Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - classification and treatmentsAniruddha Rode
Informative presentation about retinopathy of prematurity.
For ophthalmologists and retina surgeons.
an attempt to give relevant information at a glance. latest trends and techniques of management.
Hope it will be helpful. Thanks.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - classification and treatmentsAniruddha Rode
Informative presentation about retinopathy of prematurity.
For ophthalmologists and retina surgeons.
an attempt to give relevant information at a glance. latest trends and techniques of management.
Hope it will be helpful. Thanks.
To understand ROP is very important so the newborns can be managed according to the stage efficiently and better visual rehabilitation can be offered to the patients and adequate knowledge can be given to the parents with counseling.
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It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
Retinopathy Of Prematurity.By Cynthia Oloo JKUAT student Bsc comprehensive op...CYNTHIAANYANGOOLOO
early treatment and prevention of retinopathy of prematurity occuring in premature born <34 weeks and with increase supplementation of oxygen and any other neonates with respiratory or cardiac diseases
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), initially described as retrolental fibroplasia one of the leading cause of blindness in children.
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, as medicine and technology advances and premature infants are surviving at earlier gestational ages, ROP continues to be a significant problem.
ROP results in disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels, which may lead to scarring and retinal detachment.
VITREOUS AND RETINA PEDIATRIC OCULAR DIESEASES.pptxreshmasu
This ppt explains about the various pediatric ocular diseases of retina and vitreous:
1.Retinoblastoma
2.Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)
3.Best disease
4.Coats disease
5.Retinopathy of prematurity
6.Stargardts disease
7.Juvenile retinoschisis
8.Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. DEFINITION :
- Vasoproliferative retinopathy of premature infants
INCIDENCE :
- 50% of preterm infants weighing <1250 gm. show
evidence of ROP and 10% of infants develop severe
ROP
- In only few severe cases RD occurs most cases
regress spontaneously
3. RISK FACTORS :
- Low birth weight and premature infants
- High oxygen exposure
- Repeated hypoxic and hyperoxic episodes
- Apnea treated by BMV
- Prolonged parenteral nutrition
- Repeated blood trasnfusions
- Episodes of hypoxemia , hypercarbia and hypocarbia
4. NORMAL RETINAL VASCULATURE DEVELOPMENT :
Vasculogenesis –
Precursor mesenchymal cells capillary network
- Begins at 16 weeks of GA
- Mature vessels reach nasal ora by 36 weeks of GA
temporal ora by 39 – 41 weeks of GA
- Full retinal vascular development occurs in utero where
relatively hypoxic environment is present (PaO2: 25-35%)
5. - Retinal vasculature is also exposed to placental and
maternal cytokines and growth factors
- And also VEGF signaling pathway , Insulin like
growth factor – 1,Wnt signaling pathway
Pathogenesis :
- Multifactorial
- Developmental , genetic and
environmental factors play role
6. premature birth and exutero hyperoxic environment
hyperoxia induced endothelial cell damage
delay in physiological retinal vascular development
vasoattenuation
Immature vessels peripheral retina continues to develop
relative hypoxia
7. secretion of proangiogenic factors
retinal neovascularization
Genetic factors :
- Missense mutation in NDP ( Norries Disease gene )
- NDP gene norrin ligand activating signal
transduction pathway
early retinal development
and
vasculogenesis
8.
9. Classification :
- International Classification of ROP
- Clinical assessment of ROP is mainly based on
1. Extent - clock hours
2. Location - zones
3. Severity - stages
10. Zone 1 :
- Circle
- Centre – at optic disc , radius – twice the distance of disc
to fovea
Zone 2 :
- Doughnut shaped region
- Anterior border of zone 1 to one disc diameter of ora
nasally and anatomical equator temporally
12. Stage 1 :
- Thin flat white structure at junction of vascularized
retina posteriorly and avascular retina anteriorly –
demarcation line
13. Stage 2 :
- Line develops into pink or white elevation of thickened
tissue – ridge
- Small tufts of vessels are present posterior to ridge
Stage 3 :
Vessel growth into and above the ridge
extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation
into vitreous preretinal or vitreous h’age
21. acute / neovascular phase
progressive vascular disease
Increasing dilatation and tortuisity of peripheral retinal
vessels,engorgement of iris vessels,pupillary rigidity
A-V shunting at the ridge
Presence of marked venous dilatation and arterial
tortuosity in posterior pole PLUS DISEASE
22.
