This document provides an overview of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It defines SCADA and describes common system components like HMIs, RTUs, and supervisory stations. It discusses the differences between supervision and control in SCADA. It also outlines SCADA concepts, hardware solutions, operational philosophy, communication methods, generations of SCADA from monolithic to networked, trends including increased standardization and networking, and security issues associated with newer networked SCADA systems.
The aim of this project is to design and develop a system , which will help us to control the industrial processes sitting in a far of location.
Here a wireless concept of RF radio frequency (frequency Modulation technology) is used to control and monitor.
We have a company that is based in mehsana for providing scada for asphalt batch mix plant, scada for asphalt drum mix plant, scada for concrete batch mix plant. we are the best for scada system. you can check more on <a href = "http://www.fpsscada.com"> fps scada</a>
overview of plc and dcs...
A general information about the common plcs used and how SCADA software is used for virtualising the entire plant equipments and sensors and control them within a single control room.
The aim of this project is to design and develop a system , which will help us to control the industrial processes sitting in a far of location.
Here a wireless concept of RF radio frequency (frequency Modulation technology) is used to control and monitor.
We have a company that is based in mehsana for providing scada for asphalt batch mix plant, scada for asphalt drum mix plant, scada for concrete batch mix plant. we are the best for scada system. you can check more on <a href = "http://www.fpsscada.com"> fps scada</a>
overview of plc and dcs...
A general information about the common plcs used and how SCADA software is used for virtualising the entire plant equipments and sensors and control them within a single control room.
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used to control manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented, such as oil refining, petrochemicals, central station power generation, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage manufacturing, cement production, steelmaking, and papermaking. DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use set point control to control the flow of material through the plant.
The most common example is a set point control loop consisting of a pressure sensor, controller, and control valve. Pressure or flow measurements are transmitted to the controller, usually through the aid of a signal conditioning input/output (I/O) device. When the measured variable reaches a certain point, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches the desired set point.
Large oil refineries have many thousands of I/O points and employ very large DCSs. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated quality controls (see quality control system QCS), variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.
Innovic India Private Limited provides industrial Training on DCS as well as other automationtechnologies like PLC, SCADA, HMI, VFD and many more.
For Core Engineering jobs and 100% Job Oriented Industrial Training
Feel free to contact us on: +91-9555405045/+91-9811253572
Email: group.innovic2gmail.com
Web: www.innovicindia.com
Distributed Control System (DCS) Applications, Selection & TroubleshootingpetroEDGE
Since the first Distributed Control System was installed in the late 1970’s, the concept of DCS has swept alternative control technologies from the field. The substantial growth, in the construction of plants in the traditional heavy process industries, such as power generation, refining, oil and gas, water and petrochemicals, is driving significant growth in the utilization of DCS. The broad architecture of a solution involves either a direct connection to physical equipment, such as switches, pumps and valves or connection via a fieldbus communication system.
Design of Industrial Automation Functional Specifications for PLCs, DCSs and ...Living Online
The workshop will be useful to both specifiers and implementers and will provide a theoretical grounding as well as a practical guide for preparing a control system functional specification for implementation on Industrial control systems consisting of PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), HMI (Human Machine Interfaces/SCADA devices) or DCS (Distributed Control Systems).
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
Electrical engineers and technicians
Industrial automation engineers and technicians
Instrumentation and control engineers, technologists and technicians
Maintenance engineers, technicians and staff
Mechanical engineers and technicians
Operation, inspection and repair managers, supervisors and engineers
Plant engineers
System specifiers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/design-industrial-automation-functional-specifications-plcs-dcss-and-scada-systems-14
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used to control manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented, such as oil refining, petrochemicals, central station power generation, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage manufacturing, cement production, steelmaking, and papermaking. DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use set point control to control the flow of material through the plant.
The most common example is a set point control loop consisting of a pressure sensor, controller, and control valve. Pressure or flow measurements are transmitted to the controller, usually through the aid of a signal conditioning input/output (I/O) device. When the measured variable reaches a certain point, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches the desired set point.
