The document provides an overview of saliva, including its historical significance, composition, functions, and regulation. Some key points:
- Saliva has several functions including lubricating food, aiding taste and digestion, protecting teeth and mouth, and regulating pH.
- It is produced by major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor oral glands.
- Both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves regulate salivary secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation increasing watery flow and sympathetic decreasing thick, mucus-rich flow.
- Saliva has digestive, protective, excretory and other roles important for oral and overall health.
Definition
General properties
Composition
Function of saliva
Formation of saliva
Method for collecting saliva
Advantages
Limitations
Analysis of saliva done for the diagnosis of systemic disease
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonSalivary flow
The average person produces approximately 0.5 L – 1.5 L per day
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Definition
General properties
Composition
Function of saliva
Formation of saliva
Method for collecting saliva
Advantages
Limitations
Analysis of saliva done for the diagnosis of systemic disease
Definition:
by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.
General properties
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and 1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonSalivary flow
The average person produces approximately 0.5 L – 1.5 L per day
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste, chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
topic includes salivary glands, structure & duct system of salivary glands, properties & composition of saliva, functions of saliva, regulation of salivary secretion, effect of drugs & chemicals on salivary secretion, saliva & oral biofilm, applied physiology.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
topic includes salivary glands, structure & duct system of salivary glands, properties & composition of saliva, functions of saliva, regulation of salivary secretion, effect of drugs & chemicals on salivary secretion, saliva & oral biofilm, applied physiology.
Saliva - applied physiology and its role in dental cariesKarishma Sirimulla
this seminar includes formation of saliva,factors effecting salivary flow,various conditions associated with flow of saliva and most importantly role of saliva in dental caries.remineralization and demineralization balance maintained by saliva
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
It is the surrounding environment of the teeth, which is one of the most important factors that can protect, process and predict the oral health of an individual. And the main thing that makes that environment is the SALIVA – one of the most important body fluid that is the nature’s miracle in your mouth, the primary defence system for the oral environment. The quality, quantity and composition depending, this miracle fluid helps us in maintaining our health in the following ways:
1. Keeping our mouth in a normal pH (acid-alkaline balance) - neutralizing acid challenges
2. Re-mineralization of teeth -delivering calcium, phosphate and fluoride to the tooth surface
3. Oxygenation and cleaning of oral tissues, flushing food and bacteria
4. Aid in speech and taste
5. Digest and swallow food
6. Anti-bacterial / Anti-viral / Anti-fungal
7. Diagnosis of diseases, hormones, pregnancy, drugs and alcohol testing
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Historical significance
Composition & Flow of saliva
Functions of saliva
Salivary glands & their significance
Salivary production/secretion
Applied anatomy and physiology
Public Health Significance
Recent advances in research
Conclusion
References
Previous year question papers
3. INTRODUCTION
The word SALIVA is derived in early 15th century from Middle
French word salive, from Latin saliva "spittle“.
Definition: by Stedmann’s & Lipincott medical dictionary.
A clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly acidic (pH 6.8) viscous
fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, and
submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral
cavity; its function is to keep the mucous membrane of the mouth
moist, to lubricate food during mastication, and, in a measure, to
convert starch into maltose, the latter action being effected by a
diastatic enzyme, ptyalin.
4. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Pavlov the Psychologist in his famous experiment discovered
the concept of Classical Conditioning based on stimulation of
salivary production in dogs.
5. GENERAL PROPERTIES
Volume: 1000 to 1500 mL of saliva is secreted per day and, it is
approximately about 1 ml/ minute.
Contribution by each major salivary gland is:
i. Parotid glands: 25%
ii. Submandibular glands: 70%
iii. Sublingual glands: 5%.
Reaction: Mixed saliva from all the glands is slightly acidic
with pH of 6.35 to 6.85.
Specific gravity: It ranges between 1.002 and1.012.
Tonicity: Saliva is hypotonic to plasma.
