This document discusses the role of halonil in reducing contamination in culture media. It describes three experiments conducted to determine the effect of various concentrations of halonil (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) on reducing fungal growth when added to potato dextrose agar plates. The results showed that halonil effectively prevented the growth of contaminants and the test fungus Alternaria alternata when used as an amendment to culture media. Halonil is thus concluded to be effective in controlling laboratory contamination without the need for a laminar flow unit.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Trichosporon sp. are widely distributed in nature and can predominantly be found in the environmental substrates, such as soil, birds, vegetables, water, and decomposing wood. These fungi can colonize skin and, less frequently, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Currently, the genus Trichosporon sp. is considered one of the most important emerging causes of invasive infection in immune compromised patients, with T. asahii being the most frequently reported species. In this study, T. asahii was procured from MTCC and its sensitivity was checked against different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, and Chloroform) of Iris ensata, a medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition and MIC were evaluated using Agar well diffusion assay and Tube dilution broth assay. Ketoconazole and Nystatin B were used as positive controls. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the phytochemicals present in the plant. The methanol extract was found to be most effective compared to other solvent extracts and positive controls. Phytochemicals play a major role in this anti Trichosporon activity. Key-words- Yeast infection, Trichosporon, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals test
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Trichosporon sp. are widely distributed in nature and can predominantly be found in the environmental substrates, such as soil, birds, vegetables, water, and decomposing wood. These fungi can colonize skin and, less frequently, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Currently, the genus Trichosporon sp. is considered one of the most important emerging causes of invasive infection in immune compromised patients, with T. asahii being the most frequently reported species. In this study, T. asahii was procured from MTCC and its sensitivity was checked against different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, and Chloroform) of Iris ensata, a medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition and MIC were evaluated using Agar well diffusion assay and Tube dilution broth assay. Ketoconazole and Nystatin B were used as positive controls. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the phytochemicals present in the plant. The methanol extract was found to be most effective compared to other solvent extracts and positive controls. Phytochemicals play a major role in this anti Trichosporon activity. Key-words- Yeast infection, Trichosporon, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals test
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
ABSTRACT- Background: Declining trend in semen quality is receiving attention worldwide. The aim of the study to investigate the role of lifestyle factors with respect to semen quality.
Methods: Semen samples were collected from 351 male partners attending OPD of Obstetrics and Gynecology at civil hospital and IKD hospital, Ahmedabad, India. They were subjected to assess the quality of semen according to WHO criteria and semen quality were analyzed with respect to self reported history of tobacco smoking and/or chewing and alcohol consumption as lifestyle factors.
Results: The result revealed that sperm count was lower in subjects with habit of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption as compared to subjects without such habits and decline was found statistically significant among smokers. Total progressive motility and normal morphology percentage was significantly decreased in tobacco chewers compared to non-chewers. Further analysis of data with respect to alcohol consumption indicated non-significantly lower total progressive motility and normal sperm morphology percentage as compared to subjects with no such habit.
Conclusion: The data obtained suggested, the role of lifestyle factors especially tobacco smoking and chewing in declining semen quality.
Key-words- Semen quality, Tobacco, Alcohol, Lifestyle, Sperm motility, Smoking
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
ABSTRACT- Phylloplane fungi presented on the leaf surface were screened and selected for the assessment of their
potential against Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease of Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarapgandha). Among the
antagonists Trichoderma harzianum ISO-2 showed minimum conidial germination. Effect of foliar spray of phylloplane
fungi on the lesion development was also studied. In mist chamber studies seven treatments comprising application of
antagonists in the presence of pathogen proved effective in causing per cent disease reduction by 30-50 % in comparison
with the control. In the field trials Penicillium sublateritium showed the maximum fresh and dry root weight. P. sublateritium
also showed significant percentage disease reduction in comparison to control.