Large oil refineries have many thousands of I/O points and employ very large DCSs. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated quality controls (see quality control system QCS), variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.
Innovic India Private Limited provides industrial Training on DCS as well as other automationtechnologies like PLC, SCADA, HMI, VFD and many more.
For Core Engineering jobs and 100% Job Oriented Industrial Training
Feel free to contact us on: +91-9555405045/+91-9811253572
Email: group.innovic2gmail.com
Web: www.innovicindia.com
Distributed Control System (DCS) Applications, Selection & TroubleshootingpetroEDGE
Since the first Distributed Control System was installed in the late 1970’s, the concept of DCS has swept alternative control technologies from the field. The substantial growth, in the construction of plants in the traditional heavy process industries, such as power generation, refining, oil and gas, water and petrochemicals, is driving significant growth in the utilization of DCS. The broad architecture of a solution involves either a direct connection to physical equipment, such as switches, pumps and valves or connection via a fieldbus communication system.
Design of Industrial Automation Functional Specifications for PLCs, DCSs and ...Living Online
The workshop will be useful to both specifiers and implementers and will provide a theoretical grounding as well as a practical guide for preparing a control system functional specification for implementation on Industrial control systems consisting of PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), HMI (Human Machine Interfaces/SCADA devices) or DCS (Distributed Control Systems).
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
Electrical engineers and technicians
Industrial automation engineers and technicians
Instrumentation and control engineers, technologists and technicians
Maintenance engineers, technicians and staff
Mechanical engineers and technicians
Operation, inspection and repair managers, supervisors and engineers
Plant engineers
System specifiers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/design-industrial-automation-functional-specifications-plcs-dcss-and-scada-systems-14
Implementation of T-Junction Traffic Light Control System Using Simatic S7-20...IJERA Editor
A conventional traffic light control system is designed by using devices such as timers, relays and
contactors etc. The critical timing operation is required to be carried out under the existence of heavy
traffic situations. This conventional practice leads to many problems that need additional maintenance
cost and subsequent delay for a long time. With the help of a PLC, the requirement of fast automation
and effective optimization of traffic light control system can be achieved. Use of PLC helps us to
develop this process not only for traffic signal on the roads, but also on the movement of trains and
the transfer of containers in ports in maritime works. In order to provide a solution to the above
problem, this paper introduces an execution and implementation of T-junction traffic control system
using SEIMENS S7-200 PLC. Programming in PLC is written in ladder logic with the help of STEP7
MICROWIN software
SCADA (Supervisory Control & data Acquisation) PPTDeepeshK4
PowerPoint Presentation(PPT) on SCADA
This PPT includes:
* What is Scada
* Applications of Scada
* Need of Scada
* Components of Scada
* Objectives of Scada
* Why Scada is used/ Where is the SCADA system used
* What is controlled by SCADA in Power sysem
* Advantages & Disadvantages
* How SCADA works?
* Working Procedure of SCADA
Thanks for visiting my slide
The paper describes the SCADA used in various run-time processes such as Electric power generation, transmission and distribution, Water and sewage: State and municipal water utilities,Buildings, facilities and environments, to regulate electricity to subways, trams and trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to track and locate trains and buses; and to control railroad crossing gates.
• Traffic signals: SCADA regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow and detects out-of-order signals.
n this PowerPoint, the elements of SCADA systems are explored in detail. The presentation covers key components such as human-machine interface (HMI), data acquisition units, communication networks, and data storage. It also discusses the role of each element in the overall SCADA system and their interaction for efficient process control.
SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It is a type of software application program for process control. SCADA is a central control system which consist of controllers network interfaces, input/output, communication equipments and software. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control the equipments in the industrial process which include manufacturing, production, development and fabrication.
People are talking about the smart grid to television commercials on this topic, we have a plethora of activities around the world where engineers, policy makers, entrepreneurs, and businesses have shown a keen interest in various aspects of this technology. There are smart-grid-related funding opportunities, projects, seminars, conferences, and training programs going on in Europe, the United States, Japan, India and China to name a few. With all this hope and expectation about the smart grid, the question needs to be asked— what it will take to make it real. For the smart grid to be practical and beneficial to society, the following are some of the expectation from the civic society.