6. SALIVARY FLOW
Unstimulated Flow (resting salivary flow―no external
stimulus)
Typically 0.2 mL – 0.3 mL per minute
Less than 0.1 mL per minute means the person has hyposalivation
Stimulated Flow (response to a stimulus, usually taste,
chewing, or medication [eg, at mealtime])
Typically 1.5 mL – 2 mL per minute
Less than 0.7 mL per minute is considered hyposalivation.
7. The average person produces approximately 0.5 L –
1.5 L per day
Salivary flow peaks in the afternoon
Salivary flow decreases at night when the parotid gland
shuts down
There is a difference in the quality between stimulated
and unstimulated saliva
10. IONS AND SALIVARY FLOW
As saliva passes through the salivary ducts, cations (sodium
and chloride) are reabsorbed into the adjacent blood vessels.
In exchange, bicarbonates and potassium are transferred from
the blood vessels into the salivary ducts.
11.
12. CHANGES WITH STIMULATION
P, K, duct cell proteins,
immunoglobulins decrease
Ca, Na, Cl, Bicarbonate,
secretory cell proteins increase
13. Stimulated Salivary Flow
Saliva passes through the salivary duct very rapidly (a negative
result of fast flow)
It impedes the exchange of sodium and chloride for potassium
and bicarbonate
Unstimulated Salivary Flow
Has a high content of potassium and bicarbonate (a positive
result of slow flow)
The quality of unstimulated saliva will change when flow
increases because of a stimulus (chewing gum, thinking about
lemons, looking at a food you crave)
14. STIMULATION AND GLAND OUTPUT
Level of stimulation
Low Moderate High
Parotid 25% 35% 44%
Submandibular 62% 53% 44%
Sublingual 5% 4% 4%
Minor 8% 8% 8%
15. FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA
Saliva is a very essential digestive juice. Since it has many
functions, its absence leads to many inconveniences.
16. PREPARATION OF FOOD FOR SWALLOWING
When food is taken into the mouth, it is moistened and
dissolved by saliva.
The mucous membrane of mouth is also moistened by
saliva. It facilitates chewing.
By the movement of the tongue, the moistened and
masticated food is rolled into a bolus.
The mucin of saliva lubricates the bolus
and facilitates the swallowing.
17. APPRECIATION OF TASTE
Taste is a chemical sensation.
Saliva by its solvent action dissolves the solid food
substances, so that the dissolved substances can stimulate
the taste buds.
The stimulated taste buds recognize the taste.
18. DIGESTIVE FUNCTION
Saliva has three digestive enzymes namely,
1. Salivary amylase,
2. Maltase
3. Lingual lipase.
19. CLEANSING AND PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS
Due to the constant secretion of saliva, the mouth and
teeth are rinsed and kept free off food debris, shed
epithelial cells and foreign particles.
In this way, saliva prevents bacterial groawth by
removing materials, which may serve as culture media
for the bacterial growth.
20. The enzyme lysozyme of saliva kills some bacteria such as
staphylococcus, streptococcus, and brucella .
The proline-rich proteins and lactoferrin present in saliva
possess antimicrobial property. These proteins also protect the
teeth by stimulating enamel formation.
Saliva also contains secretory immunoglobulin IgA which has
antibacterial and antiviral actions.
Mucin present in the saliva protects the mouth by lubricating
the mucous membrane of the mouth.
21. ROLE IN SPEECH
By moistening and lubricating soft parts of mouth and
lips, saliva helps in speech.
If the mouth becomes dry, articulation and pronunciation
become difficult.
22. EXCRETORY FUNCTION
Many substances, both organic and inorganic, are
excreted in saliva.
It excretes substances like mercury, potassium iodide,
lead, and thiocyanate.
Saliva also excretes some viruses such as those causing
rabies and mumps.
In some special conditions, saliva excretes certain
substances, which are not found in saliva under normal
conditions such as glucose in diabetes mellitus.
23. In certain conditions, some of the normal constituents of
saliva are excreted in large quantities.
