Bioenergetics.ppt
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Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build molecules. The three macronutrients that yield energy are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Carbohydrates have a limited storage capacity, fats have an unlimited storage capacity, and proteins are used for building with no storage capacity. Metabolic pathways are integrated as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down into the common intermediate acetyl-CoA, then further oxidized, with degradation and synthesis usually compartmentalized. Glycolysis and the TCA cycle generate ATP through oxidation reactions regulated by key enzymes.
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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein isolated from jellyfish that emits green light when exposed to blue light. It consists of 238 amino acid residues arranged in a beta-barrel structure with an alpha-helix running through the center. The fluorophore of GFP is formed by three amino acids in the central alpha-helix. GFP has become an important research tool, used as a marker for gene expression, protein localization and interactions by fusing it to genes or proteins of interest. It allows non-invasive visualization of biological processes using fluorescence microscopy.
Muscle Contraction and Movement_Enzymes.ppt
1. The document describes the molecular characteristics and mechanisms of muscle contraction. It discusses the structure and interactions of the contractile filaments actin and myosin.
2. The sliding filament theory is described as the mechanism where myosin heads bind to actin and hydrolyze ATP to slide along actin, causing muscle shortening.
3. The process of muscle contraction involves motor neuron stimulation, calcium ion release, actin-myosin cross-bridge formation, and sarcomere shortening through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.
Prions ppt SBC 450.ppt
Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle. Prions are composed solely of protein and contain no nucleic acids. They propagate by converting the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal disease-causing form (PrPSc). The normal prion protein is involved in the replication of the mutated form. Prion diseases are difficult to treat as prions are highly resistant to heat and chemical inactivation.
Avidin biotin interaction
Here are the key differences between avidin, streptavidin, CaptAvidin and neutravidin:
- Avidin and streptavidin are both tetrameric proteins composed of four subunits, each capable of binding one biotin molecule.
- Streptavidin is derived from Streptomyces avidinii while avidin is derived from egg whites.
- Streptavidin is more resistant to denaturation than avidin.
- CaptAvidin is an avidin derivative where the biotin binding can be reversed by raising the pH, allowing isolation of biotinylated molecules.
- Neutravidin is a modified form of avidin that is less basic than
Tenancy agreement
This document appears to be a rental agreement between Mellick Solutions (the landlord's agent) and an unnamed tenant. The key details are:
1. The tenant agrees to rent part of a commercial/residential building identified as [blank] for an agreed monthly rent of [blank] payable by the 5th of each month.
2. The tenant pays an initial deposit equal to one month's rent.
3. The tenant agrees to only use the premises for [blank] purposes and not assign or sublet without permission. The tenant also agrees to pay utility bills and return the premises in good condition.
4. The landlord agrees to pay rates and head rents and allow the tenant peaceful
Fermentation
The document discusses the key steps in brewing beer, including selecting a location, setting goals, understanding the role of yeast, malting grains to convert starch to sugar through enzymes, mashing grains in water to further break down starch, fermenting with yeast to produce alcohol and flavors, and optional flavoring additions to customize the taste.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Bioenergetics.ppt
- 2. classification ■ Metabolism is divided into two – a. Catabolism: – b. Anabolism: Macronutrients These are organic compounds that yield Energy through various metabolic mechanism They are classified as: - Carbohydrates (limited capacity for store) - Fats/Lipids (Unlimited capacity for store) - Proteins (used for building and No capacity for store)
- 3. Integration Connection of Pathways ATP is generated by oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to yield a common intermediate ‐> Acetyl CoA Synthesis and degradation pathways almost always separated ‐> Compartmentation
- 4. metabolism
- 6. GLYCOLYSIS Regulation: Step 1,hexokinase Step 3, phosphofructokinase Step10, pyruvate kinase
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- 9. Importance of TCA cycle