2. Terminology
Definitions vs. Applied
Research / Science
Ethics
Diversity
Real World Application of concepts
Technology
Preparation for future classes
Preparation to transfer (4-year)
3. This is required. (you will not be
wasting your money!)
You WILL use it.
Many assignments require the
text.
You WILL need to have it as soon
as possible.
Chapter 1 sections in available on
Blackboard.
4. Module 1: Why do we understand
the world around us the way that we
do? (Ch 1, 3, 8, 9, 11)
Module 2: How did we become who
we are? Why do we do what we do?
(Ch 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
Module 3: Psychology in Practice (Ch ,
4, 7,8, 9, 10, 12, 13)
5. What is Psychology?
History of Psychology
Fields of Specialization
Research
Why Ethics? (Introduction)
6. The systematic and scientific study
of behavior and mental processes
of both humans and other
animals.
What are mental processes?
*(Cognitive Processes/Cognitions)
What are behaviors?
Why is it systematic?
Psychology….a science?????
7.
8. Q: What is the difference between a
psychologist and a psychiatrist?
9.
10. American Psychological Association
(APA)
Principle A: Beneficence & Nonmaleficence
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle C: Integrity
Principle D: Justice
Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights
and Dignity
11. Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding representing appropriate
breadth and depth in selected content areas
of psychology including relevant ethical
issues, including a general understanding
of the APA Ethics Code (2002).
Follow the APA Ethics Code in the
treatment of human and nonhuman
participants in the design, data collection,
interpretation, and reporting of
psychological research.
12. Recognize that ethically complex
situations can develop in the
application of psychological principles.
Recognize the necessity of ethical
behavior in all aspects of the science
and practice of psychology.
13.
14. To better under understand human behavior &
improve safety.
To improve assistance to those with learning
difficulties.
To design more effective teaching methods.
Improve health & well-being to reduce burden on
the government and taxpayers
To assist courts by helping to understand the
mind of criminals, evidence and the limits of
certain types of evidence and testimony.
15. Two basic types / reasons for research:
Basic Research
To Test a hypothesis
Applied Research
To Solve a problem
16. Types or Methods of research used
in psychology:
Survey Method
Observational Studies
Case Studies
Experimental Design
Correlational Design
17. Survey Research: Method of collecting
information (data), using interviews or
written questions, about individual’s
behaviors and attitudes. (Self-report data)
Inexpensive, easy and not overly time consuming
May collect factual information or opinions
Examples:
End of course / teacher evaluations
The US Census
Customer Satisfaction
Program Evaluation
18. Survey Method: Interviews or
questionnaires used to collect
information.
Inexpensive, easy and not time
consuming.
Data collected may be biased for
many reasons. (Demographic bias, sex
bias, impact of how questions are
presented, convenience samples)
19. Researchers watch organisms within their
natural settings
An advantage is that you are less likely to
have an observer effect (when we modify
behavior when being watched), and more
likely the subjects will act naturally.
Another advantage is not having to rely on
subject reports (inaccuracy -intentional or not)
A disadvantage could occur when a
researcher allows preexisting biases to
impact recorded observations.
20.
21. Q: What is the difference between a
psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A: The type of training they receive,
their theoretical approach, and how
much they charge you as a patient.
23. AKA: Theoretic Perspective
Based on the person’s individual
beliefs, education and training.
How the person interprets the
world around them.
The meaning (causes) they attribute
to a particular mental illness or
other psychological concept.
24. A psychiatrist has medical training and is
a “doctor” who has specialized in
assessment and treatment of mental
disorders.
They have a medical or biomedical
theoretical approach.
They believe that mental illness is due to
genetics, illness, or injury. Focus on the
BODY.
They typically charge MUCH more than
other clinicians.
25. A psychologist typically has one of
three basic types of degrees:
a PhD (doctorate of philosophy that
included in depth research in study)
a PsyD (doctorate in psychology, that
does not have in depth research
requirements during study)
An EdD (doctorate in education,
specializing in counseling)
26. A Psychologist:
More likely to do ‘therapy’ or counseling
techniques compared to a psychiatrist.
Typically charge much less than a
psychiatrist, but depends on the therapy
setting (private practice vs. community
mental health)
27. Cognitive Psychology: Focus on how
organisms process information.
Includes study of thinking, memory,
language, problem solving, and
creativity.
Developmental Psychology: Factors
that influence development from
conception through death (lifespan)
28. Social Psychology: Studies the
impact of the social environment
on the individual.