For example, excess urea is excreted in saliva during
nephritis, and excess calcium is excreted during
hyperparathyroidism.
24. CARRIERS FOR BUFFERS & COAGULATION
FACTORS
Bicarbonate-carbonic acid
Maintenance of physiologic pH
Factors VIII, IX and X, PTA; Hageman factor
Fibrinolytic enzyme
25. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
In dogs and cattle, excessive dripping of saliva during
panting helps in loss of heat and regulation of body
temperature.
However, in human being sweat glands play major role
in temperature regulation and saliva does not play any
role in this function.
26. REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
When the body water content decreases, salivary secretion also
decreases.
This causes dryness of the mouth and induces thirst.
When the water is taken, it quenches the thirst and restores the
body water content.
27. SALIVARY SECRETION
In humans, the saliva is secreted by three pairs of major
(larger) salivary glands and some minor (small) salivary
glands in the oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane.
The major glands are:
1. Parotid glands
2. Submaxillary or submandibular glands
3. Sublingual glands.
28. PAROTID GLANDS
Parotid glands are the largest
of all salivary glands situated
at the side of the face just
below and in front of the ear.
Secretions from these glands
are emptied into the oral
cavity by Stenson's duct that
opens inside the cheek against
the upper second molar tooth
29. SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
Sub maxillary glands or sub
mandibular glands are located in
submaxillary triangle medial to
mandible.
Saliva from these glands is
emptied into the oral cavity by
Wharton's duct.
The duct opens at the side of
frenulum of tongue by means of a
small opening on the summit of
papilla called caruncula
sublingualis.
30. SUBLINGUAL GLANDS
Sublingual glands are the smallest salivary glands situated in the
mucosa at floor of mouth.
Saliva from these glands is poured into 5-15 small ducts called
ducts of Ravinus.
These ducts open on small papillae beneath the tongue.
One of the ducts is larger and it is called Bartholin's duct.
It drains the anterior part of the gland and opens on caruncula
sublingualis near the opening of submaxillary duct.
31.
32. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Lingual mucus glands situated in posterior1/3 of the
tongue, behind circumvallate papillae and at the tip and
margins of tongue.
Lingual serous glands located near circumvallate
papillae and filiform papillae.
33. Buccal glands present between the mucous membrane
and buccinator muscle. Four to five of these are larger
and situated outside the buccinator around terminal part
of parotid duct. These glands are called molar glands.
Labial glands situated beneath the mucous membrane
around the orifice of mouth.
Palatal glands found beneath the mucous membrane of
the soft palate.
34.
35. CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY
GLANDS
Salivary glands are classified into three types based on
the type of secretion:
1. Serous Glands
2. Mucus Glands
3. Mixed Glands
36. SEROUS GLANDS
This type of gland is predominantly made up of serous
cells.
These glands secrete thin a watery saliva.
Parotid glands and lingual serous glands are serous
glands.
37. MUCUS GLANDS
This type of glands is made up of mainly the mucus
cells.
These glands secrete thick, viscous saliva with high
mucin content.
Lingual mucous glands, buccal glands and palatal glands
belong to this type.
38.
39. MIXED GLANDS
Mixed glands are made up of both serous and mucus
cells.
Submandibular, sublingual and labial glands are the
mixed glands.
40. STRUCTURE AND DUCT SYSTEM OF
SALIVARY GLANDS
Salivary glands are made up of acini or alveoli.
Each acinus is formed by a small group of cells which surround
a central globular cavity.
The central cavity of each acinus is continuous with the lumen
of the duct.
41. The fine duct draining each acinus
is called intercalated duct.
Many intercalated ducts join
together to form intralobular
duct.
Few intralobular ducts join to
form interlobular ducts, which
unite to form the main duct of the
gland.
The gland with this type of
structure and duct system is called
racemose type (racemose = bunch
of grapes).
42. REGULATION OF SALIVARY SECRETION
Salivary secretion is regulated only by nervous
mechanism.
