The document provides an overview of nucleic acid and protein microarrays, detailing their principles, types, and applications in fields such as disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and genomics. It also covers antisense technologies, explaining how they modulate gene expression through antisense oligonucleotides and their applications in treating various diseases. Additionally, the document distinguishes between different microarray types, such as DNA and protein microarrays, highlighting their significance in research and clinical diagnostics.

1. ROLE 0F NUCLEIC ACID MICROARRAYS,PROTEIN MICROARRAYS,ANTISENSENSE
TECHNOLOGIES
Abdullah
M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
Sem-II, Roll no-242577
Central University of
Haryana, Jant-Pali,
Mahendergarh, Haryana
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2. INTRODUCTION:-
❑ WHAT IS MICROARRAY?
➢ A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same
time.
➢ Microarray helps in analyzing large amount of samples which have either been recorded previously or
new samples.
➢ The microarray technique is been sub-classified based on the sample to be analyte:-
▪ DNA microarray
▪ Protein microarray
▪ Transfection microarray
▪ Antibody microarray
▪ Tissue microarray
▪ Chemical compound microarray
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3. ❑ DNA MICROARRAY:-
➢ A DNA microarray also commonly known as DNA chip or
biochip is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to
solid support surface.
➢ Each DNA spot contain picomoles (10-12 moles) of specific DNA
sequence known as probe or oligos.
➢ Each known gene or probe occupied a specific site on the chip
and varying level of fluorescent activity show varying level of
gene activity of introduced genetic material.
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4. ❑ DNA MICROARRAY OVERVIEW:-
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5. ❑ PRINCIPLE:-
➢ The core principle of microarray is HYBRIDIZATION.
➢ Samples are labelled using fluorescent dyes.
➢ Complementary nucleic acid get bind via hydrogen bonds.
➢ Washing of non specific bonding DNA.
Sample
Preparation
and
Labelling
Hybridization Washing
Image Acquisition and
Data Analysis
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6. ❑ APPLICATION:-
Disease
diagnosis
Drug
discovery
Gene
expression
analysis
Genomic
analysis
Agriculture
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7. ❑PROTIEN
MICROARRAY:-
• Protein microarrays are
miniaturized analytical devices
that allow the simultaneous
analysis of thousands of proteins.
• They are similar to DNA
microarrays, but instead of DNA
molecules, they contain proteins
or antibodies immobilized on a
solid surface.
• Protein microarrays have a wide
range of applications in various
fields, including drug discovery,
diagnostics, and proteomics
research.
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8. • PRINCIPLE:-
• Protein microarrays work by immobilizing a
large number of proteins or antibodies on a
solid surface, such as a glass slide or a silicon
chip.
• The immobilized proteins or antibodies can
then be used to capture target proteins from
a complex sample, such as blood or tissue
lysate.
• The captured proteins can be detected using
a variety of methods, such as fluorescence or
chemiluminescence.
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9. ❑ TYPES OF PROTEIN MICROARRAY:-
➢ There are two main types of protein microarrays:
▪ Analytical protein microarrays:-
➢ These microarrays are used to detect and quantify
specific proteins in a sample.
➢ They typically contain antibodies or other capture
reagents that are specific for the target protein.
▪ Functional protein microarrays:-
➢ These microarrays are used to study the function of
proteins.
➢ They typically contain proteins that are known to
interact with other proteins or molecules. 9

10. APPLICATION:-
Drug discovery: Protein microarrays can be used to
identify new drug targets and to screen for
potential drug candidates.
Diagnostics: Protein microarrays can be used to
diagnose diseases and to monitor the progression
of diseases.
Proteomics research: Protein microarrays can be
used to study the expression and function of
proteins in cells and tissues.
Antibody characterization: Protein microarrays can
be used to characterize the specificity and affinity
of antibodies.
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11. ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGIES: A
REVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
TO GENE EXPRESSION
❑ INTRODUCTION:-
➢ Antisense technologies are a class of
biological therapies that target specific genes
to modulate their expression.
➢ They work by introducing short nucleic acid
sequences, called antisense oligonucleotides
(ASOs), that bind to messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecules, preventing them from being
translated into proteins.
➢ This mechanism offers a targeted approach
to treating diseases caused by abnormal
gene expression. 11

12. How Antisense
Technologies
Work:-
Target
Identification:
The first step is
to identify the
specific gene
involved in a
disease.
ASO Design:
Antisense
oligonucleotides
are designed to
be
complementary
to a specific
mRNA sequence.
Delivery: ASOs
are delivered to
the target cells,
often through
modified
chemical
backbones or
delivery vehicles
like
nanoparticles.
Binding: Once
inside the cell,
the ASO binds to
the target
mRNA, forming a
double-stranded
structure.
Inhibition: This
binding can
block
translation,
leading to
reduced protein
production.
Alternatively, it
can trigger the
degradation of
the mRNA by
cellular
enzymes.
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13. ❑ Types of Antisense Technologies:-
• Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs):
These are short, synthetic DNA or RNA
molecules that bind to mRNA.
• Ribozymes: These are RNA molecules
with catalytic activity that can cleave
mRNA.
• Small Interfering RNA (siRNA): These
are short double-stranded RNA molecules
that trigger the degradation of mRNA
through RNA interference (RNAi).
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14. APPLICATIONS OF
ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGIES:-
Cancer : Antisense
technologies are being
investigated for treating
various cancers, including
leukaemia , lymphoma, and
breast cancer.
Infectious Diseases: They
show promise in combating
viral infections like HIV and
hepatitis.
Neurological Disorders:
Antisense therapies are being
explored for treating diseases
like Huntington's disease and
spinal muscular atrophy.
Genetic Disorders: These
technologies offer potential
for treating genetic disorders
like Duchenne muscular
dystrophy and cystic fibrosis.
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