection[a feeling of
loving], warmth, comfort, acceptance, nourishment,
understanding and physical contact the infant need
to be cuddled and fondled[to touch somebody gently
in a loving way]frequently
14. • The child during this period learn to walk, run, climb,
jump, balance, develops fine motor skill and
muscular coordination, also developed sensory
perception of size and learn to speak, capable of
practical thinking and solving simple problems , learn
to how to dress ,how to get ready
• Other important achievement during this period are
learning how to use writing tools, identifying letters,
numbers and sound
15. Psychological needs during early childhood
• Include love, recognition, security, encouragement,
protection, discipline, nutrition
17. • During this period physical growth is slow and
gradual, the average child 2 to 3 inches in height and
gained about 3 to 5 pound of weight in a year
• The increased muscular development and
resistance[not tiered] to fatigue makes new skill and
activities possible
• Children develop much smoother and well
coordinated muscle movement during this age
18. • They become capable of many muscular activity such
as a running, riding a bicycle and throwing or
catching boll, writing or reading and ability to handle
language during this age
19. Psychological need during this phase
• Include love affection, security belonging need,
understanding, attention and physical care, child
need a opportunities to exercise his/her muscle and
refine motor coordination
• Also need protective environment, encouragement
guidance and direction to understanding what
behavior is expected
21. • Adolescence is a period of rapid physical,
intellectual, emotional and social growth A period of
growing up
• Physically the boy and girl become an adult, sex
organ mature, adolescence begin very with rapid
change in the body
• Change can be see in height and weight, shape of the
body, sound of the voice. presence of pubic and
facial
22. • Hair and other external sex characteristic
• There is an intellectual growth, mature mode of
thinking, intellectual reaches its maximum during
this period.
• Emotionally the adolescent grows independent of
parents and prepare them self for entering into other
relationship that are needed in marriage, work, and
in the community
24. • It include status, independence, satisfying
philosophy of life, a proper orientation to the
opposite sex and guidance in selecting a vocation[ in
which field will make career they need guidence]
26. • During early adulthood most adult reach their full
height, a number of sensory and neural function are
also at optimal level during this period [work very
well]
• For women, reproductive capacity is at its peak[high]
during young adulthood, intellectual ability appears
to peak during this period, task requiring quick
response time, certain creative skill also reach
highest level during young adulthood
27. • Young women have additional psychological
difference related to the body change, about 75% of
all women in young adulthood experience mood
swing with the cycle of maturation these are
believed to be caused by hormonal change in the
body
• Choosing a career and life partner are top priority in
this age child rearing is usually an important part of
young adulthood
28. • During this period behavior is governed more by
intelligence than emotion, adult adapt easily to
social situations, face reality objectively, adult are
vocationally adjusted and able to think and decide
things on their own.
29. Psychological need for early adulthood
• It include a balance of intimacy, freedom and
independence, the adult too like the child and
adolescent, need securities, self realization and
recognition
• Other needs are development of intimate
relationship, marriage and status in society
31. • Middle adulthood, commonly called midlife, bring
with it dramatic change in physical development
which begins during late early adulthood appears to
speed up and is much more visible as a person
reaches the late 40s
• In middle age the skin loses some of the elasticity,
hair begin to thin and turn grey or white
32. • Muscular strength decline slowly, a very major
physical change come about the cardiovascular
system, heart cannot pump much blood as the
younger heart, blood pressure usually rise during
middle adulthood
• During middle adulthood men and women undergo a
number of change in their reproductive and sexual
organs, the change are linked to decrease in the
33. • Production of sex hormones, especially estrogen and
testosterone
• For women in mid 40’s is cessation[stop] of
menstrual occurs, termed as menopause, a number
of unpleasant systems have been correlated with
menopause which include profuse sweating hot
flashes, dizziness, headache, irritability, depression,
insomnia, weight gain
34. Psychological need of middle adulthood
• Support from partner, need of love from family and
children, need to make co ordination between family
members, economically stability
36. Late adulthood 60 years and above
• The age of 60 years and above is commonly
considered as old age it is period of retirement from
active work
• It is marked by impairment of sensory function
seeing and hearing, old person also show a gradual
decline in mental ability, memory, attention, thinking
and ability to learn new things are affected
37. • Other chronic disease which are common among old
age are cancer, arthritis, loss of hearing and vision
38. Psychological need of late adulthood
• It include love, affection, need for physical care,
security, need of attention
43. • Chronic illness and prolonged disablement
necessitate a reconstruction of patient’s idea of
himself/herself and a complete recognition of
relationship
• Patient who realize that he/she is permanently
disabled become angry with himself/ herself and
with others
44. • He/she may expressed anger towards the family
members and the hospital staff
• He/she may refuse to meet people or to go out
• This phase of self consciousness increase the
difficulties, like family members or hospital staff feel
embarrassed or discomfort due to patient’s attitude
• He loses interest in himself and the surrounding and
find life not worth living
45. • He/she refused to take sufficient nourishment,
treatment, neglect personal hygiene and lost interest
in all activities
• The greatest isolation occurs in those who lost sight,