Key words- Alternaria alternata, Foliar spray, Leaf spot, Phylloplane fungi, Rauwolfia serpentina
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Rheum rhabarbarum Rootsinventionjournals
Rheum rhabarbarum, which is commonly known as rhubarb, has been used as a medicinal herb in different countries. Especially its roots are known to be a traditional medicine in different cultures. Mesir paste was prepared about 500 years ago during Ottoman period as a medicinal paste and R. rhabarbarum was one of its ingredients. In this study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of R. rhabarbarum roots was investigated against 17 bacterial and 1 fungal strain, namely, Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria innocula, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13075, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 by using the disk diffusion method. It is observed that ethanol extracts of R. rhabarbarum root extracts has antimicrobial activity against all microorganims tested
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
We have 13 research and development projects within:
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Preventing Cell Culture Contamination with Copper CO2 IncubatorsDaniel Schroen, PhD
A CO2 incubator provides an excellent growth environment for cell cultures. However, the same warm, humid conditions can also sustain the growth of contaminating microorganisms. From easy-to- clean design to external water reservoirs and heat decontamination cycles, Thermo Scientific Heracell ® CO2 incubators are
proven to prevent and eliminate contamination.
Regularly examining the morphology of the cells in culture (i.e., their shape and appearance) is essential for successful cell culture experiments. In addition to confirming the healthy status of your cells, inspecting the cells by eye and a microscope each time they are handled will allow you to detect any signs of contamination early on and to contain it before it spreads to other cultures around the laboratory.
Learn how to inspect the cell morphology of the cells in a cell culture in this brief presentation with visual cell culture examples.
More best practices can be found in the Gibco Cell Culture Basics handbook http://owl.li/dgXMU
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Rheum rhabarbarum Rootsinventionjournals
Rheum rhabarbarum, which is commonly known as rhubarb, has been used as a medicinal herb in different countries. Especially its roots are known to be a traditional medicine in different cultures. Mesir paste was prepared about 500 years ago during Ottoman period as a medicinal paste and R. rhabarbarum was one of its ingredients. In this study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of R. rhabarbarum roots was investigated against 17 bacterial and 1 fungal strain, namely, Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria innocula, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13075, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 by using the disk diffusion method. It is observed that ethanol extracts of R. rhabarbarum root extracts has antimicrobial activity against all microorganims tested
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
We have 13 research and development projects within:
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• Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering
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• Biopharmaceutical Development
• Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences
• Formulation Sciences
• Analytical Biotechnology Science
Preventing Cell Culture Contamination with Copper CO2 IncubatorsDaniel Schroen, PhD
A CO2 incubator provides an excellent growth environment for cell cultures. However, the same warm, humid conditions can also sustain the growth of contaminating microorganisms. From easy-to- clean design to external water reservoirs and heat decontamination cycles, Thermo Scientific Heracell ® CO2 incubators are
proven to prevent and eliminate contamination.
Regularly examining the morphology of the cells in culture (i.e., their shape and appearance) is essential for successful cell culture experiments. In addition to confirming the healthy status of your cells, inspecting the cells by eye and a microscope each time they are handled will allow you to detect any signs of contamination early on and to contain it before it spreads to other cultures around the laboratory.
Learn how to inspect the cell morphology of the cells in a cell culture in this brief presentation with visual cell culture examples.
More best practices can be found in the Gibco Cell Culture Basics handbook http://owl.li/dgXMU
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
— The damping off disease of tobacco seedlings caused by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani causes a huge damage. The limited numbers of products are used in protection from the disease, but lately new fungicides appeared on the market. The aim of these investigations was to determine the effectiveness of new fungicides in control of this pathogen, compared with commonly used. The tests were carried out in conditions in vitro, with 8 fungicides. Two fungicides were evaluated in 2 or 3 concentrations. All tested fungicides showed extremely high effectiveness in the control of this pathogenic fungus –the percentage of inhibition of radial growth ranges from 80, 45 to 100%. The preparate Orvego (300 g / l ametoctradin + 225 g / l dimetomorph) is exception –it showed 48.05%. The best effectiveness showed contact fungicides Manfil 80WP (800 g/kg mancozeb) and Enervin WG (120 g/kg ametotradin +440 g/kg metiram) as well as systemic Signum 33 WG (267 g/kg boscalid +67g/kg pyraclostrobin) and Quadris 25 SC (250 g/l azoxystrobin)with100%inhibition of pathogenʼs development. Fungicides with such high effectiveness in control of R.solani will ensure their use in protection of tobacco seedling from the damping off disease.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Potential of Entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis as Plant Growth Promotin...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an effective bioinsecticide because it produces the proteins Cry and Cyt, which are highly toxic to insects in certain situations. However, recently, B. thuringiensis was used as a biological control agent that can suppress plant disease. In this study, the antagonistic activities of B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensisand AS18 kurstaki against the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) were examined using a dual culture technique. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis strains suppressed the development of wilt symptoms caused by FOL in tomato plants. After inoculating six strains of B. thuringiensis suspension following inoculation of FOL, the development of wilt symptoms became less than control, especially with B. thuringiensisAS17 japonensis and AS20 CR371-H. Furthermore, we proved that B. thuringiensis strains are plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can promote plant growth. Seed germination and shoot elongation were promoted by treating the tomato seeds with a bacterial culture filtrate and a bacterial suspension.