Autonomic nervous system is involved in the regulatory
function.
NERVE SUPPLY TO SALIVARY GLANDS:
Salivary glands are supplied by parasympathetic
and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system
43. PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS
Parasympathetic Fibers to Submandibular and Sublingual Glands:
The parasympathetic pre ganglionic fibers to submandibular and
sublingual glands arise from the superior salivatory nucleus situated in
pons.
After taking origin from this nucleus, the pre ganglionic fibers run
through nervous intermedius of Wrisberg, geniculate ganglion, the motor
fibers of facial nerve, chorda tympani branch of facial nerve and lingual
branch of trigeminal nerve and finally reach the submaxillary ganglion.
The postganglionic fibers arise from this ganglion and supply the
submandibular and sublingual glands.
44.
45. Parasympathetic Fibers to Parotid Gland:
The parasympathetic pre ganglionic fibers to parotid gland arise
from inferior salivatory nucleus situated in the upper part of
medulla oblongata.
From here, the fibers pass through the tympanic branch of
glosso pharyngeal nerve, tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal
nerve and end in otic ganglion.
The postganglionic fibers arise from otic ganglion and reach the
parotid gland by passing through the auriculotemporal branch
in mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
46.
47. FUNCTION OF PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS
When the parasympathetic fibers of salivary glands are
stimulated, a large quantity of watery saliva is secreted with
less amount of organic constituents.
It is because the parasympathetic fibers activate the acinar
cells and dilate the blood vessels of salivary glands.
The neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
48. SYMPATHETIC FIBERS
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers to salivary glands
arise from the lateral horns of first and second thoracic
segments of spinal cord.
The fibers leave the cord through the anterior nerve roots
and end in superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic
chain.
The postganglionic fibers from this ganglion are
distributed to the salivary glands along the nerve plexus
around the arteries supplying the glands.
49. FUNCTION OF SYMPATHETIC FIBERS
The stimulation of sympathetic fibers causes less
secretion of saliva, which is thick and rich in mucus.
It is because these fibers activate the acinar cells and
cause vasoconstriction by secreting nor adrenaline.
50. REFLEX REGULATION OF SALIVARY
SECRETION
Salivary secretion is regulated by nervous mechanism
through reflex action.
Salivary reflexes are of two types:
1. Unconditioned reflex
2. Conditioned reflex.
51. UNCONDITIONED REFLEX
Unconditioned reflex is the inborn reflex that is present
since birth.
It does not need any previous experience.
This reflex induces salivary secretion when any
substance is placed in the mouth.
It is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the
mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
52. Examples:
1. When food is taken
2. When any unpleasant or unpalatable substance enters
the mouth
3. When the oral cavity is handled with instruments by
dentists.
53. CONDITIONED REFLEX
Conditioned reflex is the one that is acquired by
experience and it needs previous experience
Presence of food in the mouth is not necessary to elicit
this reflex.
The stimulus for this reflex is the sight, smell, hearing or
thought of food.
It is due to the impulses arising from eyes, nose, ear, etc.
54. EFFECT OF DRUGS AND CHEMICALS
ON SALIVARY SECRETION
Substances which Increase the Salivary Secretion:
1. Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and ephedrine
2. Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine,
pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine
3. Histamine.
55. Substances which Decrease the Salivary Secretion:
1. Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and
Dibenamine
2. Parasympathetic depressants like atropine, and
scopolamine.
56. APPLIED ASPECTS
HYPOSALIVATION
Reduction in the secretion of saliva is called hyposalivation.
It is of two types, namely temporary hyposalivation and
permanent hyposalivation.
Temporary hyposalivation occurs in:
i. Emotional conditions like fear.
ii. Fever.
iii. Dehydration.
Permanent hyposalivation occurs in:
i. Sialolithiasis (obstruction of salivary duct).
ii. Congenital absence or hypoplasia of salivary glands.
iii. Bell palsy (paralysis of facial nerve).
