Runoff Project
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Runoff is water from rain or snowmelt that flows over the surface of the ground instead of soaking into the soil. The amount of runoff depends on factors like the amount and duration of rainfall, slope of the land, and amount of vegetation. The document discusses how runoff is affected by slope, with steeper slopes producing more runoff and faster flowing water than more gentle slopes, and how less vegetation also leads to more runoff. It describes the author's study of how water flows differently over varying land slopes and their observation of resulting runoff and erosion.
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This document describes different types of infiltrometers used to measure infiltration rates of water into soil. A single ring infiltrometer consists of a metal cylinder driven into the ground filled with a fixed level of water. A double ring infiltrometer uses two concentric rings to better control lateral water flow. A rainfall simulator produces controlled rainfall over a plot of land to measure surface runoff under varying rainfall intensities and durations.
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This document describes different types of infiltrometers used to measure infiltration rates of water into soil. A single ring infiltrometer consists of a metal cylinder driven into the ground filled with a fixed level of water. A double ring infiltrometer uses two concentric rings to better control lateral water flow. A rainfall simulator produces controlled rainfall over a plot of land to measure surface runoff under varying rainfall intensities and durations.
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Runoff occurs when the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil. There are several key factors that affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area, including: (1) precipitation characteristics such as type, duration, and intensity of rainfall; (2) the size, shape, and topography of the catchment area; and (3) the geological, meteorological, and surface characteristics of the catchment area such as soil type, slope, temperature, and land use. These factors influence how much water is able to infiltrate versus flowing across the surface as runoff.
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- 96.5% of Earth's total water is stored in the oceans. The volume of the oceans changes over time due to glacial and interglacial periods which cause sea levels to rise and fall.
- Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that change liquid water into vapor that can rise into the atmosphere, with 90% from evaporation and 10% from transpiration.
- Only 0.001% of Earth's total water volume is stored in the atmosphere, with the vast majority found in the oceans, glaciers, ice caps, and groundwater.
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1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
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Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
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The document summarizes the hydrologic cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. Water circulates as vapor between the atmosphere and land and oceans, driven by energy from the sun. It discusses the major reservoirs of water on Earth and the percentages of freshwater and saltwater they contain. It also explains the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle in detail through diagrams and descriptions.
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Runoff occurs when the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil. There are several key factors that affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area, including: (1) precipitation characteristics such as type, duration, and intensity of rainfall; (2) the size, shape, and topography of the catchment area; and (3) the geological, meteorological, and surface characteristics of the catchment area such as soil type, slope, temperature, and land use. These factors influence how much water is able to infiltrate versus flowing across the surface as runoff.
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Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
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Surface runoff occurs when rainwater pools on the surface after infiltrating the soil to its maximum capacity. It flows across the land into low points and bodies of water, carrying pollutants from urban and agricultural areas that can harm the environment, wildlife, and water quality. Increased urbanization reduces groundwater recharge and exacerbates drought by preventing water absorption, impacting farmers and communities that rely on well water. Contaminants transported by surface runoff threaten aquatic species through fish kills, population imbalances, and interference with reproduction. Simple actions like proper pesticide use, cleaning up pet waste, and recycling motor oil can help reduce pollutants entering watersheds via surface runoff.
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Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
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The document summarizes the cycle of erosion and deposition that forms and shapes mountains and land over time. It explains that erosion constantly wears down newly formed mountains, carrying sediment downstream to fill valleys, and that over time erosion and deposition can flatten the land again before new mountains are formed and the cycle repeats. It provides examples of landforms created by water erosion like meanders, oxbow lakes, and V-shaped valleys.
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Hydrological Cycle give knowledge about how water evaporate transpiration and precipitate in atmosphere...It is also give ratios and percentage of water stored in different region how we can utilize it from this cycle, It is complete study of Water cycle travelling in earths surface and sub-surface.
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- 96.5% of Earth's total water is stored in the oceans. The volume of the oceans changes over time due to glacial and interglacial periods which cause sea levels to rise and fall.
- Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that change liquid water into vapor that can rise into the atmosphere, with 90% from evaporation and 10% from transpiration.
- Only 0.001% of Earth's total water volume is stored in the atmosphere, with the vast majority found in the oceans, glaciers, ice caps, and groundwater.
Movement of soil water
1. The document discusses the movement of soil water under saturated and unsaturated conditions.
2. Under saturated conditions, the rate of flow is highest in sand and lowest in clay, following the sequence of sand > loam > clay. Pore size significantly impacts flow rate.
3. Under unsaturated conditions, the range of conductivity is sand < loam < clay in the "moist range" but similar to the saturated conditions in the "wet range".
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The document provides information about the hydrological cycle including key definitions and processes. It explains that precipitation is an input into the cycle, while evaporation and transpiration are outputs. It also describes several transfer processes by which water moves through the cycle, such as surface runoff, infiltration, percolation, groundwater flow, and river discharge.
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Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
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Water in soil can be classified into three types based on how tightly it is held:
1) Capillary water held by surface tension in small pores.
2) Gravitational water that drains freely under gravity.
3) Hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles.
Soil water content is measured using concepts like field capacity, wilting point, and moisture tension. Water moves through soil via saturated, unsaturated, or vapor flow depending on soil moisture levels. Infiltration rate depends on soil properties and moisture conditions.
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The document summarizes the hydrologic cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. Water circulates as vapor between the atmosphere and land and oceans, driven by energy from the sun. It discusses the major reservoirs of water on Earth and the percentages of freshwater and saltwater they contain. It also explains the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle in detail through diagrams and descriptions.
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Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment. Infiltration and runoff
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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Runoff Project
- 1. Runoff Doesn’t soak into the ground or evaporate; runs over surface of earth. Contributed by Mr. Scanga
- 2. Factors affecting amount of runoff Amount of rain Length of time rain falls Slope of land Vegetation
- 4. More gentle slope, less runoff
- 6. What I chose to study: How water flows over different slopes Observe the difference Observe runoff
- 7. Steeper Slope Less Steep Slope Less runoff, less erosion
- 8. Sources The Changing of the Surface of the Earth. 2002. Glenco Science. New York, New York. http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/run.rxml