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
ABSTRACT- The present study describes the hormonal regulation on morphogenesis in vitro in nodal segments of T. indica. The nodal explants, sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2, were cultured on Murashige and Skoog Medium enriched with various combinations and concentrations of plant hormones auxin and cytokinin to study the hormonal regulation on morphogenesis in vitro in T. indica. BAP at high concentration could not evoke any morphogenetic response in nodal explants. Calli formation at the basal part of nodal explants were noted on medium containing BAP (0.1 mg/L) and 2,4-D (5.0 mg/L). 0.1 mg/L BAP was found most effective in the shoot development of the T. indica. Rhizogenesis was observed on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IAA and 0.1 mg/l NAA. The study may also be used mass-propagation and conservation of this medicinal plant species.
Key-words- Plant growth regulators, Morphogenesis in vitro, Tylophora indica, Rhizogenesis
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Role of halonil in reducing contamination in culture media
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
Role of Halonil in Reducing Contamination in Culture Media
Zia ur Rehman1 Muhammad Amin2* Shaukat Hussain1 Muhammad Amir3 Zia Ullah1
1.Deptt. of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan
2.Deptt. of Agricultural chemistry, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan
3.Deptt. of Plant Breeding and Genitics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan
*For correspondence: Email: agrian.amin06@gmail.com
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the role of halonil (chlorothalonil) on reduction of contamination on
artificial culture media. Potato dextrose agar plates were amended with various concentrations of halonil which
included 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% g/lit. Plates were initially placed on lab benches with lids removed and assessed for
fungal growth. Individual spores of Alternaria alternate was picked with a pastier pipe and then placed in the
center of PDA plates variously amended with halonil. Like wise, mycelial plugs excised from the periphery of an
actively growth colony of the test fungus were also placed on PDA plates and checked for colony growth. No
growth was observed when spores acted as inoculum growth however of observed when mycelial plugs were
used as inoculum. Halonil can therefore be used affectively in checking lab contamination without the use of
laminar flow unit.
Keywords: Halonil, Culture media
INTRODUCTION
Fungi are small, microscopic (except: mushrooms) eukaryotic, filamentous, non vascular, spore bearing
branched organisms with no chlorophyll. Fungal cell walls contain chitin and glucans (the wall strengthening)
but no cellulose as the skeletal components. These are embedded in the matrix of polysaccharide and
glycoprotein. Some fungi known as obligate parasites or biotrophs, can grow and multiply only on or in their
living host while others known as non obligate parasites require a living host plant for part of their life cycles.
Fungi cause a number of plant and animal diseases. In human’s ringworm, athletes foot, and several
other serious diseases are caused by fungi. Plant diseases caused by fungi include rusts, smut and leaf, root and
stem rot, and may cause severe damage to crops. However a number of fungi, in particular the yeast, are
important model organisms for studying problems in genetic and molecular biology (Tweeddell et al. 2002).
There are many methods of controlling fungi. Proper sanitation is necessary in controlling a fungal
disease. Several fungal pathogens’s overwinter or over summer on remnants of previous year’s crop in the soil
and these serve as a source of primary inoculums. These must be properly disposed (Qureshi, 2003). Crop
rotation with non host is also important. Many weeds particularly biennial and perennial ones are potential
sources of infection and harbor the pathogens which later infect the cultivated crops seeded in the same soil.