57. HYPERSALIVATION
The excess secretion of saliva is known as hypersalivation.
The physiological condition when hypersalivation occurs is
pregnancy.
Hypersalivation in pathological conditions is called ptyalism,
sialorrhea, sialism or sialosis.
58. Hypersalivation occurs in the following conditions:
1. Decay of tooth or neoplasm (abnormal new growth or
tumor) in mouth or tongue – due to continuous
irritation of nerve endings in the mouth
2. Disease of esophagus, stomach and intestine
3. Neurological disorders such as mental retardation,
cerebral stroke and parkinsonism
4. Some psychological and psychiatric conditions
5. Nausea and vomiting.
59. ALTERED SALIVARY FLOW IS ALSO
SEEN IN…
1. Xerostomia
2. Drooling
3. Chorda tympani syndrome
4. Paralytic secretion of saliva
5. Augmented secretion of saliva
6. Mumps
7. Sjögren syndrome.
8. Salivary gland disorders
60. XEROSTOMIA
Xerostomia means dry mouth. It is also called pasties or
cottonmouth. It is due to hyposalivation or absence of salivary
secretion (aptyalism).
Causes of Xerostomia
1. Dehydration or renal failure.
2. Sjögren syndrome.
3. Radiotherapy.
4. Trauma to salivary gland or their ducts.
5. Side effect of some drugs like antihistamines,
antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
antiparkinsonian drugs and antimuscarinic drugs.
6. Shock.
7. After smoking marijuana (psychoactive compound from the
plant Cannabis).
61. CONTD…
Xerostomia causes difficulties in mastication, swallowing
and speech.
It also causes halitosis (bad breath; exhalation of unpleasant
odors).
62. DROOLING
Uncontrolled flow of saliva outside the mouth is called drooling.
It is often called ptyalism.
Drooling occurs because of excess production of saliva, in
association with inability to retain saliva within the mouth.
Drooling occurs in the following conditions:
1. During teeth eruption in children.
2. Upper respiratory tract infection or nasal allergies in children.
3. Difficulty in swallowing.
4. Tonsillitis.
5. Peritonsillar abscess.
63. CHORDA TYMPANI SYNDROME
Chorda tympani syndrome is the condition characterized by
sweating while eating.
During trauma or surgical procedure, some of the
parasympathetic nerve fibers to salivary glands may be severed.
During the regeneration, some of these nerve fibers, which run
along with chorda tympani branch of facial nerve may deviate
and join with the nerve fibers supplying sweat glands.
When the food is placed in the mouth, salivary secretion is
associated with sweat secretion.
64. PARALYTIC SECRETION OF SALIVA
When the parasympathetic nerve to salivary gland is cut in
experimental animals, salivary secretion increases for first three
weeks and later diminishes; finally it stops at about sixth week.
The increased secretion of saliva after cutting the
parasympathetic nerve fibers is called paralytic secretion.
It is because of hyperactivity of sympathetic nerve fibers to
salivary glands after cutting the parasympathetic fibers.
65. These hyperactive sympathetic fibers release large amount of
catecholamines, which induce paralytic secretion.
Moreover, the acinar cells of the salivary glands become
hypersensitive to catecholamines after denervation.
The paralytic secretion does not occur after the sympathetic
nerve fibers to salivary glands are cut.
66. AUGMENTED SECRETION OF SALIVA
If the nerves supplying salivary glands are stimulated
twice, the amount of saliva secreted by the second
stimulus is more than the amount secreted by the first
stimulus.
It is because, the first stimulus increases excitability of
acinar cells, so that when the second stimulus is applied,
the salivary secretion is augmented.
67. MUMPS
Mumps is the acute viral infection affecting the parotid glands.
The virus causing this disease is paramyxovirus.
It is common in children who are not immunized; It occurs in
adults also.
Features of mumps are puffiness of cheeks (due to swelling of
parotid glands), fever, sore throat and weakness.