Networking technologies have gained tremendous development in the past decades as a separate industry sector. The creation of the Internet, mobile cellular networks, satellite networks, community networks, wired and wireless local area and personal networks, as well as the invention of diversified networking services has enormously enhanced our capability for information exchange. However, the modern networking technologies have not been leveraged sufficiently in power systems for optimized management. When we deploy smart grid, it is critical to take advantage of the advancements in networking technologies to enable the automated and intelligent system management. Although the currently available networking technologies have greatly satisfied our personal communication needs, applying them to power systems and addressing the specific requirements for power communications are challenging by all means.
High-end forms automation systems can be a six or seven figure investment for companies. These systems can be justified by companies whose core business is directly dependent on forms automation, such as financial services companies, insurance companies, and many public sector entities. However, small enterprises that do not require high-end forms automation as a core business function nonetheless have an opportunity to improve execution of many internal processes through the use of electronic forms. Benefits from automating forms-based processes include: reduced process cycle time, error reduction, increased use of self-service, and improved retrieval/discovery through increased use of electronic documents.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
2. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
Table of Contents
Definition ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Common system components ................................................................................................................. 3
Supervision vs. control ............................................................................................................................ 4
Systems concepts .................................................................................................................................... 4
Human Machine Interface ....................................................................................................................... 5
Hardware solutions ................................................................................................................................. 6
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU).................................................................................................................... 6
Supervisory Station ................................................................................................................................. 6
Operational philosophy ........................................................................................................................... 7
Communication infrastructure and methods ........................................................................................... 7
SCADA Generation................................................................................................................................... 8
First generation: "Monolithic" ..................................................................................................... 8
Second generation: "Distributed"................................................................................................ 8
Third generation: "Networked" ................................................................................................... 8
Trends in SCADA ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Security issues ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Page | 2
3. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
DEFINITION
SCADA stands for supervisory control and data acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control
system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial,
infrastructure or facility-based as described below:
o
o
o
Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and
refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.
Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution,
wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and
distribution, civil defense siren systems, and large communication systems.
Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships,
and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption.
COMMON SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems:
A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator,
and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process. A supervisory (computer)
system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process.
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital
data and sending digital data to the supervisory system.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical,
versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs.
Figure b: PLC
Figure a: HMI
Figure c :RTU
Page | 3
4. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
SUPERVISION VS. CONTROL
There is, in several industries, considerable confusion over the differences between SCADA systems and
DCS. Generally speaking, a SCADA system usually refers to a system that coordinates, but does not
.
coordinates
control processes. The discussion on real time control is muddied somewhat by newer
ussion
real-time
telecommunications technology, enabling reliable, low latency, high speed communications over wide
areas. Most differences between SCADA and DCS are culturally determined and can usually be ignored.
As communication infrastructures with higher capacity become available, the difference between
SCADA and DCS will fade.
SYSTEMS CONCEPTS
The term SCADA usually refers to centralized
systems which monitor and control entire sites,
or complexes of systems spread out over large
s
areas (anything between an industrial plant and a
country). Most control actions are performed
automatically by Remote Terminal Units ("RTUs")
or by programmable logic controllers ("PLCs").
Host control functions are usually restricted to
basic overriding or supervisory level intervention.
For example, a PLC may control the flow of
cooling water through part of an industrial
process, but the SCADA system may allow
operators to change the set points for the
flow,and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of
flow and high temperature, to be displayed and
recorded. The feedback control loop passes
through the RTU or PLC, while the SCADA system
monitors
the
overall
performance
of
the
loop.
Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment status
reports that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a
way that a control room operator using the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override
normal RTU (PLC) controls. Data may also be fed to a Historian, often built on a commodity Database
Management System, to allow trending and other analytical auditing.
