This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology, including nature vs nurture, Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, attachment theory, and parenting styles. Some of the main points covered are:
- Development is influenced by both genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors.
- Piaget identified 4 stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood.
- Attachment theory describes different types of infant attachment to caregivers.
- Baumrind identified 4 parenting styles - permissive, authoritarian, neglectful/rejecting, and authoritative - that influence child development.
This contains PPT of Unit 1 of Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to understand and explain how individuals think, feel, act, and interact with the world around them. The field encompasses a broad range of topics, including perception, cognition, emotion, personality, development, social interactions, mental health, and more. Psychologists use various methods and theories to explore, analyze, and predict human behavior and mental processes.
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
Understand the psychology of human brain and its use in everyday life.
catch the liars vested in the crowd and read some astonishing psychological facts
This contains PPT of Unit 1 of Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It seeks to understand and explain how individuals think, feel, act, and interact with the world around them. The field encompasses a broad range of topics, including perception, cognition, emotion, personality, development, social interactions, mental health, and more. Psychologists use various methods and theories to explore, analyze, and predict human behavior and mental processes.
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
Understand the psychology of human brain and its use in everyday life.
catch the liars vested in the crowd and read some astonishing psychological facts
Erikson (1968) developed Psychosocial Stages which emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. At each stage there is a crisis or task that we need to resolve. Successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy.
Safeguarding Children: Getting it right from the start. Jane Barlow. ScarletFire.co.uk
From the Conwy and Denbighshire Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Conference, March 2012.
www.conwy.gov.uk/lscb
Shared with kind permission from Jane Barlow.
These slides are about the development of school childs....the development includes the cognitive development....physical development...emotional development...intelligence...intelligence levels.....their courses....their bahavior and all
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. When considering an issue related to a living
organism, did it become the way it is due to
genetics, life experiences, or both.
Nature is defined as the genetic factors
or influences
Nurture is defined as the
environmental factors & learning.
We consider the things that may have contributed
to a person’s biological, emotional, cognitive,
personal, and social development.
3. Is personality development due to
genetics or environmental factors?
Answer: BOTH!
Are social skills due to genetics or
learning?
Answer: BOTH!
Are physical/psychological illnesses
due to genetics or environmental
factors?
Answer: BOTH!
4. Jean Piaget is cited as one of the first
and most prolific researchers to
investigate cognitive development.
Cognitive strategies are age-related
The way that children think about things
changes with age regardless of the
specific nature of what they were
thinking about.
Criticized for under-estimating abilities
5. Jean Piaget’s Theories of Cognition
Schemas or Schemes: actions or
mental representations that organize
knowledge (a mental picture)
Limited when dealing with new concepts and
experiences, but improves with exposure and
experience.
6. How do we interpret the world around
us?
Assimilation: interpreting new
information using existing ways of
thinking.
Accommodation: the process of
changing existing ways of thinking to
adjust to and better understand new
experiences.
7. Birds
The neighbor’s great dane
The “Tow Truck Story”
My sister’s first intestinal virus
9. 1.) Sensorimotor Stage: period of time
from birth to two years of age, in
which a child understands the world
around them by using and
coordinating their senses and their
ever increasing ability to move
around and expose themselves to new
experiences.
10. 2.) Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Approximately age 2 – 7
Use of symbols to represent experience (use of words,
images and drawings)
Stable concepts begin to form
Presence of Egocentrism
Presence of Magical Thinking / Beliefs
Beginning stages of reasoning
11. 2.) Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Mental representation
Intuition/hypothesis decision making
Characteristics of preoperational thought =
inflexible
Appearance & reality
Easily fooled by appearance
Symbolic representation vs Reality
Make-believe play = pretend play
1. More sophisticated form = sociodramatic play
** Evidence of children’s understanding of representational
function
12. Object Permanence: the understanding
that objects or events continue to exist
even if they can no longer be seen,
touched or heard.
Occurs during sensorimotor stage
Develops between 4 & 12 months
Peek-a-boo
Hiding objects to distract
Distress when left alone (mommy leaves)
13. Egocentrism / Egocentric Thinking:
the tendency for children to view the
world:
as being centered around themselves
ONLY from their point-of-view and
having difficulties appreciating someone
else’s point-of-view
If they don’t experience it, neither does
anyone else.
14. Egocentrism
Can’t understand that others have
different feelings, perceptions, attitudes,
likes and dislikes
Believe that if they experience
something, that all others do as well
Child nodding on phone with grandma
Child likes frogs and mother doesn’t
Child takes another child’s toy
15. Centration:
The focusing of attention on one
characteristic to the exclusion of all
others
The young child’s tendency to think in
the world in terms of one variable at a
time
Choosing what to wear for the day
16. 3.) Concrete Operational Stage:
Children between the ages of 7 and 12
start to reason logically about specific
or concrete events or examples.
Not yet able to imagine the steps necessary to complete
an algebraic equation, which is too abstract for
thinking at this stage.
