SBC_450_Hereditary eye dysfunction.pptx 1.ppt
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This document discusses several common eye conditions: cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. It provides details on the signs and symptoms, causes, management, and treatment options for cataracts and diabetic retinopathy. Specifically, it explains that cataracts are cloudy areas in the lens of the eye that can impair vision. The most common treatment is cataract surgery. It also outlines the pathogenesis and classification of diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes that damages the retina and can potentially lead to vision loss.
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cataract.pptx
This document discusses three common eye disorders: cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis. It defines each disorder and describes their causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Cataracts involve cloudiness of the lens, glaucoma damages the optic nerve leading to vision loss, and conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly known as pink eye. Surgical intervention may be required for cataracts and glaucoma to prevent further vision impairment.
diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
DIABETES AND THE EYE
This document discusses the effects of diabetes on the eye. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its long-term damaging effects on organs. It then covers the two main types of diabetes and their characteristics. The document discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and how high blood glucose damages blood vessels in the eye. It provides a detailed overview of the stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative and potential vision loss outcomes. Management strategies like glucose control, laser therapy, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy are summarized.
Ophthalmic diseases
This document provides an overview of common eye conditions and disorders organized by anatomical structure of the eye. Key points covered include:
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Ocular manifestation in DM - H.pptx
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Retinal diseases can affect vision and cause blindness. Common retinal conditions include floaters, macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa. Floaters are spots in vision caused by age-related changes in the vitreous jelly inside the eyes. Macular degeneration is deterioration of the macula and is diagnosed as dry or wet. Diabetics are susceptible to retinal damage from conditions like diabetic eye disease. Retinal detachment occurs when fluid builds behind the retina, causing separation. Retinitis pigmentosa describes genetic conditions that cause retinal degeneration over time.
preservingeyesight
Vision loss affects 285 million people worldwide and is caused by conditions like uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and eye cancer. The major global causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma which can often be treated, while the major causes of blindness are cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Left untreated, common age-related eye diseases like dry and wet macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to profound vision loss or blindness.
Preserving Eyesight
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
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cataract.pptx
This document discusses three common eye disorders: cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis. It defines each disorder and describes their causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Cataracts involve cloudiness of the lens, glaucoma damages the optic nerve leading to vision loss, and conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly known as pink eye. Surgical intervention may be required for cataracts and glaucoma to prevent further vision impairment.
diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to complications of diabetes. It can progress from mild nonproliferative retinopathy, to moderate and severe nonproliferative stages, and finally to the most severe proliferative retinopathy stage. Risk factors include duration of diabetes, blood sugar level, and high blood pressure. Treatment depends on the stage but may include laser photocoagulation surgery or vitrectomy to prevent vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure along with regular eye exams can help prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy.
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This document discusses the effects of diabetes on the eye. It begins with an introduction to diabetes mellitus and its long-term damaging effects on organs. It then covers the two main types of diabetes and their characteristics. The document discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and how high blood glucose damages blood vessels in the eye. It provides a detailed overview of the stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative and potential vision loss outcomes. Management strategies like glucose control, laser therapy, anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy are summarized.
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This document provides an overview of common eye conditions and disorders organized by anatomical structure of the eye. Key points covered include:
- Dry eye, conjunctivitis, keratoconus, refractive errors, uveitis, color blindness, retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts, and floaters.
- Causes, symptoms, and treatment options are described for each condition.
- Additional details are given on types of conjunctivitis, refractive errors, retinal detachments, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and surgical procedures for cataracts and retinal detachment.
Ocular manifestation in DM - H.pptx
This document provides an overview of ocular manifestations of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the various structures that can be affected, including the retina, tears, lids, conjunctiva, cornea, pupil, and lens. Retinal complications like diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy are covered in detail, outlining stages from non-proliferative to proliferative and advanced disease. Visual implications such as effects on acuity, visual fields, and color vision are summarized. The document provides a comprehensive but concise review of ocular complications of diabetes.
Retinal diseases of eye
Retinal diseases can affect vision and cause blindness. Common retinal conditions include floaters, macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa. Floaters are spots in vision caused by age-related changes in the vitreous jelly inside the eyes. Macular degeneration is deterioration of the macula and is diagnosed as dry or wet. Diabetics are susceptible to retinal damage from conditions like diabetic eye disease. Retinal detachment occurs when fluid builds behind the retina, causing separation. Retinitis pigmentosa describes genetic conditions that cause retinal degeneration over time.
preservingeyesight
Vision loss affects 285 million people worldwide and is caused by conditions like uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and eye cancer. The major global causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma which can often be treated, while the major causes of blindness are cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Left untreated, common age-related eye diseases like dry and wet macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to profound vision loss or blindness.