,
tren
SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as a tag database,
which contains data elements called tags or points. A point represents a single input or output value
.
monitored or controlled by the system. Points can be either "hard" or "soft". A hard point represents an
led
actual input or output within the system, while a soft point results from logic and math operations
applied to other points. (Most implementations conceptually remove the distinction by making every
property a "soft" point expression, which may, in the simplest case, equal a single hard point.) Points are
normally stored as value-timestamp pairs: a value, and the timestamp when it was recorded or
timestamp
calculated. A series of value-timestamp pairs gives the history of that point. It's also common to store
timestamp
additional metadata with tags, such as the path to a field device or PLC register, design time comments,
and alarm information.
Page | 4
5. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
Typical Basic SCADA Animations
A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which
presents process data to a human operator, and through
which the human operator controls the process.
An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases
and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic
data, and management information such as scheduled
maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed
schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expertsystem troubleshooting guides.
The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a
mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being
controlled. For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump
is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can then
switch the pump off. The HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real
time. Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process
elements, or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated
symbols.
The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that the operators or
system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface.
These representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic light, which represents the state of an
actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a multi-projector display representing the position of all
of the elevators in a skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway.
An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms. An alarm is a digital status point that has
either the value NORMAL or ALARM. Alarms can be created in such a way that when their requirements
are met, they are activated. An example of an alarm is the "fuel tank empty" light in a car. The SCADA
operator's attention is drawn to the part of the system requiring attention by the alarm. Emails and text
messages are often sent along with an alarm activation alerting managers along with the SCADA
operator.
Page | 5
6. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
HARDWARE SOLUTIONS
SCADA solutions often have Distributed Control System (DCS)
components. Use of "smart" RTUs or PLCs, which are capable
Since about 1998, virtually all major
of autonomously executing simple logic processes without
PLC manufacturers have offered
involving the master computer, is increasing. A functional
integrated HMI/SCADA systems, many
block programming language, IEC 61131-3 (Ladder Logic), is
of them using open and nonfrequently used to create programs which run on these RTUs
proprietary
communications
and PLCs. Unlike a procedural language such as the C
protocols. Numerous specialized thirdprogramming language or FORTRAN, IEC 61131-3 has minimal
party HMI/SCADA packages, offering
training requirements by virtue of resembling historic physical
built-in compatibility with most major
control arrays. This allows SCADA system engineers to perform
PLCs, have also entered the market,
both the design and implementation of a program to be
allowing
mechanical
engineers,
executed on an RTU or PLC. A Programmable automation
electrical engineers and technicians to
controller (PAC) is a compact controller that combines the
configure HMIs themselves, without
features and capabilities of a PC-based control system with
the need for a custom-made program
that of a typical PLC. PACs are deployed in SCADA systems to
written by a software developer.
provide RTU and PLC functions. In many electrical substation
SCADA applications, "distributed RTUs" use information
processors or station computers to communicate with
protective relays, PACS, and other devices for I/O, and communicate with the SCADA master in lieu of a
traditional RTU.
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)
The RTU connects to physical equipment. Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from the
equipment to digital values such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve, or measurements
such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting and sending these electrical signals out to
equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the
speed of a pump.
SUPERVISORY STATION
The term "Supervisory Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for communicating with
the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI software running on workstations in the
control room, or elsewhere. In smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single
PC. In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers, distributed software
applications, and disaster recovery sites. To increase the integrity of the system the multiple servers will
often be configured in a dual-redundant or hot-standby formation providing continuous control and
monitoring in the event of a server failure.
Initially, more "open" platforms such as Linux were not as widely used due to the highly dynamic
development environment and because a SCADA customer that was able to afford the field hardware
and devices to be controlled could usually also purchase UNIX or OpenVMS licenses. Today, all major
operating systems are used for both master station servers and HMI workstations.
Page | 6
7. Sougata Mitra
Principles of SCADA
OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
For some installations, the costs that would result from the control system failing are extremely high.
Possibly even lives could be lost. Hardware for some SCADA systems is ruggedized to withstand
temperature, vibration, and voltage extremes, but in most critical installations reliability is enhanced by
having redundant hardware and communications channels, up to the point of having multiple fully
equipped control centres. A failing part can be quickly identified and its functionality automatically
taken over by backup hardware. A failed part can often be replaced without interrupting the process.
