There is tremendous potential for salivary diagnostics revolutionary improvements in health care.Saliva is a complex fluid, which influences oral health through specific and nonspecific physical and chemical properties. The importance of saliva in our everyday activities and the medicinal properties it possesses are often taken for granted. saliva has a myriad of beneficial functions that are essential to our well-being. Although saliva has been extensively investigated as a medium, few laboratories have studied saliva in the context of its role in maintaining oral and general health.

1. Guided by:
Dr. Vasudev Thakker
Represented
by
Mansi Patel
M.Sc.

2. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Salivary gland anatomy
 Types of secretion
 Types of flow
 Composition
- Organic components
- Inorganic components
- Gases
- Cellular components
 Mechanism of secretion of saliva
 Salivation
 Functions
 Conclusion
 Refrences

3. A clear, viscous secretion produced
mostly by the three pairs of salivary
glands that contains various salts
mucin ,lysozyme ,salivary amylase
and lingual lipase.

4. General characterstics
 Consistency-slightly cloudy due to the presence of
mucin.
 Ph: 6.35-6.85
 It contains various ions, enzymes and cellular
component including some gases.

5. Major Salivary Glands
Parotid
Sub-mandibular
Sub-lingual

7. Types of secretion
Serous secretion:
• It contains
ptyalin which is
an enzyme for
digesting
starches.
• Watery
secretion from
serous acini.
Mucus secretion:
• It contains
mucin for
lubricating and
for surface
protective
purpose.
• Thick and
viscous
secretion from
mucous acini.
Mixed secretion:
• Mix of the two
• (i.e. Serous and
mucous)

10. (contd...)
 Parotid glands- Only serous acini
 Sub- mandibular glands- Mostly serous acini with
some mucus acini.
 Sublingual glands- Mostly mucous acini with few
serous acini.

11. Parotid gland
 Word Parotid (parotic) means “beside the ear”
 Location: Inferior and anteri0r to the ears.
 It secreats the saliva in to the oral cavity via parotid
gland.
 Largest of all salivary glands.
 Weight: 14.28g
 Purely serous gland which produces thin, watery,
amylase rich salivary juice.
 Stensons duct-open out adjacent to the maxillary
second molar.

12. Sub-mandibular gland
 Sub=beneath ; man-dib-u-lar=lower jaw.
 Location: Region below the lower jaw.
 Second largest salivary gland.
 Produces 65-70% of total saliva output.
 Duct is known as wharton’s duct.
 Wharton’s duct exits on the floor of the mouth
opposing the lingual surface of the tongue.
 Mixed secretion-mostly serous.

13. Sub-lingual gland
 Sub=beneath ; lin-gual=tongue.
 Location: Dorsal to the tongue superior to the sub-
mendibular.
 Smallest of the major glands.
 Produce less than 5% of total saliva output.

14. Minor salivary gland
 It is found throughout the mouth:
-lips
-buccal mucosa(cheek )
-alveolar mucosa(palate)
-tongue dorsum and ventrum
-floor of the mouth
• Together, they play a large role in salivary production.

15. Types of flow
• Unstimulated • Stimulated

16. Unstimulated flow
 Resting salivary flow-no external stimulus
 Typically 0.2mL-0.5mL/min
 Less then 0.1mL/min means the person is considered
as hyposalivation.

17. Stimulated flow
 Response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or at
meal time.
 Typically 1.5mL/min.
 Less than 0.7mL/min is consider Hyper salivation.
 Average person produces approx. 0.5L-1.5L/day.
 Salivation flow peaks in afternoon as decreases at
night.

18. Composition
 Water content 99.5%
 Solids 0.5%
Inorganic content 0.2%
Organic content 0.3%
Gases
 Cellular elements

19. Organic component of saliva
 Enzymes
 Amylase-converting starch into glucose and fructose
 Lysozymes-prevents bacterial infections in the mouth
 Histatins-prevents fungal infection
 Secretory Ig A-immunity mediator
 Lactoperoxidases-stimulation of minor salivary glands
 Rnase and Dnase-cellular maintainance
 Lipase-initiate digestion of fats

20. Inorganic components
• Sodium
• Chloride
• Potassium
• Bicarbonates
• Calcium
• Phosphate
• Thiocyanate

21. (contd...)
 Bicarbonate and phosphate ions buffer acidic foods
that enters the mouth(Acidic nature)
 Calcium and phosphate prevent tooth
demineralisation.

22. Gases
 Urea
 Uric acid
These gases are removed via skin and sweat glands.

23. Cellular elements
Epithelial
cells
Neutrophills Lymphocytes
Bacterial
flora

24. Mechanism of saliva secretion
 Occurs in two stages:
- Primary formation occurs in acini.
- Then modifies as it passes through the ducts.

25. (contd...)
 Sodium ions are actively reabsorbed form salivary duct
and potassium ions are actively secreted in exchange
of sodium ions.
 As a result sodium ion concentration decreases and
potassium ion concentration increases resulting into
generation of electrical negativity (-70mV) in salivary
ducts this causes chloride ions to be passively
reabsorbed.
 Therefore, chloride ion concentration in salivary fluid
falls to very low level matching decrease in sodium ion
concentration.

27. Salivation
 SALIVATION: The secretion of saliva.
 Amount of saliva secreted daily is 1000mL-1500mL.
 Normally, PARASYMPATHETIC stimulation promotes
continuous secretion of moderate amount of saliva.
 Parasympathetic impulses in fibres of the facial(VII)
and glassopharyngeal(IX) nerves majorly stimulate the
secretion.
 Sympathetic stimulation dominates during stress
resulting into dryness of the mouth.

28. Functions of saliva
 Potective properties:
 Lubrication
Maintenance of mucous membrane integrity
Soft tissue repair
Antifungal activity
Action of lectoferrin
Antiviral activity
Buffering capacity of saliva

29. (contd...)
 Maintenance of tooth integrity
 Digestion
 Taste

30. Unusual facts
 Saliva contains entire GENETIC BLUEPRINT.
 Some birds (Aerodramus spp.)makes sticky saliva
which helps them in building their nest.
 Saliva nest are the basis of BIRD’S NEST SOUP which
is popular in Asia and is very expensive.

31. Aerodramus bird

32. BIRD’S NEST SOUP

33. Conclusion
 There is tremendous potential for salivary diagnostics
revolutionary improvements in health care.
 Using saliva in place of blood is optimal for children
and elderly persons.

34. References
 Textbook of medical physiology – Guyton and Hall
 Taurtora
 Google scholar