Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens (1946) developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales of measurement such as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. This presentation slide describes the four-level of scales with illustrations.
Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens (1946) developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales of measurement such as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. This presentation slide describes the four-level of scales with illustrations.
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
This presentation is on Measurement and it's scales. There are four different types of scales of measurement, namely, Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
Types of Statistics Descriptive and Inferential StatisticsDr. Amjad Ali Arain
Topic: Types of Statistics Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Student Name: Bushra
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
One of the three points that divide a data set into four equal parts. Or the values that divide data into quarters. Each group contains equal number of observations or data. Median acts as base for calculation of quartile.
Correlation- an introduction and application of spearman rank correlation by...Gunjan Verma
this presentation contains the types of correlation, uses, limitations, introduction to spearman rank correlation, and its application. a numerical is also given in the presentation
Topic: Population And Sample
Student Name: Sidera Saleem
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
This presentation is on Measurement and it's scales. There are four different types of scales of measurement, namely, Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
Types of Statistics Descriptive and Inferential StatisticsDr. Amjad Ali Arain
Topic: Types of Statistics Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Student Name: Bushra
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
One of the three points that divide a data set into four equal parts. Or the values that divide data into quarters. Each group contains equal number of observations or data. Median acts as base for calculation of quartile.
Correlation- an introduction and application of spearman rank correlation by...Gunjan Verma
this presentation contains the types of correlation, uses, limitations, introduction to spearman rank correlation, and its application. a numerical is also given in the presentation
Topic: Population And Sample
Student Name: Sidera Saleem
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
measurement and scaling is an important tool of research. by following the right and suitable scale will provide an appropriate result of research.this slide show will additionally provide the statistical testing for research measurement and scale.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. MEASURMENT
IT IS THE ACT OF ASSIGNING NUMBERS OR SYMBOLS TO
CHARACTERISTICS OF THINGS ( PEOPLE, EVENT, WHATEVER)
IT ALSO REFERED AS THE PROCESS OF APPLYING NUMBERS TO
OBJECTS ACCORDING TO SET OF RULES
3. SCALE
MAINLY THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SCALES .THEY ARE:
1. CONTINOUS SCALE: It is one which can take on a value between any other two
values
Eg: Room temperature
2. DISCRETE SCALE: It is one with a well defined finite set of possible values
Eg: True/ False
4. Measurement scales are used to categorize and/or quantify variables.
This lesson describes the four scales of measurement that are commonly used in
statistical analysis
It was classified by Professor S . S . Stevens in 1946
That are:
i. NOMINAL SCALES
ii. ORDINAL SCALES
iii. INTERVAL SCALES
iv. RATIO SCALES.
5.
6. NOMINAL SCALE
It is a discrete classification of data, in which data are neither measured nor ordered
but subjects are merely allocated to distinct categories
It is a simplest form of measurement
It deals with variables that are non-numeric or where the numbers have no value.
They are used for labelling variables with out any quantitative value. So it is simply
called” labels”
It is a naming scale and is used with categorical data.
7. EXAMPLES OF NOMINAL SCALE
Gender
Marital status
Race
PROPERTIES OF NOMINAL SCALE
Nominal variables vary qualitatively, not quantitatively.
The values of nominal variables cannot be organized hierarchically in regards to importance.
The most appropriate statistic for describing nominal variables are frequencies.
If required, the most appropriate "average" for nominal variables is the mode.
Nominal variables can be easily converted into "dummy" quantitative variables by treating each of their
values as independent variables with only two values.
8. Applications of nominal scale
It is used in American psychological association’s DSM IV. Here each disorder listed in
the manual is assigned its own number
individual test items may also employ nominal scale including yes/ no responses
LIMITATION
It doesn’t have natural order
PRECAUTION
It can’t interpreted with quantitative meaning
9. ORDINAL SCALE
The Ordinal Scale is a rank order scale in which the numbers are assigned to the objects to determine
the relative extent to which certain characteristic is possessed.
It helps in identifying that whether the object has more or less of a characteristic as compared to
another object, but does not tell about how much or less the characteristic is.
It posses the description and relative order characteristics but give us no information regarding
differences between the categories . For example: differences in the position of a running competition
In ordinal scale the equivalent objects are assigned the same rank
10. Examples of ordinal scale
Quality ranking
Occupational status
Ranking of teams in tournament
Rank order of winners……..
APPLICATIONS OF ORDINAL SCALE
In marketing research, these scales are used to measure the relative opinions, attitudes, perceptions, and
preferences.
11. INTERVAL SCALE
Interval data is a data which comes in the form of a numerical value.
Interval scales use constant unites of measurement.
The differences on a characteristic can be measured and compared.
Do not have a true zero value.
EXAMPLES
Persons level of anxiety
Intelligence
Psychopathy
Temperature
12. PROPERTIES OF INTERVAL SCALE
Equal interval between numbers.
Differences between points is standardised and meaningful.
It allows the researcher to compare difference between the objects.
Means, variants standard deviation and Pearson product moment co relations can be calculated on interval scale
data.
13. LIMITATIONS
The lack of a true zero however means that we do not know the absolute level of what is
being measured.
PRECAUTION
Calculating norms through a process of standardization helps to overcome this
14. RATIO SCALE
Ratio scale is much like interval data – it must be numerical values where the differences between points is
standardised and meaningful.
It has an absolute or true zero of measurement.
It represents the actual amount of variables.
EXAMPLES
Weight
Height
Distance
age
15. PROPERTIES
Has all the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scales.
Has an absolute zero.
All mathematical operations can be meaningfully performed.
Has an absolute zero, magnitude and equal interval.
LIMITATION
Although many physical characteristics are measured on ratio scales many
psychological ones are not.
16.
17. REFERENCE
Ronald Jay Cohen . Mark E Swerdlik (2005) Psychological Testing And Assessment New York : Mc
Graw Hill
Keith Coaley( 2009). An Introduction To Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics London :
sage Publications Ltd
Theresa J . B Kline(2005). Psychological Testing . New Delhi : Sage Publications