Concrete operations allow a child the ability to
consider several characteristics rather than focus on a
single property of an object.
17. Formal Operations Stage: The
adolescent reasons in more abstract,
idealistic, and logical ways.
12 years and older
Begin to entertain thoughts about their
‘possible’ future
More systematic in solving problems
Develop hypotheses about why
something happens
18. Humans have the capacity to develop a
varying ability to display and control
their emotions.
Humans also have the capacity to
develop varying abilities that allow
them to initiate social interactions with
others around them.
19. 3 Categories of Temperament
(Thomas & Chess Research)
Easy Child: a child who is generally in
a positive mood, who quickly
establishes regular routines in
infancy, and who adapts easily to new
experiences.
Regular eating and sleeping routines; happy
40% of children studied
20. Difficult Child: A child who tends to
react negatively and cries frequently,
who engages in irregular daily
routines, and who is slow to accept
new experiences.
Less regular with bodily functions and are slow to
develop regular eating and sleeping patterns; react
vigorously and negatively to change; difficulty
adapting; cry more than others (higher pitched); easily
irritated
10% of children studied
21. Slow-to-warm-up Child: A child who
has a low activity level, is somewhat
negative, and displays a low intensity
of mood.
Not as negative as difficult children; show mild or
passive resistance; few intense reactions; once adapted-
fairly positive
15% of children studied
NOTE: 35% did not fit into any of the 3 categories.
22. Goodness of fit: Refers to the match
between a child’s temperament and
the environmental demands with
which the child must cope.
Expectations by parents, grandparents, etc
Expectations in childcare/daycare, etc
Lack of fit can result in adjustment problems
23. Changes in the way we think,
feel and relate to the world
and the people in it.
Many different
issues and theories
exist within the realm of the
psychosocial perspective.
24. Attachment: The intense emotional
tie or bond between two
individuals, such as a parent and a
child.
Parents, older siblings, grandparents,
other consistent caregivers
25. Early theorists believed that feeding was
the key to babies associating their mothers
with a sense of well being and
consequently wanting to be close to her.
Wire Mother (food) vs. Cloth Mother (no food)
26. Harry Harlow’s study with Rhesus
monkeys eliminated this belief.
Contact comfort found to be more
important than the gratification of being
fed.
27. “The Strange Situation”: An
observational measure of infant
attachment that requires the infant to
move through a series of introduction,
separations, and reunions with the
caregiver and an adult stranger in a
prescribed order.
Used to classify infants into 4 categories of attachment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU
28. Securely Attached Babies: babies that
use the caregiver as a secure base from
which to explore their environment.
Not overly upset by separations
Happy with reunions
Comfortable exploring
Not overly upset by strangers (also uses social
referencing)
29. Insecure-Avoidant Babies: Babies
show insecurity by avoiding their
caregiver.
Interacts little while caregiver is in the room
Not distressed by separations
Usually does not reestablish contact when reunited
Avoid contact with stranger
If contact is established, they may lean or pull away,
look away and even ignore (more passive resistance)
30. Insecure-Resistant Babies: Babies that
often cling to the caregiver, then resist
him or her by fighting against the
closeness, perhaps by kicking or
pushing away (active resistance).
Cling anxiously to caregiver
Frightened by stranger
Will not explore room and toys
Cries loudly / terribly upset when separated
Resists attempts to comfort when reunited /
inconsolable
31. Insecure-Disorganized/Disoriented: an
infant that lacks a cohesive strategy in
coping with the strange situation
The greatest insecurity (least prevalent)
Show a variety of confused and conflicted
behaviors (may cling to mother while leaning
away)
Approach / withdraw behaviors
Emotions vary greatly over time (calm, then cry)
32. Diana Baumrind’s Research
4 Aspects of Family Functioning
Warmth or Nurturance
Control: Clarity & consistency of rules
Level of expectations, called “Maturity Demands”
Communication between the parent and the child
33. Permissive Style: highly involved
with their children, but place few
demands or controls on them.
High in nurturance, but low in control,
communication, and maturity demands.
Let their children do what they want hoping to create
creative, confident children
Rarely learn respect for others and have difficulty
controlling their behavior, difficult, noncompliant,
difficulties in peer relations.
34. Authoritarian Style: a restrictive,
punitive style in which parents exhort
the child to obey their rules.
“You do what I say, when I say…no discussion!”
Low in nurturance and communication, but high in
maturity demands and control
Enforce rules rigidly, but do not explain them
Children grow to be fearful, anxious, and have weak
communication skills, low self-esteem, do less well in
school, aggressive
35. Rejecting-Neglectful Style: parent is
very uninvolved with the child’s life
Lowe in control, maturity demands, communication
and nurturance
Children tend to be socially incompetent, poor self-
control, low self-esteem, immature, may be alienated
from family.