23. Studies related to ROP :
1.CRYO – ROP study – Cryotherapy for ROP study
2. ET – ROP study – Early Treatment for ROP study
3.BEAT – ROP study – Bevacizumab Eliminates Angiogenic
Threat for ROP study
24. According to CRYO – ROP study
- Plus disease is significant dilatation and tortuosity of
vessels in all four quadrants
According to STOP – ROP and ET – ROP study
- Dilatation and tortuosity in at least two quadrants
25. Pre – Plus disease :
- Increased dilatation and / or tortuosity of retinal
arteries and / or veins in at least two quadrants of
insufficient severity for diagnosis of plus disease
progressively increasing neovascular activity at ridge
Arborization and tortuosity of blood vessels
requires laser treatment
26.
27. Aggressive Posterior ROP ( AP-ROP )
- Also called rush disease
- In extremely premature babies (23-26 GA)
- Extremely posterior / zone 1 disease
- Neovascular fronts present – flat neovascularization
- Absence of ridge tissue
- Dilated tortuous vessels in a syncytial pattern
- Progresses rapidly to stage 4 and stage 5
- Very poor prognosis
28.
29. Threshold ROP :
According to CRYO – ROP study
- Severity of ROP for which there is equal chance of
spontaneous regression or progression to unfavorable
outcomes
1. Stage 3 or more in zone 1 or 2 occupying atleast five
contiguous clock hours or eight non contiguous clock
hours
2. Presence of plus disease
30. Pre threshold ROP :
According to ET ROP study – before threshold disease
Type 1
- High risk
- Zone 1 – Any stage with plus disease
- Zone 1 – Stage 3 with or without plus disease
- Zone 2 – Stage 2/3 with plus disease
- Treated within 2 – 3 days of diagnosis
- Laser ablation of peripheral vascular retina
31. Type 2 :
- Low risk
- Zone 1 – Stage 1 /2 without plus disease
- Zone 2 – Stage 3 ROP without plus disease
- Observed weekly or twice weekly
32. Diagnosis :
- Examination of anterior segment – iris , lens and
tunica vasculosa lentis
- Fundus – IO with 28 D or 30 D lenses
- First PP observed without depression for plus disease
- Then scleral depression done
- Temporal retina observed first then nasal retina
33. Screening :
- All babies less than 32 weeks of GA or 1500gm.birth
weight
- Babies with unstable clinical course
- At least two examinations done
- First 4– 6 weeks of postnatal age or between 31 and
33 weeks of post menstrual age whoever is later
- Weekly examinations done when
vessels end in zone 1 / posterior zone 2
there is plus / pre plus disease
stage 3 in any zone
34.
35. - Every other cases at two weeks interval
Devices used :
- Historical gold standard – bedside examination with
binocular IO
- Now – remote digital fundus imaging
38. Pathology :
- Ridge – anterior collection of spindle shaped cells in
NFL ( vanguard mesenchymal tissue )-precursor of
astrocytes and small posterior vascularised rearguard
- Demarcation line – hyperplasia of spindle cells
- Stage 2 – further hyperplasia plus proliferation of
endothelial cells of rearguard mesenchymal cells
- Stage 3 – proliferation of endothelial cells and small
thin walled vessels – abnormal angiogenesis
39. Treatment :
- Goal – Abolishment of angiogenic response derived
from avascular retina
- Modes
1. Cryotherapy
2. Laser photocoagulation
3. Anti VEGFs
4. Surgical Mx for cicatricial ROP
41. 2. Laser photocoagulation :
- 810nm. Diode laser / argon laser to prevent uptake of
laser energy by tunica vasculosa lentis or hemorrhage
of ridge vessels
End point : near confluent ablation with burns spaced
one half burn width apart from ora serrata up to ridge
360 degrees
Advantages : ease of treatment
portability
fewer systemic complications
42. Complications :
- Anterior segment ischemia
- Cataract
- High myopia
- Burns of cornea
- Damage to iris or tunica vasculosa lentis
Limitations :
- Irreversible and extensive destruction of peripheral
retina
- Laborious nature of treatment
43. - Concomitant nature in visual fields
- High level of training
Reexamination :
1 week for skip areas
44.