Mumps affects meninges, gonads
and pancreas also.
68. SJÖGREN SYNDROME
Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the
immune cells destroy exocrine glands such as lacrimal glands and
salivary glands.
It is named after Henrik Sjögren who discovered it.
Common symptoms of this syndrome are dryness of the mouth
due to lack of saliva (xerostomia), persistent cough and dryness of
eyes.
In some cases, it causes dryness of skin, nose and vagina.
In severe conditions, the organs like kidneys, lungs, liver,
pancreas, thyroid, blood vessels and brain are affected.
69.
70. PLUNGING RANULA
Rare form of retention cyst
May arise from SM/SL SG
Mucous collects around gland
Penetrates Mylohyoid muscle to
enter neck
Soft painless fluctuant dumb-bell
shaped swelling
Treatment: Surgical excision via
neck.
71. ACUTE SIALADENITIS
Viral (Mumps)
Secondary to Bacterial infection
1. More Common
2. Secondary to obstruction
3. Poor capacity to recover
4. Despite control with medication
chronicity follows and requires
surgical excision
72. CHRONIC SIALADENITIS
Commonly due to obstruction
following stone formation
80% salivary stones occur in SMSG
High mucous content
Acute painful swelling rapidly
precipitated by eating & resolves
within 1-2 hours
Enlarged bimanually palpable SMG
Marsuplisation/Excision
73. SIALADENOSIS
Sialadenosis refers to noninflammatory, often recurrent,
enlargement of the salivary glands, most frequently the
parotids, which is almost always associated with an underlying
systemic disorder.
Seen in:
1. Diabetes
2. Alcoholism
3. Endocrine disorders
4. Pregnancy
5. Bulimia
74. INVESTIGATIONS
Sialometry
Sialography
Scintigraphy a radioactive tracer is given by vein that is
subsequently taken up by the salivary glands and
gradually eliminated within the salivary fluid
Sialochemistry
Ultrasonogram
Labial or minor salivary gland biopsy
75. MANAGEMENT OF GLAND LESIONS
Symptomatic treatment.
From the systemic drug treatment standpoint,
immunosuppressive therapy in the form of
corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs have proven effective,
in particular when symptoms are severe.
A drug known as Plaquenil has also proven to be helpful
in some cases with open questions remaining as to the
role of alpha interferon and nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs.
76. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE
The chief Public Health Implications of saliva include
Procedures like :
1. Caries Activity Tests
2. Medium for fluoride supply to protect the teeth
3. As a biomarker for various substances
4. As a screening medium for many diseases and
conditions
5. Preventive indicator for neoplasia,etc.
77. CARIES ACTIVITY / SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS
Caries activity tests have been used in dental research for
many years and some tests have been adopted for routine
use in the dental office .
In all the variety of tests practiced the common factor till
date remains the medium of testing i.e. Saliva.
78. A CARIES ACTIVITY TEST HELPS TO…
Identify high-risk groups and individuals.
Determine need for personalized preventive procedures and
motivation of the individual.
Monitor the effectiveness of oral health education programs by
establishing a baseline level of cariogenic pathogens as a basis
for future evaluation.
Ensure low caries activity before any restorative procedure.
Serve as an index of the success of any therapeutic procedures
and also during counselling procedures to improve patient
behavior towards improving caries prevention.
79. EXAMPLES…
Lactobacillus colony count test by Hadley.
Colorimetric Snyder test.
Swab test by Grainger.
Dip-Slide method for S.mutans count.
Salivary buffer capacity test.
Salivary Reductase test.
Alban test.
Fosdick calcium dissolution test.
80. MEDIUM FOR FLUORIDE SUPPLY
Saliva also acts as a carrier for fluoride used in many types of
fluoridation.
Fluoride is also secreted in saliva.
Unlike the ions in saliva, the fluoride content (level) is not altered
whether the salivary flow is stimulated or unstimulated.
Fluoride levels in saliva and plaque are interindividually highly
variable.