Don’t handle independence well
Less achievement oriented in school, more impulsive,
and are often antisocial.
36. Authoritative Style: encourage
children to be independent, but still
place limits and control on their
actions.
High in nurturance, communication, maturity demands
and control
Inductive Discipline: explaining to a child why a
punished behavior is wrong
Most consistently positive results: higher self-esteem,
more independent, self-confident, better grades,
altruistic behaviors
37. Only theory of psychosocial development
that covers the entire lifespan
Eight stages, each involves specific
personal or social tasks that must be
accomplished if development is to proceed
in a healthy fashion.
Overcome a specific crisis or conflict
between “internal needs” and the
environment that they are currently in.
38. 1.) Trust vs. Mistrust
Birth – 18 months
Infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a
consistent, predictable, timely, and nurturing manner.
(needs are met by caregivers)
Infants learn mistrust if their needs are not met in a
consistent, reliable, timely and nurturing manner.
39. 2.) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt: Child
begins to assert their independence and
express individuality (learning to do
things for themselves)
Toddle years: 18 months – 3 years
Will; new physical skills lead to demand for more
choices, most often seen as saying, “no” to caregivers;
child learns self-care skills such as toileting
Parents view interactions with child as a series of
troublesome encounters; stubborn insistence by child
40. 3.) Initiative vs. Guilt: Child learns to
initiate tasks and to follow through with
plans.
Motivation, curiosity, autonomy
Conflict occurs when they make a decision to do
something on their own (pick up an item in a
store, choose their outfit for the day, talk to a
stranger). Do they feel comfortable making the
decision or are they worried about (or punished
for) offending or letting down their parents.
Overprotective parents?
41. 4.) Industry vs. Inferiority: children
direct their energy toward mastering
knowledge and intellectual skills
(and social skills), or end up feeling
incompetent or inferior compared to
others.
42. 5.) Identity vs. Role Confusion: an
adolescent explores who they are,
what they stand for, and where they
are going in life.
Positive outcome = solid identity
development
Negative outcome = unsure of who they
are
43. 6.) Intimacy vs. Isolation: an
individual must find a life partner or
supportive friends in order to avoid
social isolation.
Intimacy: the capacity to engage in a
supportive, affectionate relationship
without losing one’s sense of self; the
ability to be totally honest with an other,
and be one’s self without fear of
judgment from the other.
44. 7.) Generativity vs. Stagnation:
Generativity: Finding meaning in
mentoring, helping or contributing to the
development of younger individuals
(own children, grandchildren, other
young family members, friends’ or
others’ children, working with younger
people).
45. Stagnation: sometimes called “self-
absorption”, develops when
individuals sense that they have done
little or nothing for the next
generation.
46. Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair: involves
reflecting on the past and either
piecing together a positive review or
concluding that one’s life has not been
well spent.
47. DANIEL LEVINSON
Who is he?
Daniel Levinson graduated from Yale as a
psychologist. He later developed a
comprehensive theory of adult
development. This theory is important because
it is one of the only ones which suggests that
development and growth happens well into the
adult years.
48. The life structure: an underlying pattern of
an individual's life at any given point in
time.
A person's life structure is shaped mainly by their
social and physical environment, and it primarily
involves family and work.
Other variables such as religion, race, and status
are often important as well.
There are 6 stages of adulthood in Levinson's
theory titled "Seasons of a Man's Life":
49. In his theory there are two key concepts:
1) the Stable Period - This is the time when a
person makes crucial choices in life.
2) the Transitional Period - This is the end of a
person's stage and the beginning of a new one.
Life during these transitions can be either
rocky or smooth, but the quality and
significance of one’s life commitments often
change between the beginning and end of a
period.
50. 1) Early adult transition (17-22) - leave adolescence,
make preliminary choices for adult life
2) Entering the adult world (22-28) - make initial
choices in love, occupation, friendship, values,
lifestyle
3) Age 30 transition (28-33) - changes occur in life
structure, either a moderate change or, more often, a
severe and stressful crisis
51. 4) Settling down (33-40) - establish a niche in society,
progress on a timetable, in both family and career
accomplishments
People are expected to think and behave like a
parent, so they are facing more demanding roles
and expectations .
52. 5) Mid-life transition (40-45) - life structure comes
into question, usually a time of crisis in the
meaning, direction, and value of each person's life.
Neglected parts of the self (talents, desires,
aspirations) seek expression.
Men are seen more as parents than as “brothers” to
other men who are somewhat younger than them and
this message comes as an irritation at first.
Also at this time, men becoming increasingly aware of
death and they are reminded of how short life really
is. They become involved in trying to leave a legacy
and this usually forms the core of the second half of his
life.
53. 6) Entering middle adulthood (45-50) - choices must
be made, a new life structure formed. People must
commit to new tasks.
Some sources also stated that there was a late
adulthood stage during which time a man
spent time reflecting on past achievements and
regrets, and making peace with one's self and
others (including God).