2. VARIABLES
A variable is something that is likely to vary or something that is subject to variation.
We can also say that a variable is a quantity that can assume any of a set of values. In
other words, we can say that a variable is a characteristic that varies from one person or
thing to another. It is a characteristic, number or quantity that increases or decreases
over time or takes different value in different situations; or in more precise words, it is
a condition or quality that can differ from one case to another. We often measure or
count it. A variable may also be called a data item. Examples of variables for human are
height, weight, age, number of siblings, business income and expenses, country of
birth, capital expenditure, marital status, eye colour, gender, class grades, and vehicle
type, etc.
5. LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
There are two basic types of variables – quantitative and
categorical. Each uses different type of analysis and
measurement, requiring the use of different type of measurement
scale. A scale of a variable gives certain structure to the variable
and also defines the meaning of the variable. There are four types
of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
7. MEASUREMENT SCALES
Nominal – categories
Gender, ethnicity, etc.
Ordinal – ordered categories
Rank in class, order of finish, etc.
Interval – equal intervals
Test scores, attitude scores, etc.
Ratio – absolute zero
Time, height, weight, etc.
8. NOMINAL SCALES
Nominal scales are naming scales that represent categories
where there is no basis for ordering the categories.
Nominal Scale Examples
diagnostic categories
gender of the participants
classification based on discrete characteristics (hair color)
group affiliation (Republican, Democrat)
9. ORDINAL SCALES
Ordinal scales involve categories that can be ordered
along a pre-established dimension. However, we have
no way of knowing how different the categories from
one another. We state the latter property by saying that
we do not have equal intervals between the items.
Rankings represents ordinal scales but do not know
how different each person is from the next person.
10. ORDINAL SCALES EXAMPLES
World cup teams
any rank ordering
social class categories
order of finish in a race
Boards result positions
Race competitions
11. INTERVAL SCALES
Interval scales are similar to standard numbering scales
except they do not have a true zero. That means that the
distance between successive numbers is equal, but that the
number zero does NOT mean that there is none property
being measured. Many measures that involve psychological
scales, especially those normal standardization (IQ), and
temperature scales are assumed to be interval scales of
measurement.
12. INTERVAL SCALES EXAMPLES
Scores on scales that are standardized with an arbitrary mean.
Scores on scales that are known to not have a true zero (e.g.,
most temperature scales except for the Kelvin Scale)
Scores on measures where it is not clear that zero means none
of trait (math test)
Scores on most personality scales based on counting the
number of endorsed items
13. RATIO SCALES
Ratio scales are the easiest to understand because they
are numbers as we usually think of them. The distance
between adjacent numbers is equal on a ratio scale and
the score of zero on the ratio scale means that there is
none of whatever is being measured. Most ratio scales
are counts of things.
14. RATIO SCALES EXAMPLES
Time to complete a task
Number of responses given in a specified time period
Weight, length, height of an object
Number of children in a family
Number of accidents detected
Number of errors made in a specified time period
15. IMPORTANCE OF SCALES
The most important reason for making the distinction
between these measurement scales of is that it affects the
statistical procedures used in describing and analyzing
your data.
There are dozens of examples of measures at each of
these levels of measurement, along with some exercises
help in understanding of these distinctions.
16. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
There are many disciplines ranging from medicine and
astrophysics to agriculture, zoology and social sciences, where
scientists a process called scientific method is used to advance
their knowledge and understanding.
Scientific method is a tool for:
(a) forming and framing questions,
(b) collecting information to answer those questions, and
(c) revising old and developing new questions.