Preserving Eyesight
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are cloudy lenses that reduce vision and are most often age-related. They occur when the lens becomes less transparent over time. Risk factors for cataracts include diabetes, corticosteroid use, and glaucoma. Both conditions are generally treated surgically by removing the opaque lens or reducing eye pressure, but vision lost from glaucoma cannot be recovered. A combined study found diabetes significantly increases cataract risk while glaucoma is also an independent risk factor, potentially causing 5% of all cataracts.
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This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which refers to retinal changes seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. It first describes the normal retinal structure and then defines diabetic retinopathy and its causes such as duration of diabetes and poor metabolic control. It classifies diabetic retinopathy into non-proliferative and proliferative stages and discusses their clinical features and management approaches including screening, medical treatments like controlling risk factors and intravitreal steroids, photocoagulation procedures, and surgical treatment for advanced cases.
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A cataract is a dense, cloudy area that forms in the lens of the eye. A cataract begins when proteins in the eye form clumps that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina. The retina works by converting the light that comes through the lens into signals. It sends the signals to the optic nerve, which carries them to the brain.
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Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
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Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the tiny blood vessels inside the retina. Over time, patients may experience vision changes including blurred vision, floaters, and partial vision loss. Strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol can help prevent and slow the progression of retinopathy. For more advanced cases, treatments like laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections, and vitrectomy surgery can help preserve vision. With proactive screening and management, blindness from diabetic retinopathy can largely be prevented or delayed.
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This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy. It discusses the pathogenesis, risk factors, classification, clinical features and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. It describes how diabetes can damage retinal blood vessels and lead to proliferative changes. It also outlines the screening guidelines for diabetic retinopathy. The document also summarizes hypertensive retinopathy, describing how high blood pressure can cause vascular changes in the retina. It discusses the different grades of hypertensive retinopathy and the aim of treatment to control high blood pressure.
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The document summarizes ophthalmic disorders that can affect different parts of the eye. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and physiology, describing the three layers of the eye - outer, middle and inner. It then discusses several common eye disorders that can affect each layer, including dry eyes and conjunctivitis in the outer layer, keratoconus and refractive errors in the middle layer, and conditions like glaucoma, cataracts and floaters in the inner layer. Specific disorders covered in more depth include uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and the different types of glaucoma and cataracts. The document provides details on symptoms, causes and treatment for
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The document discusses various causes and symptoms of blindness and eye disorders. It defines blindness according to WHO as a corrected visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye. The major causes of blindness globally are cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal opacities, and diabetic retinopathy. Symptoms of eye diseases can include impaired vision, pain, redness, discharge, watering, flashes of light, and floaters, depending on the underlying condition such as uveitis, glaucoma, or retinal detachment. Diagnosis is based on examining the eyes and visual acuity.
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Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
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This document summarizes several common eye disorders and diseases: refractive errors like myopia and presbyopia can usually be corrected with glasses or contacts; age-related macular degeneration damages central vision and has wet and dry forms; cataracts are the leading cause of blindness and can be treated surgically; diabetic retinopathy damages blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes; glaucoma damages the optic nerve and can cause vision loss; amblyopia is reduced vision in one eye caused by conditions like strabismus where the eyes do not align properly.
Diabeticretinopathy30 3-2011-121109075116-phpapp01
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Green Fluorescent Protein notes.ppt
GFP has several advantages over other reporter genes for detecting gene expression:
1. GFP allows direct observation of gene expression over time in living cells, while other reporters require killing cells to measure expression.
2. GFP fluorescence can be measured at the single cell level by flow cytometry, providing quantitative data on variation in expression between individual cells.
3. Kinetic analysis of gene expression over time is possible by monitoring GFP fluorescence, which is not feasible with other reporters.
4. GFP fusions can be used to study protein localization and trafficking in living cells in real-time.
Transcription.ppt
Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase converts DNA into RNA. It involves 3 stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at promoter sequences on DNA and requires a sigma factor. During elongation, RNA polymerase proofreads as it synthesizes RNA to ensure accuracy. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches termination sequences and releases the RNA transcript.
Bioenergetics.ppt
Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build molecules. The three macronutrients that yield energy are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Carbohydrates have a limited storage capacity, fats have an unlimited storage capacity, and proteins are used for building with no storage capacity. Metabolic pathways are integrated as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down into the common intermediate acetyl-CoA, then further oxidized, with degradation and synthesis usually compartmentalized. Glycolysis and the TCA cycle generate ATP through oxidation reactions regulated by key enzymes.
Green Fluorescent Protein.ppt
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein isolated from jellyfish that emits green light when exposed to blue light. It consists of 238 amino acid residues arranged in a beta-barrel structure with an alpha-helix running through the center. The fluorophore of GFP is formed by three amino acids in the central alpha-helix. GFP has become an important research tool, used as a marker for gene expression, protein localization and interactions by fusing it to genes or proteins of interest. It allows non-invasive visualization of biological processes using fluorescence microscopy.
Muscle Contraction and Movement_Enzymes.ppt
1. The document describes the molecular characteristics and mechanisms of muscle contraction. It discusses the structure and interactions of the contractile filaments actin and myosin.