Elimination of these wild and alternate hosts is a very effective measure of disease control. Normally the seeds,
tubers, rhizomes bulbs etc. carry heavy loads of disease causing organisms or other spores (Vashishta et al.,
2007). Under favorable conditions, these cause disease. In such cases the disinfection of these infected plant
organs by using sterilizing agents before these are sown is quite effective. Many chemicals are also used to
control fungal diseases e.g. halonil , Bordeaux mixture etc (Rodriguez et al. 1975 and Acuff 1988).
Contamination either in one way or the other in our labs foods and daily usage equipments is a
nuisance. There are some of the basic reasons for fungal contamination. For example fungi may be in abundance
in the environment where there is no proper ventilation for the exchange of air (Schipper, 1984). The working
areas i.e. labs are not in a condition which stops the multiplication of fungi. In laboratories, generally a laminar
flow unit is used to keep away contamination and must be in proper working condition. If there is no proper
aeration and the equipments used inside the laminar flow unit are not well sterilized then these factors activate
the growth of fungi and hence cause contamination (Agrios, 2000). Plant material and soil sometimes brought
into the isolation chamber may also be a frequent source of contamination. Efforts should be made to keep them
out of the area specifically used for isolation purpose. The present study focused on use halonil at various
concentrations to control contamination of media in the lab.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used as a basal medium. PDA was prepared by boiling pieces of 200g of potato
for 15minutes and then decanting the extract through a muslin cloth. To the decanted extract 20g each of
dextrose and agar was added and the final volume was adjusted to 1liter (Beever and Bollard 1970). The medium
was then autoclaved for 30 min at 1210C. In order to determine the efficacy of halonil in reducing contamination,
various concentrations of halonil including 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% were prepare and added to the PDA medium
following autoclaving by vigorous shaking and allowed them to cool at 450C. PDA plates not amended with
ii
1
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
halonil served as control. Halonil containing medium was then poured into Petri dishes and stored at 40C for
subsequent use.
EXPERIMENT 1:
In order to check the growth of the contaminants, plates with and without halonil were placed with the lids
removed on the lab benches for 72 hours. Plates were then assessed for any fungal/bacterial growth, under a
microscope at 40 xs and number of colonies was enumerated. The treatments consisted of halonil amended
media at various concentrations whereas plates without halonil served as control. Treatments were arranged in a
completely randomized design with four replications.
EXPERIMENT 2:
The fungus used for this experiment was Alternaria alternata which was obtained from the culture bank of the
Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The cultures
were renewed by sub culturing on PDA under aseptic condition. Plates were sealed with Para film and incubated
at 250C for one week. The culture thus obtained was used for subsequent studies.
The cultures were flooded with 10ml of SDW and scrapped with a rubber spatula to make a suspension which
was then decanted through a muslin cloth to remove mycelial fragments. Using a hose pipe attached to the end of
a fine Pasteur pipette, spores were individually picked and placed on media in each treatment. Plates were sealed
and incubated at 250C for one week. Following incubation plates were examined for fungal growth. The
experiment was arranged as completely randomized design with four replicates
EXPERIMENT 3:
A 5 mm mycelial plug was excised from the periphery of two day old cultures of Alternaria alternata and placed
in the center of the plates containing PDA with and without halonil. Plates were sealed and incubated as
described previously. Data were recorded after one week of incubation.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data were analyzed using an F test and analysis of variance with various concentration of halonil as independent
variable. Treatments showing significant variations were then separated by least significant difference test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 show that the results were significance at 5% level of profitability. Maximum number of colonies 22.5 of
Alternaria alternate were observed on PDA along (control) while that amended with various concentrations of
halonil did not show any colony growth when plates were kept in open air. This effectively show that
contamination which chiefly results from growth of fungal spores in the environment can be effecting checked
by various doses of halonil. This is chiefly due to the fact that chlorothalonils do not allow fungal growth incited
by growth of spores.
Statistically significantly results were obtained when effect of halonil was analyzed radical growth of
Alternaria alternate by using conidia as inoculum. Radical growth (2.62 cm) was observed only on the PDA
media while date amended with various concentration of halonil did not show only growth as showing in table 2.
It appears that fungal growth started by using conidia on PDA along progressed to a full colony while those
amended by various concentration of halonil effectively checked fungal growth.
