Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposed that personality develops through childhood stages centered around different erogenous zones. Each stage has implications for personality if a child becomes "fixed" or stuck in that stage due to parenting issues. The stages include oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages from birth to adolescence. Bowlby's attachment theory proposed that early relationships with caregivers lead to secure, avoidant, or anxious attachment styles with lasting effects. Piaget's theory of cognitive development described stages from sensorimotor to formal operations where children construct knowledge through schemas and interactions with the environment.

1. The Learning Perspective<br />Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development: What is it?<br />personality is mostly established by age 5<br />personality develops through childhood stages<br />pleasure-seeking energies (libido) is driving force behind behavior<br />if stages successful: healthy personality<br />fixation: focus on earlier stage: until fixed, person is \"
stuck\"
in stage<br />Oral Stage<br />Birth to 1 year<br />Erogenous Zone: Mouth<br />vital for eating<br />oral stimulation: tasting and sucking<br />dependent on caretakers for food<br />weaning process: being less dependent<br />Fixation:<br />dependency or aggression<br />results in: problems with drinking, eating, smoking, nail biting<br />Anal Stage<br />1 to 3 years<br />Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control<br />toliet training<br />leads to accomplishment and independence<br />success depends on parents attitudes<br />Fixation:<br />Parents too strict<br />stringent, orderly rigid, obsessive personalities <br />Parents do not encourage/ too lenient<br />messy, wasteful, destructive personalities<br />Phallic Stage<br />3 to 6 years<br />Erogenous Zone: genitals<br />Discover differences between males and females<br />Latent Period<br />6 years to Puberty<br />Erogenous Zone: Sexual feelings are inactive<br />lowered libido interests<br />sexual energy directed in other ways: intellectual and social interactions<br />gains: social and communication skills and self confidence<br />Genital Stage<br />Puberty to Death<br />Erogenous Zone: maturing sexual interests<br />sexual interest in opposite sex<br />if other stages completes successfully: well-balanced, warm, and caring<br />goal: establish balance in life<br />Weakness of Theory:<br />almost all male development, little mention of female<br />difficult to scientifically test<br />libido is impossible to measure<br />beliefs from adult recollections of childhood, not from observation of children<br />Attachment Theory:<br />Theorist: John Bowlby<br />What it is: \"
lasting psychological connectedness between human beings\"
(1969)<br />Stages by Mary Ainsworth:<br />Secure Attachment: Distress when caregiver leaves, but is assured they will come back. Seek comfort from caregiver.<br />Ambivalent-insecure Attachment: Extreme distress, may not depend on maternal caregiver.<br />Avoidant-insecure Attachment: Avoid caregivers, no preference between caregiver and stranger; result of abuse or neglect<br />Disorganized-insecure Attachment: Lack clear attachment, avoid and resist caregiver. Confusion around parents.<br />Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development<br />early cognitive development involves processes based upon children's actions<br />Schemas: Describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing.<br />The process of obtaining that knowledge new info used to modify, add to, or change the previous schema<br />Assimilation: The process of taking in new information into our previous schema's.<br />Accommodation: Changing or altering our existing schemas because of new information<br />Equilibration: Children try to find balance between assimilation and accommodation<br />Sensorimotor Stage<br />Birth to age two<br />Infant trying to make sense of world<br />Knowledge limited to sensory perceptions & motor activities.<br />Utilize skills and abilities they were born with<br />Examples: looking, sucking, grasping, and listening.<br />Object permanence: Child's understanding that things still exist even if they cannot be seen or heard.<br />Six Substages of Sensorimotor Stage<br />Reflexes (0-1 month)<br />Examples: looking or sucking<br />Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)<br />Examples: Sucking his/her thumb, then later repeating action on purpose<br />Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)<br />Example: Child picks up toy, to intentionally stick it in his/her mouth<br />Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)<br />Example: Shake Rattle to make noise<br />Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)<br />Example: Try different sounds to get peoples’ attention<br />Early Representational Thought (18-24 months) <br />Starts understanding world through mental operations rather than actions.<br />Preoperational Stage<br />Ages 2 to 6<br />Language development starts<br />Start using symbols to represent things<br />Example: Pretending broom is a horse<br />Role playing becomes important<br />Egocentrism: Children unable to take on another person's perspective <br />Conservation: Equal amounts of liquid are poured into two different containers; children believes one is fuller <br />Concrete Operational Stage<br />Around age 7 to 11<br />Start to gain understanding of mental operations<br />Begin to think logical<br />Have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical ideas<br />Reversibility: Awareness that actions can be reversed<br />Example: Child recognizes his/her dog is a Labrador, Labrador is a dog, and dogs are animals.<br />Formal Operational Stage<br />About age 12 into adulthood<br />Ability to think about abstract concepts<br />Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning<br />Now have ability to systematically solve problems in logical and methodical ways<br />Problems with Theory:<br />Major source of inspiration was his own children<br />Difficulty generalizing findings to a larger population<br />Social Learning<br />developed by Albert Bandura<br />most influential theory of learning<br />Learning concepts<br />learn through observation<br />mental states<br />learning doesn't have to change behavior <br />Following steps are involved<br />attention -> be interested in what you want to learn<br />retention -> store information and learn from it<br />reproduction ->stage were you perform behavior<br />motivation ->learning was successful, motivated to keep going<br />Bandura's theory influenced teachers and parents in education<br />