Rotatores .. (1) DEEP MUSCLE OF THE BACK
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The rotatores muscles are short muscles located laterally along the thoracic vertebrae that attach between transverse and spinous processes. As a result, they function to stabilize, extend, and rotate the spine. Specifically, the 11 rotatores muscles on each side of the thoracic vertebrae originate on transverse processes and insert on laminae or spinous processes one or two levels above. Bilateral contraction extends the thoracic spine while unilateral contraction rotates the spine contralaterally. Their main function is to stabilize each thoracic vertebral joint.
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Anatomy of Lower leg, ankle, and foot
The lower leg, ankle, and foot contain 28 bones that are divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. There are 25 joints in the foot including the tibiofibular joints, ankle joint, subtalar joint, and various tarsal joints. The principal functions of the foot are propulsion during gait and providing support and stability for upright posture. The document describes the types, articulating bones, ligaments, range of motion, and innervation of each major joint in the lower leg and foot.
Biomechanics
This document provides information about the knee complex, including its types of joints, articulations, structures, movements, and kinetics. It describes the femur and tibia articular surfaces, menisci, ligaments, bursae, and the patellofemoral joint. It also analyzes squatting movements, noting the roles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during both the lowering and lifting phases, as well as variations in squat depth.
Anatomy and biomechanics of Hip joint
The document provides information on the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the articular surfaces of the acetabulum and femoral head, ligaments supporting the joint, blood supply, nerve innervation, and muscles that flex, extend, abduct, adduct, externally and internally rotate the hip. Biomechanics details include the 3 degrees of freedom, range of motion, angles related to the femoral head, structural adaptations to weight bearing, and forces during bilateral and single leg stance.
Copy3-ANATOMY(1).pdf
The three main structures that form the arches of the foot are the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch. The arches are supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles and bone structure. Common foot issues like pes cavus and pes planus can develop if the arches are too high or collapsed, respectively. The document also provides details on the anatomy of the ankle joint and ligaments of the medial longitudinal arch.
MUSCLES OF BACK.pdf
There are two major groups of muscles in the back - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are further divided into superficial and intermediate muscles. The intrinsic muscles have superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Some of the key muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group and multifidus. Together these muscles work to extend, flex, rotate and laterally bend the vertebral column and ribs. Common back issues include sprains from ligament injuries and strains from overcontraction of muscles like the erector spinae.
The Knee Complex
The knee is a synovial hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is stabilized by ligaments like the ACL and PCL as well as muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings. The knee has articular surfaces between the femur, tibia, and patella. Injuries and diseases like osteoarthritis can affect the knee's structures and biomechanics during movements like ascending and descending stairs.
Anatomy of back
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine. It discusses the conceptual overview including the functions and components of the spine. It describes the regional anatomy including the intervertebral discs, ligaments, muscles and fascia of the back. It also discusses the blood supply, lymph drainage and surface anatomy as it relates to the spine. Key features include the long vertebral column and short spinal cord, as well as the intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves.
[Ortho] spine
The document summarizes the anatomy of the vertebral column. It describes the characteristics of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae as well as ligaments associated with the vertebral column. Key points include that cervical vertebrae have short spinous processes, thoracic vertebrae have facets for ribs, lumbar vertebrae have large transverse processes on L5, and the sacrum is formed from five fused sacral vertebrae. Major ligaments like the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament are described along with their functions in stabilizing the vertebral column.
Knee CME 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of knee joint anatomy and clinical examination. It describes the articulations of the knee joint including the femur, tibia, and patella. It also discusses the menisci, muscles, ligaments, bursae, blood supply, nerve supply, and various clinical tests involved in examining the knee. Key points covered include the functions of the menisci, muscles that flex and extend the knee, major ligaments like the ACL and PCL, tests to evaluate the ligaments and meniscus, and structures involved in movement and stability of the knee joint.
BIOMECHANICS AND PATHOMECHANICS OF THORACIC SPINE.pptx
The thoracic spine has 12 vertebrae from T1 to T12 that are larger than cervical vertebrae. Each thoracic vertebra has a vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, transverse processes, and superior and inferior articular facets. The thoracic spine has a slight kyphotic curve and vertebrae articulate with ribs. Biomechanically, the thoracic spine experiences increased compression due to body weight and its shape. Its joints allow limited flexion/extension from T1-T6 and more from T7-T12. Rotation occurs between ribs and vertebrae at costovertebral joints.
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Rotatores .. (1) DEEP MUSCLE OF THE BACK
- 1. ROTATORES DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK
- 2. DEEP BACK MUSCLES/ PARASPINAL MUCLES/ INTRINSIC MUSCLES • SPLENIUS MUCLES • ERECTOR SPINAE MUSCLES • TRANSVERSOSPINALIS MUSCLES ( Multifidus, Semispinalis muscles, rotatores)
- 3. Rotatores muscles are a set of short muscles( 11 on each side ) located laterally along the vertebral column, attaching between the transverse and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae. As a result, the rotatores function as stabilizers, extensors and rotators of the spine.
- 4. Origin Rotatores breves: Transverse processes of vertebrae T2- T12 Rotatores longi: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae Insertion Rotatores breves: Laminae/Spinous process of vertebra (1 level above origin) Rotatores longi: Laminae/Spinous process of vertebra (2 levels above origin) Actions Bilateral contraction: Extension of thoracic spine Unilateral contraction: Rotation of thoracic spine (contralateral) Innervation Medial branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves Blood supply Dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar
- 6. The deeper you go, the muscles become shorter and more horizontal You get the multifidus and then deeper than that the rotatores They run across one vertebra to the other at each level They stabilize each joint at each level of the spine
- 7. If they contract , the rotatores will rotate a little at each segment Stabilize the joint
- 8. FUNCTIONS • As rotatores colli and lumborum are quite inconsistent and often missing, rotatores thoracis are the most important sub-type acting on the spine. Bilateral contraction results in extension of the vertebral column, while unilateral (one sided) contraction causes contralateral rotation of the thoracic spine. • However, the rotatores muscles occupy positions of very poor mechanical leverage and studies have shown a minimal contribution of the rotatores towards spine movements. Instead, they function as important stabilizers of the vertebral column, acting as extensible ligaments that adjust their length to support adjacent vertebrae