The reliability of such systems can be calculated statistically and is stated as the mean time to failure,
which is a variant of mean time between failures. The calculated mean time to failure of such high
reliability systems can be on the order of centuries.
COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND METHODS
SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or modem connections to
meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP over SONET / SDH is also frequently used
at large sites such as railways and power stations. The remote management or monitoring function of a
SCADA system is often referred to as telemetry.
This has also come under threat with some customers wanting SCADA data to travel over their preestablished corporate networks or to share the network with other applications. The legacy of the early
low-bandwidth protocols remains, though. SCADA protocols are designed to be very compact and many
are designed to send information to the master station only when the master station polls the RTU.
Typical legacy SCADA protocols include Modbus RTU, RP-570, Profibus and Conitel. These
communication protocols are all SCADA-vendor specific but are widely adopted and used. Standard
protocols are IEC 60870-5-101 or 104, IEC 61850 and DNP3. These communication protocols are
standardized and recognized by all major SCADA vendors. Many of these protocols now contain
extensions to operate over TCP/IP. It is good security engineering practice to avoid connecting SCADA
systems to the Internet so the attack surface is reduced.
RTUs and other automatic controller devices were being developed before the advent of industry wide
standards for interoperability. The result is that developers and their management created a multitude
of control protocols. Among the larger vendors, there was also the incentive to create their own
protocol to "lock in" their customer base. A list of automation protocols is being compiled here.
Recently, OLE for Process Control (OPC) has become a widely accepted solution for intercommunicating
different hardware and software, allowing communication even between devices originally not intended
to be part of an industrial network.
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SCADA GENERATION
FIRST GENERATION: "MONOLITHIC"
In the first generation computing was done by mainframe systems. Networks didn’t exist at the time
SCADA was developed. Thus SCADA systems were independent systems with no connectivity to other
systems. Wide Area Networks were later designed by RTU vendors to communicate with the RTU. The
communication protocols used were often proprietary at that time. The first-generation SCADA system
was redundant since a back-up mainframe system was connected at the bus level and was used in the
event of failure of the main mainframe system.
SECOND GENERATION: "DISTRIBUTED"
The processing was distributed across multiple stations which were connected through LAN and they
shared information in real time. Each station was responsible for a particular task thus making the size
and cost of each station less than the one used in First Generation. The network protocols used were
still mostly proprietary, which led to significant security problems for any SCADA system that received
attention from a hacker. Since the protocols were proprietary, very few people beyond the developers
and hackers knew enough to determine how secure a SCADA installation was. Since both parties had
vested interests in keeping security issues quiet, the security of a SCADA installation was often badly
overestimated, if it was considered at all.
THIRD GENERATION: "NETWORKED"
These are the current generation SCADA systems which use open system architecture rather than a
vendor-controlled proprietary environment. The SCADA system utilizes open standards and protocols,
thus distributing functionality across a WAN rather than a LAN. It is easier to connect third party
peripheral devices like printers, disk drives, and tape drives due to the use of open architecture. WAN
protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) are used for communication between the master station and
communications equipment. Due to the usage of standard protocols and the fact that many networked
SCADA systems are accessible from the Internet, the systems are potentially vulnerable to remote cyberattacks. On the other hand, the usage of standard protocols and security techniques means that
standard security improvements are applicable to the SCADA systems, assuming they receive timely
maintenance and updates.
TRENDS IN SCADA
There is a trend for PLC and HMI/SCADA software to be more "mix-and-match". In the mid 1990s, the
typical DAQ I/O manufacturer supplied equipment that communicated using proprietary protocols over
a suitable-distance carrier like. End users who invested in a particular vendor's hardware solution often
found themselves restricted to a limited choice of equipment when requirements changed. To mitigate
such problems, open communication protocols such as IEC , IEC 61850, serial, and DNP3 LAN/WAN
became increasingly popular among SCADA equipment manufacturers and solution providers alike.