speech or hearing, sometimes this isolation may lead
to confusion, disorientation and a terrifying feeling
of being lost leading to aggressive behavior
46. •Blind people need constant interpretation of
their environment while they are learning to
use their other senses[there should be one
person for guiding]
•It is important for nurse to learn
communication skill with the deaf such as a
gesture[moving hand], mime,[to act something
without speaking]writing and demonstration
47. • The nursing care of the disabled must aim at helping
the patient, so that he/she can create a new idea by
themselves
49. • Just as physical disorder affect women differently
than men, women’s psychological needs are
different, also issues are specific to women following
are some example …
52. • Many women have raised to be passive and place
the need of others before themselves, for example a
women who is wife and mother may define her role
as the giver and nurture and disregard[secondary]
her own emotional need
• She may reach a point where she beings to
experience anxiety and depression as she has lost
her own self identity
53. • A nurse can help the women uncover her strength
and work towards understanding her need and goals
55. • In today’s society there is a significant emphasis
placed on body image through tv, magazine, movies
and other social young women receive distorted
message regarding appropriate body image
• The women’s definition regarding their own body
may be distorted resulting in eating disorder such as
anorexia and bulimia, many women view their body
with fear sometimes leading to self injury
56. • The nurse should help her to develop positive body
image
58. • Women are twice as likely as men to experience
depression, psychological study shows that women
withdrawing and blaming themselves, in contrast
men threw themselves into activities
• Hormones create mood swings before
maturation[premenstrual tension] and after
childbirth or due to use of oral contraceptives
60. • When unwanted pregnancy occurs in this stage of
women’s life , it can significantly alter her emotional
development
• The nurse can help her understand the option
available and the use of her own strength to cope
with the current situation
62. • Infertility can be financially, emotionally and
psychologically draining, although infertility affect
both men and women , women often feel the loss of
not becoming pregnant and a psychological loss of
not being a ‘real women ‘
• The nurse can help her to cope with the feeling of
loss associated with infertility
63.
64. • Mor than 50% of women experience some form of
violence from their spouse this may occur in the
from of verbal abuse, limiting behavior[avoid] or
actual physical attack
• Emotional abuse is difficult to identify and often
leaves the victim with a sense of somethings wrong
but doubt in their own perception
65. • The nurse can help women re- established her sense
of self worth[self identity] and remove her self from
the violence situation
67. • Women who have been victim of rape by a stranger,
date rape or family members often experience a
psychological effect, know as rape trauma syndrome
• Women experience low self esteem[self respect] or
low confidence. There is a lot of self blame and self
attach. other common feeling are depression and
anger
68. • It is important for women to process the feelings
they have regarding rape and resulting from up with
a qualified psychotherapist
70. • The main aim of nursing care is to assist the patient
in attaining the highest possible level of
independence. Sickness interfere with self care,
interpersonal relationships, control over other,
responsibility and obligation particularly if admission
to hospital is necessary
• Inevitable illness result in disturbance of family and
other social relationship.
71. • Short term non life threatening illness evokes a few
emotional changes
• Severe illness particularly one that is life threatening
can lead to more extensive emotional reactions such
as anxiety, shock, fear, anger, denial and depression
• They may be anger about overwork the hazard of the
occupation and about dangerous lifestyle, which
may held responsible for the illness
72. • Communication problem among the patient and the
family members may arise as they not well informed
about the health issue, such as issue require
considerable amount of time repeated contact,
privacy
• The need to maintain family relationship and
friendship during illness is important when small
children are involved
73. • Separation of children from there parents can cause
a lot of anxiety, if the child is the patient the
presence of mother or the primary caregiver a lot of
significance
• When one of the parent is admitted in the hospital it
is important that children should be allowed to visit
them
74. • During illness where patient remain at home, they
retain greater independence under such as
circumstance the nurse’s job become more
challenging as the patient may more readily exercise
his right to deny care and advice
76. Introduction…
• The basic unit of study in social psychology is the
group, which is made up of two or more person who
regularly relate with each other
• Group is defined as two or more people who
influence one another through social interaction
77. Classification of group
• Primary group- in this type there is an intimate face
to face relationship and cooperation between
members, all the member have we feeling and are
prepared to make maximum security sacrifice for
each other, example- family
78. • Secondary group - in this group the relationship is
more or less casual, it is marked by single bond of
interest example union, class group[job group]
79. • Tertiary group- in this type of group the degree of
intimacy or relationship is for a short period,
example the audience in a cinema or the passenger
in railway compartment
81. • Group influence their member in many ways
• People in group work together and have definite
objectives and goals
• Each group developed its own standard of values
rules about behavior
• Continue membership throughout life in group
influence thought, choice, behavior and values
82. • Health behavior is influenced greatly by the group
• When a decision has been made by whole group the
member feel much more bound by the decision, then
if it had been imposed on the group by one person