However, no significant difference in bioavailability between NaF
and amine fluoride, in saliva, or in plaque was found.
81. ACTA ODONTOL SCAND. 1997 APR;55(2):84-7
Salivary fluoride concentration in adults after different
fluoride procedures.
Seppä L, Salmenkivi S, Hausen H.
To give advice on the choice of method, the dentist should have
information on how effective different fluoride treatments are in
increasing salivary fluoride concentration.
To measure the fluoride concentration of saliva after the use of
four different fluoride methods commonly used in the Nordic
countries: F mouthrinse (0.023% F), F toothpaste (1.1% F). F
lozenge (0.25 mg F), and F chewing gum (0.25 mg F).
82. SALIVA AS A BIOMARKER
A biomarker is defined as a pharmacological or
physiological measurement that is used to predict a toxic
event; a specific molecule in the body, which has a
particular feature that makes it instrumental for measuring
disease progression or the effects of treatment.
Biomarkers are by definition suitable to develop new
diagnostic tools, alone or in combination with traditional
methods (Brinkman and Wong, 2006).
83. Collecting saliva is often perceived as being distasteful by
research subjects, as well as clinician researchers.
It is important to note that most salivary proteomic research has
been done in academic institutes that deal with oral heath, in
particular, dental schools.
Note also that for several of these studies, the final research goal
is to seek a simple, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive
diagnostic salivary tool.
These rationales are perhaps some of the best arguments for
advocating salivary proteomic biomarker discovery research.
84. SALIVA: A DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKER OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Priti Basgauda Patil and Basgauda Ramesh Patil
Saliva, as a mirror of oral and systemic health, is a valuable
source for clinically relevant information because it contains
biomarkers specific for the unique physiologic aspects of
periodontal diseases.
J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011 Oct-Dec; 15(4): 310–317.
doi:10.4103/0972-124X.92560
85. SALIVA AS BIOMARKER CONTD…
Clinical significance of salivary biomarkers in various
malignancies is studied by several investigators.
They explored for the presence of salivary proteomics and
genomics signatures for breast cancer.
Identification of the combination of three mRNA biomarkers
(acrosomal vesicle protein 1, ACRV1; DMX like 2,DMXL2
and dolichyl phosphate mannosyltransferase polypeptide 1,
catalytic subunit, DPM1) could differentiate pancreatic
cancer patients from chronic pancreatitis and healthy
individuals.
86. Salivary transcriptomic biomarkers: At present, the main
strategy to identify salivary transcriptomic biomarkers is
through microarray technology.
Cytokines , which include the interferons, tumour necrosis
factor, and the interleukins, are a burgeoning and diverse
family of peptide cell regulators
Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer:
The prior salivary transcriptomic studies have discovered 7
OSCC-associated salivary RNAs (IL-8, SAT, IL-1B, OAZ1,
H3F3A, DUSP,S100P).
87. AS A SCREENING MEDIUM
Serum components of
saliva are derived
primarily from the local
vasculature that
originates from the
carotid arteries.
Saliva has a prodigious
fluid source that provides
many, if not most, of the
same molecules found in
the systemic circulation.
This makes saliva a
potentially valuable fluid
for the diagnosis of
various systemic
diseases.
88. THE USE OF SALIVA FOR VIRAL DIAGNOSIS
AND SCREENING
Diagnostics that involve the use of oral fluids have become
increasingly available commercially in recent years and are of
particular interest because of their relative ease of use, low cost
and non-invasive collection of oral fluid for testing.
HIV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HPV because these three
major viruses are responsible for a series of worldwide epidemics
that have had an enormous effect on morbidity and mortality.
Most people now understand the impact and risk of HIV infection,
but the risk and sequelae of HPV and HCV infections are much
less recognized
89. Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus
infection by detection of virus in saliva.
Balcarek KB, Warren W, Smith RJ, Lyon MD, Pass RF.