SCADA systems enabled users to mix-and-match products from different vendors to develop solutions
that were better than those that could be achieved when restricted to a single vendor's product
offering.
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Towards the late 1990s, the shift towards open
communications continued with individual I/O
manufacturers as well, who adopted open message
structures such as Modbus RTU and Modbus ASCII
over RS-485. By 2000, most I/O makers offered
completely open interfacing such as TCP over
Ethernet and IP.
SCADA systems are coming in line with standard
networking technologies. and TCP/IP based protocols
are replacing the older proprietary standards.
Although certain characteristics of frame-based
network communication technology have restricted
the adoption of Ethernet in a few specialized
applications, the vast majority of markets have
accepted Ethernet networks for HMI/SCADA.
SCADA systems are becoming
increasingly ubiquitous. , web
portals, and products are gaining
popularity with most major
vendors.
The
increased
convenience of end users viewing
their
processes
remotely
introduces
security
considerations.
While
these
considerations
are
already
considered solved in other sectors
of internet services, not all
entities responsible for deploying
SCADA systems have understood
the changes in accessibility and
threat scope implicit in connecting
a system to the internet
With the emergence of in the broader software
industry, a few vendors have begun offering
application specific SCADA systems hosted on remote
platforms over the network. This removes the need to
install and commission systems at the end-user's
facility and takes advantage of security features already available in Internet technology, s and . Some
concerns include security, Donald Wallace (2003-09-01).
SECURITY ISSUES
The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions together with the
increased number of connections between SCADA systems and office networks and the Internet has
made them more vulnerable to attacks - see references. Consequently, the security of SCADA-based
systems has come into question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to
cyberwarfare/cyber terrorism attacks.
In particular, security researchers are concerned about:
The lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and operation of
existing SCADA networks
The mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through obscurity through the
use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces
The mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are purportedly physically
secured
The mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly disconnected
from the Internet
SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples of which are transmission
of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in pipelines, water distribution, traffic lights, and other
systems used as the basis of modern society. The security of these SCADA systems is important because
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10. Sougata Mitra
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compromise or destruction of these systems would impact multiple areas of society far removed from
the original compromise.
For example, a blackout caused by a compromised electrical SCADA system would cause financial losses
to all the customers that received electricity from that source. How security will affect legacy SCADA and
new deployments remains to be seen.
There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the threat of unauthorized access to
the control software, whether it be human access or changes induced intentionally or accidentally by
virus infections and other software threats residing on the control host machine. Second is the threat of
packet access to the network segments hosting SCADA devices. In many cases, there is rudimentary or
no security on the actual packet control protocol, so anyone who can send packets to the SCADA device
can control it. In many cases SCADA users assume that a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware
that physical access to SCADA-related network jacks and switches provides the ability to totally bypass
all security on the control software and fully control those SCADA networks. These kinds of physical
access attacks bypass firewall and VPN security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint
authentication and authorization such as are commonly provided in the non-SCADA world by in-device
SSL or other cryptographic techniques.
Many vendors of SCADA and control products have begun to address these risks in a basic sense by
developing lines of specialized industrial firewall and VPN solutions for TCP/IP-based SCADA networks.
Additionally, application whitelisting solutions are being implemented because of their ability to prevent
malware and unauthorized application changes without the performance impacts of traditional antivirus
scans. Also, the ISA Security Compliance Institute (ISCI) is emerging to formalize SCADA security testing
starting as soon as 2009. ISCI is conceptually similar to private testing and certification that has been
performed by vendors since 2007. Eventually, standards being defined by ISA99 WG4 will supersede the
initial industry consortia efforts, but probably not before 2011 .
The increased interest in SCADA vulnerabilities has resulted in vulnerability researchers discovering
vulnerabilities in commercial SCADA software and more general offensive SCADA techniques presented
to the general security community. In electric and gas utility SCADA systems, the vulnerability of the
large installed base of wired and wireless serial communications links is addressed in some cases by
applying bump-in-the-wire devices that employ authentication and Advanced Encryption Standard
encryption rather than replacing all existing nodes.
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