There were significantly differences among the treatments at 5% level of probability (P≤0.05) on
radical growth when mycelial plugs were used as source of primary inoculum. The maximum radial growth of
the fungus (9 cm) was recorded on PDA not amended with halonil. This was followed by PDA supplemented
with 0.5 g/lit of halonil (5) which were not statistically significantly from 1.0 and 1.5 g/lit. The lowest radial
growth (4.42 cm) was recorded on PDA +1.5g/lit of halonil as shown in table 3.
There were significantly differences among the treatment at 5% level of probability (P≤0.05) on number
of spores’ ml-1 when mycelium was used as primary source of inoculum. The maximum number of spores of the
fungus 17.31 x104 ml was recorded on PDA not amended with halonil. This was followed by PDA supplemented
with 0.5g/lit of halonil (10.5x104) which were not statistically significant that 1.0 g/lit & 1.5 g/lit. The least
number of spores (7.81x104) were recorded on PDA + 1.5 g/lit of halonil as shown in table 4.
There were significant differences among the treatments at 5% level of probability (P≤0.05) with
respect to biomass of the fungus. The maximum biomass of the fungus of (13.15 g) was recorded on PDA not
amended with halonil. This was followed by PDA supplement with 0.5 g/lit of halonil (4.19mg) which were not
statistically significant than 1.0 g/lit and 1.5 g/lit/. The lowest biomass of 3.9 mg was recorded on PDA + 1.5
g/lit of halonil as show in table 5.
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3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
Table 1. Number of colonies of various contaminations on PDA media with and without halonil
3
Concentration
Number of Colonies
R1 R2 R3 R4 Mean
PDA 20 30 25 15 22.5a
0.5% 0 0 0 0 0b
1.0% 0 0 0 0 0b
1.5 % 0 0 0 0 0b
LSD Value: 4.973
Mean followed by same letters are non-significant different from each other at 5% level of probability.
Table 2. Radical growth (cm) of Alternaria alternata placed on PDA at various concentration of halonil
with conidia as the source of inoculum
Concentration
Radical Growth (cm)
R1 R2 R3 R4 Mean
PDA 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.62a
0.5% 0 0 0 0 0b
1.0% 0 0 0 0 0b
1.5 % 0 0 0 0 0b
LSD Value: 0.3547
Mean followed by same letters are non-significant different from each other at 5% level of probability.
Table 3. Radical growth (cm) of Alternaria alternata on PDA amended with various concentration of
halonil with mycelium as primary source of inoculum
Concentration
Radical Growth (cm)
R1 R2 R3 R4 Mean
PDA 9 9 9 9 9a
0.5% 4.35 4.4 5.65 5.6 5b
1.0% 4.45 5 5.25 5.5 5.05b
1.5 % 3.9 4.65 4.15 5 4.42b
LSD Value: 0.7579
Mean followed by same letters are non-significant different from each other at 5% level of probability.
Table 4. Number of spores of Alternaria alternata initiated by mycelial plug on media amended with
various concentration of halonil
Concentration
Number of Conidia/ml (x104)
R1 R2 R3 R4 Mean
Control 13.75 22 23.25 10.25 17.31x104a
0.5g.litre 10.75 11 10 10.25 10.5x104b
1.0g/litre 11 7.75 7.5 9.75 9.0x104b
1.0g/litre 9.25 7.5 5.75 8.75 7.8x104b
LSD value 5.188
Mean followed by same letters are non-significant different from each other at 5% level of probability.
Table 5. Biomass of Alternaria alternata obtained on various concentration of halonil with mycelium as
the primary source of inoculums
Concentration
Biomass (mg)
R1 R2 R3 R4 Mean
Control 13.92 17.97 11.44 10.73 13.51a
0.5g.litre 3.12 5.40 5.19 03.08 4.19b
1.0g/litre 5.82 3.04 4.30 03.56 4.18b
1.0g/litre 5.30 3.00 4.20 3.31 3.9b
LSD value 4.625
Mean followed by same letters are non-significant different from each other at 5% level of probability.
CONCLUSIONS
• Halonil has been reported not to allow fungal growth initiated by spores
• Thus halonil use can be effective in controlling fungal contamination without the use of laminar flow
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
4
unit.
• Halonil at 0.5% can used to check lab contamination
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