Screening saliva of newborns for CMV appears to be at
least as sensitive a method for detecting congenital
infection, as detection of virus in saliva can be collected
with less difficulty and expense than urine.
90. SALIVA DRUG TESTING/ORAL FLUID-BASED
DRUG SCREEN
Detection in saliva tests begins almost immediately upon use of the
following substances, and lasts for approximately the following times:
Alcohol: 6-12 h
Marijuana: 1-24h
A disadvantage of saliva based drug testing is that it is not approved
by FDA or SAMHSA for use with DOT / Federal Mandated Drug
Testing.
Oral fluid is not considered a bio-hazard unless there is visible blood;
however, it should be treated with care.
Many of the most commonly abused drugs can be detected in saliva
including marijuana, THC, heroin, cocaine and amphetamines
91. SAFER SCREENING FOR EBOLA VIRUS BY
TESTING SALIVA
Ceres Nanosciences in December 2014 announced the
commencement of a development program, funded by the Gates
Foundation, to use Ceres’ Nano trap particle technology to develop
a new method of detecting the presence of the Ebola virus in saliva.
The effective detection of Ebola, using a noninvasive sample
collection method, such as saliva collection, coupled with a highly
sensitive diagnostic test, all enabled by Nanotrap particle
technology, presents a very compelling solution for rapid
identification of infected individuals at an earlier stage of infection
93. REFERENCES
Essentials of Medical Physiology by Sembulingam.
Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall.
Preventive and Community Dentistry by Soben Peter.
Textbook of biostatistics by Vishweswara Rao.
Salivary Biomarkers – A Review by Sharmila Devi
Devaraj
Wikipedia
http://jpsr.pharmainfo.in/Documents/Volumes/vol5issue10/j
psr05101306.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9176654
95. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Saliva in health, RGUHS; April 2013 (10 mks)
Saliva in health and disease; Sumandeep Vidyapeeth; April
2012 (20 mks)
Saliva and oral Health ; RGUHS ; April 2011 (10 mks)
Saliva and importance in Health; Manipal University; April
2010. (10mks)
96. QUESTIONS
Statistical tests where both normal and non-normallly distributed
populations can be compared?
Non Parametric tests are used to assume populations of non
normality.
Every parametric statistical test has a non-parametric substitute.
Kruskal–Wallis test instead of a one-way ANOVA
Wilcoxon signed-rank test instead of a paired t–test
Spearman rank correlation instead of linear regression/correlation.
97. QUANTILE-QUANTILE PLOT(QQ PLOT)
The quantile-quantile (q-q) plot is a graphical technique for
determining if two data sets come from populations with a
common distribution.
A q-q plot is a plot of the quantiles of the first data set against
the quantiles of the second data set.
By a quantile, we mean the fraction (or percent) of points
below the given value. That is, the 0.3 (or 30%) quantile is the
point at which 30% percent of the data fall below and 70% fall
above that value.
98. The advantages of the q-q plot are:
1. The sample sizes do not need to be equal.
2. Many distributional aspects can be simultaneously tested.
For example, shifts in location, shifts in scale, changes in
symmetry, and the presence of outliers can all be detected
from this plot.
For example, if the two data sets come from populations
whose distributions differ only by a shift in location, the
points should lie along a straight line that is displaced
either up or down from the 45-degree reference line.
99. This q-q plot shows that:
These 2 batches do not
appear to have come from
populations with a
common distribution.
The batch 1 values are
significantly higher than
the corresponding batch 2
values.
The differences are
increasing from values
525 to 625. Then the
values for the 2 batches
get closer again.
100. GAMMA DISTRIBUTION
The gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous
probability distributions.
The common exponential distribution and chi-squared
distribution are special cases of the gamma distribution.
There are three different parametrizations in common use:
1. With a shape parameter k and a scale parameter θ.
2. With a shape parameter α = k and an inverse scale parameter
β = 1/θ, called a rate parameter.
3. With a shape parameter k and a mean parameter μ = k/β.
Both parameters are positive real numbers.