45. Laser application :
- In three stages
- Typical laser treatment which is effective for most
ROP at threshold with zone 2 stage 3 disease
- Primary application of laser posterior to ridge used
when there is a high ridge along with anterior retinal
ablation
Treats ischemic retina and helps in resolution of ROP
and prevents macular drag due to fibrotic sequalae of
ROP
46. - Posterior ridge rescue treatment
To treat macular drag after primary anterior peripheral
photocoagulation with resolution of ROP but tractional
changes at ridge leading to the drag
3. Anti VEGFs :
- BEAT – ROP study showed higher recurrences in zone
1 disease with conventional laser therapy compared
with bevacizumab
- Has a role in acute zone 1 ROP
47. - 0.625mg./0.025mL delivery dose which is 1,00,000
times anti VEGF Ab as VEGF present in infants with
ROP
- Dose 0.031mg. to 0.06mg. is also shown to be effective
- RAINBOW study – Ranibizumab 0.2 / 0.1mg.
Indications :
- Treatment naïve eyes with vascular congestion of
anterior segment precluding adequate visualization
for laser treatment
- Primary monotherapy for eyes with posterior or
aggressive disease
- Infants unable to tolerate GA for laser treatment
48. Difference between Laser and Anti VEGFs
Laser Anti VEGFs
- BV become less tortuous - BV less tortuous with
But fibrovascular ridge will resolution of FVP later
be persistent causing RD progression to stage 3 & RD
- Permanent destruction - Continued vessel growth
of vessels and area treated
- VF restriction - No field changes
- Myopia more - Myopia less
49. Surgery :
- For retinal detachment
- May also progress at 41 weeks of PMA after laser
ablation
- Tractional RD – originating at ridge is a
circumferential purse string pattern draws the retina
anteriorly and centrally
- Stage 4a goal – undistorted or minimally distorted PP
Total retinal reattachment
Preservation of lens and central
fixation of vision
50. - Lens preserving vitrectomy interrupts progression
from stage 4a to 4b or 5 by addressing transvitreal
traction resulting from fibrous proliferation
Stage 4b goal – minimize retinal distortion
prevent total detachment
Functional goal – ambulatory vision
Surgery – scleral buckling + vitrectomy
51. Disadv : Dramatic anisometropia
Myopia
Second intervention for transection / removal of
buckle so that eye can grow
- Lens aspiration done in children with flat or shallow
anterior chamber due to cicatricial ROP
To prevent secondary glaucoma due to anterior pulling of
iris lens diaphragm
52. Late complications of ROP :
- Amblyopia
- Myopia
- Strabismus
- Early nuclear sclerotic cataract
- Glaucoma – acute angle closure in cicatricial ROP
- Retinal Detachment
53. Common retinal finding of regressed ROP :
- Perivascular straightening
- Pigmentary changes
- Peripheral cicatricial changes
- Vascularisation over a regressed ridge tissue
- Lattice degeneration
- Abnormal vitreoretinal interface at posterior border of
vitreous base – High retinal complications after
cataract surgery and failure rates after RD / retinal
breaks
54. Prevention :
- Judicial O2 therapy – Oxygen is a drug and it should
be administered in a quantity that is absolutely
necessary
- If a preterm neonate < 32 weeks GA needs
resuscitation FiO2 should be titrated to prevent
hyperoxia and achieve gradual increase in oxygen
saturation
- Judicious blood transfusion – Adult RBCs are rich in
2,3 DPG and adult Hb binds less firmly to O2 thus
releasing excess O2 to retinal tissue
- Daily 15 -25 IU of Vit E to LBW neonates
55. Follow up :
Post screening :
- All preterm infants – Throughout first year
- Children treated for ROP – Till preschool year
- With threshold ROP – adequate treatment + fully
regressed disease – at 3 months
- cycloplegic refraction – at 6
months