2. The sliding filament theory is described as the mechanism where myosin heads bind to actin and hydrolyze ATP to slide along actin, causing muscle shortening.
3. The process of muscle contraction involves motor neuron stimulation, calcium ion release, actin-myosin cross-bridge formation, and sarcomere shortening through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.
Prions ppt SBC 450.ppt
Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle. Prions are composed solely of protein and contain no nucleic acids. They propagate by converting the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrPSc). The normal prion protein is involved in the replication of the mutated form. Prion diseases are difficult to treat as prions are highly resistant to heat and chemical inactivation.
Avidin biotin interaction
Here are the key differences between avidin, streptavidin, CaptAvidin and neutravidin:
- Avidin and streptavidin are both tetrameric proteins composed of four subunits, each capable of binding one biotin molecule.
- Streptavidin is derived from Streptomyces avidinii while avidin is derived from egg whites.
- Streptavidin is more resistant to denaturation than avidin.
- CaptAvidin is an avidin derivative where the biotin binding can be reversed by raising the pH, allowing isolation of biotinylated molecules.
- Neutravidin is a modified form of avidin that is less basic than
Tenancy agreement
This document appears to be a rental agreement between Mellick Solutions (the landlord's agent) and an unnamed tenant. The key details are:
1. The tenant agrees to rent part of a commercial/residential building identified as [blank] for an agreed monthly rent of [blank] payable by the 5th of each month.
2. The tenant pays an initial deposit equal to one month's rent.
3. The tenant agrees to only use the premises for [blank] purposes and not assign or sublet without permission. The tenant also agrees to pay utility bills and return the premises in good condition.
4. The landlord agrees to pay rates and head rents and allow the tenant peaceful
Fermentation
The document discusses the key steps in brewing beer, including selecting a location, setting goals, understanding the role of yeast, malting grains to convert starch to sugar through enzymes, mashing grains in water to further break down starch, fermenting with yeast to produce alcohol and flavors, and optional flavoring additions to customize the taste.
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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SBC_450_Hereditary eye dysfunction.pptx 1.ppt
- 2. Hereditary eye dysfunction The four most common eye conditions leading to loss of vision or blindness are: Cataracts. Diabetic retinopathy. Glaucoma. Age-related macular degeneration.
- 3. An ocular opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The subsequent cloudy appearance of the eye resulted in the origin of the name cataract SURES - IN HOUSE CLINIC
- 4. Signs and symptoms of cataracts include • Clouded, blurred or dim vision • Increasing difficulty with vision at night • Sensitivity to light and glare • Need for brighter light for reading and other activities • Seeing "halos" around lights • Frequent changes in eye glass or contact lens prescription • Fading or yellowing of colors • Double vision in a single eye
- 5. Causes Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up your eye's lens. Some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts can also be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medications, too, can cause cataracts to develop.
- 6. Management Vision may be improved by: Using different eyeglasses ------ Magnifying lenses Cataract Surgery Draw back: High pressure in the eye • Blood collection inside the eye • Infection inside the eye Intake of dietary antioxidants prevent cataract formation by blocking the oxidative modification of the lens Vitamins A, C and E Phacoemulsification: The most common method of removal. Phaco involves a small incision on the side of the cornea
- 7. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY RISK FACTORS 1. Duration of diabetes 2. Poor control of Diabetes 3. Hypertension 4. Nephropathy 6. Obesity and hyperlipidemia 7. Smoking 8. Pregnancy
- 8. Pathogenesis Microangiopathy which has features of both microvascular leakage and occlusion Larger vessels may also be involved Loss of pericytes results in distention of weak capillary wall producing microaneurysms which leak. Blood-retinal barrier breaks down causing plasma constituents to leak into the retina – retinal oedema, hard exudates Basement membrane thickening, endothelial cell damage, deformed RBCs, platelet stickiness and aggregation Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is produced by hypoxic retina VEGF stimulates the growth of shunt and new vessels
- 9. Classification of DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) I Non-proliferative DR (NPDR) Mild Moderate Severe Very severe II. Proliferative DR (PDR) III. Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME) - May exist by itself or along with NPDR and PDR
- 10. Refractive Errors Hyperopia (Far Sightedness) Object focuses behind the retina Able to see only far objects Signs and symptoms: blurred vision, Squinting, Eye rubbing, Headaches Treatment: Convex lens Myopia (Near Sightedness) Object focuses in front of the retina Able to see only close objects Symptoms and Signs: Blurred vision, squinting, eye rubbing, headaches Treatment Concave lens and Radical keratotomy
- 11. Refractive Errors Cont….. Astigmatism Abnormal shaped cornea (egg shape instead of spherical) Object is partially clear & other blurred Symptoms and Signs: blurred vision, squinting, eye rubbing, headaches Treatment Concave lens and Radical keratotomy Presbyopia Mechanism Rigidity of the lens (old age) unable to focus Symptoms and Signs: Blurred vision, squinting, eye rubbing, headaches Treatment: Lens transplant