Psychology is the science that studies mental processes and behavior. It aims to describe, explain, predict, and potentially manage behavior. Psychologists develop theories and use various methods like experiments, questionnaires, and observation to understand behavior. Some areas of psychology include clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Psychologists work in many settings and help people with issues like emotional problems, learning, health, and work.

1. What is Psychology?

2. Defining Psychology Is the science of behavior and mental processes. Psychology is committed to: objectivity, accuracy and maintaining a healty skepticism. Today, psychology study both mental processes and behavior to see how organisms are affected by, and in turn affect, the social, physical, and biological world.

3. Aims and Scope of Psychology The goals of psychology are describe the basic components of behavior, to explain them, to predict them, and, potentially, to manage them. Psychologists develop theories. A theory is a collection of interrelated ideas and facts put forward to explain and predict behavior and mental processes.

4. A history os psychology: Schools of Psychological thought, past and present WERTHEIMER Suggested that conscious experience is more than simply the sum of its parts. Focused on the unity of perception and thinking. GESTALT JAMES Grew out structuralism and was concerned with how and mhy the conscious mind, works; a principal aim was to know how those contents of consciousness worked together. FUNCTIONALISM WUNDT Consideres conscious experience the proper subject matter of psychology. Used a technique called introspection (the description and analysis by a person of what he or she is thinking and feeling. STRUCTURALISM EARLY LEADER FOCUS SCHOOL

5. EARLY LEADER FOCUS SCHOOL WATSON The behaviorists’ prespective focuses on how observable responses are learned, modified, and forgotten. A fundamental assumption is that disordered behavior can be reshaped and that appropriate, worthwhile behavior can be substituted throught the traditional learning techniques. BEHAVIORISM VARIOUS Focuses on thought processes and mental activities involved in perception, memory, learning, and thinking. Cognitive psychology focuses on the mental processes involved in behavior, such as how people solve problems and appriaise situations as threatening. COGNITIVE FREUD He focused on the causes and treatment of emotional disturbances. Freud worked from the premise the unconscious processes direct daily behavior. He emphasized the idea that childhood experiences influence future adult behavior and the sexual energy fuels day – to – day behavior. PSYCHOANALYSIS

6. ECLECTICISM: THE BEST OF EVERYTHING An eclectis orientation allows a researcher or practitioner to view a problem from several orientations. Consider Depression: From a biological perspective alone, people become depressed becouse of changes in brain chemistry. From a behavioral poin of view alone, people learn to be depressed and sad because of faulty reward systems in ther enviroment. The cognitive perspective suggests that depression is made worse by the interpretations (thoughts) an individual might adopt about a situations. VARIOUS Focuses on how physical mechanisms affect emotions, feelings, thoughts, desires, and sensory experiences. BIOLOGICAL MASLOW Emphasized the uniqueness of the human experience and the idea that human beings have frr will to determine their destiny. HUMANISTIC

7. Is Psychology a Unified Science? Psychology is a science that answers important questions. To do so, it uses a variety of methods, is flexible in explaining behavior; accounts for the complexity of the brain, the environment, and behavior relations; and accommodates competing theories. There are many specialities and interests, but only one science of psychology.

8. PSYCHOLOGIST Person who studies behavior and uses behavioral principles in scientific research or in applied settings for the treatment of emotional problems

9. PSYCHIATRIST Medical doctor who has completed a residency specializing in the study of behavior and the treatment of patients with emotional and physical disorders

10. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS generally have extensive training in assessment, research, and psychological treatment of emotional problems. PSYCHOANALYST has estudied the technique of psychoanalysis and uses it in treating people with emotional problems

11. A psychologist Ph. D. will have a wide variety of job opportunities available in both the private and the public sectors. Master´s degrees can function in a wide variety of settings, even those with bachelor´s degrees can take an important role in the delivery of psychological services.

12. What psychologists do Human service fields They teach people to cope more effectively by applying behavioral principles. Ther aim is to help people solve problems and the promote well-being. Within the human service area are the subfields of clinical, counseling, community and school psychology.

13. Clinical psychologists Specialize in helping clients with behavior problems such as anger,shyness, deression or marital discord. They work either in private practice or at a hospital, mental institution or social service agency.

14. Counseling psychology Work with people who have emotional problems also help people with career and family planning, marriage problems. Community psychology Work for mental health agencies, state governments and private organizations. they strengthen existing social support networks and stimulate the formation of nwe networks to meet a variety of challenges

15. School psychology With the aim of implementing comprehensive services. A lot of them see their primary jobs has helping students, teachers, parents and others understand each other.

16. Applied psychology Research and use that research to solve every day practical problems. Psychologists who treat people with emotional problems function as one.

17. Engineering psychologists Focus on how to use machines most efficiently Educational Psychologist Focus on how learning proceeds in the classroom, how intelligence affects performance and the relationship between personality and learning

18. Forensic psychologists Focus on legal issues, the court, and correctional systems. Health psychologists Focus on the way life-style changes con facilitate health improvement.

19. Sports psychologists Is an emerging field that focuses on brain behavior interactions, the rol of sports in healthful life-styles, ans the motivation and preparation of athletes in sports-related activities.

20. Industrial/organizational psychologists Are concerned with the way employers evaluate employees, they focus on personal selection employee motivation, work behavior and work appraisals.

21. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Focuses on identifying and understanding the basics process involved in behavior and thought. The researcher uses a set of techniques, its does not define the topics that a psychologist examines.

22. The field of developmental psychology focuses on the emotional, physical and intellectual changes that take place over the life span organism. Social psychology studies how other people affect individual behavior and thoughts and specially how people interact with one another.

23. Cognitive psychology focuses on thought processes, especially the relationship of learning, memory and perception. Psychological psychology Tries to understand the relationship of the brain on its mechanism to behavior.

24. Techniques used to study behavior

25. The psychologists study behavior in both animals and human beings

26. Psychologists often work with a human participants called Subjets

27. The typical research process is usually systematic and begins whit a specific question. But sometimes unexpectedly find an answer to another problem.

28. A hypothesis is a tentative idea that express a causal relationship of two events o variable.

29. Systematic explorations The researchers follow up systematically, that is they try to consider all the aspects of a situation that might cause an organism to behave as it does. Only controlled laboratory experiments permit researches to make cause-an effect-statements

30. Correllated events and causally related events Two events are correlated when de presence of a hi value of one variable o situation is regulary asociated whit a hi, or low value of another. In contrast: Events are causally related when one event makes another event occur.

31. Significant differences: is the statistically determined likelihood that a behavior not occurred because of chance alone

32. The technique they use more than any other to explore a cause-effect relationship is a controlled experiment.

33. Components of experiment Variables groups experimental and controlled operational definitions sample sizes Experiment

34. questionnaires interviews naturalistic case study observation Another techniques To collect information

35. Strengths and weaknesses of 5 approaches to research Lack of generalizability of findings time-consuming Study or rare events; extensive evidence gathered on a single person Case study Little opportunity to conrol variables; time-consuming Observation of behavior in its natural context Naturalistic observation Lack of explanatory power; validity of findings may be limitted by samples realibity dificult to determine; self report may be inaccurate or biased Effective means of measuring actions, attitudes, opinions, preferences, and intentions of large number of people. Questionarie Limited opportunity to controlled third factors; unable to draw conclusions about causal relationships. Measurement of degree of asociation among variables; good basis for predictions Correlational study Artificially or laboratory envirotment, limited or generalizability of findings, manipulation of some variables is unethical or impractical Manipulated the variable to control the extraneus influences, best method for identifying ausal realtionships Experiment Weaknesses Strengths Aproach