Personality Psychology: Studies
how personality develops, how it
influences people’s behaviors, and
how to assess the basic elements
that make an individual unique.
29. Experimental Psychology: The
primary activity is conducting
research in a variety of areas that fall
under the realm of psychology.
Biological Psychology: Studies the
relationship between behavior and
physiological and neurological events
or conditions. (AKA
Physiological Psychology)
30. Health Psychology: Studies the
interaction between behavioral factors
and physical health.
** Geropsychology: Studies issues
that are unique to the aging
population and their experiences.
School Psychology: Focuses on the
evaluation and resolution of learning
and emotional problems.
31. Other fields of specialization:
Industrial-Organizational (I/O)
Business
Engineering Psychology
Rel. b/w machines & people
Positive Psychology
Self-fulfillment & happiness
Forensic Psychology
Assist police and courts
32. Clinical and Counseling Psychology:
Both study and practice assessing,
diagnosing and treating
psychological problems.
Counseling focuses on less severe
problems than clinical psychologists.
(schools; social and academic
problems)
33. Once upon a time…..
The “crazy” people were thought to be
possessed.
Someone with psychosis might have been sent
to an exorcist.
A person with depression might have been
prescribed a “blood-letting” for severe
depression.
Could it be that the people condemned in the
Salem witch trials actually had schizophrenia?
34. The study of Psychology is rooted
in the fields of philosophy and
physiology.
Philosophy speculated about the
mind.
Physiology investigated the body.
35. Philosopher, Rene Descartes,
believed in dualism, which refers
to the belief that the mind and
body are two distinct entities.
The physical body is mechanical
and follows the laws of physics.
The mind, or soul, does not follow
any known rules.
(at the time, or is it still this way?)
36. Dualism is contrary to the belief that
behavior is caused or determined by
physical events either within or
outside of the body. This is known
as determinism.
Determinism is central to the current
science of psychology.
37. The actual study of psychology as a
discipline did not begin until
German scientist, Wilhelm Wundt,
opened the first psychological
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in
1879.
Wundt defined psychology as the
systematic study of the structures of
the conscious adult mind.
Structuralism
38. Structuralism: focused on breaking
down conscious experience into its
basic elements or structures in an
attempt to understand the mind.
Introspection: (looking inward)
Clearly breaking down, analyzing,
and reporting sensations.
Included analysis of thoughts,
feelings, and sensations.
39. Introspection is AKA:
“Experimental Self-Observation”
The basic flaw associated with
introspection was that therapists
and researchers would often obtain
inconsistent results. (it lacked
reliability)
Structuralism was abandoned.
40. William James agreed that
psychology should study the mind,
but dismissed introspection as a
reliable method of studying this.
He proposed “Functionalism”
which focused on the functional,
continually changing, personal
nature of conscious experience.
41. Functionalism attempted to learn
how mental processes, such as
learning, thinking, and perceiving,
helped organisms adapt to their
environment.
42. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Psychoanalytical / Psychodynamic
Perspectives to understanding issues
of psychology.
“Psychoanalysis” The “talking cure”
became known as catharsis where
people discuss their problems and
may feel better. (still important)
43. Psychoanalysis was the procedure
used in interviewing patients with
neurotic symptoms.
Criticized because its assertions (or
theoretical claims) cannot be tested
in a laboratory.
44. Freud’s psychoanalytical approach
focused on three primary things:
Early childhood experiences.
The unconscious mind (hypnosis and
interpretation of dreams)
Sexual urges and drives as main
motivational factor in behavior.
Widely known and criticized for focus on
sex. (contr. to psychology’s bad ‘rep.’)
45. John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Behaviorism: Approach of study
that focuses on the relationship
between environmental events and
an organism’s behavior.
Believed it was impossible to study
the mind objectively.
Opposed introspection.
46. Behaviorism emphasized the
stimulus-response relationship.
The goal of behaviorism was (and
still is) to identify how we learn.
(Much more to come on learning
(and conditioning) later in text.)
47. Gestalt Psychology: The German
approach that argues that the
“whole” of an experience is more
than “the sum of its parts.”
When sensory “elements” are
brought together, they form a
unique and new experience.
48. The Gestalt approach is still used
today, especially in the study of
visual illusion.
Understanding how single things
add up to a new experience.
**The Phi Phenomenon
“Moving lights, film”
49. Humanistic Psychology: Approach of
study that focuses on the role of free
choice and our ability to make
conscious rational decisions about
how we live our lives.
“Be all that you can be!” Optimism
Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
(will be discussed more later)