55.Extended spectral Beta Lactamase activity of selected Bacteria and analysi...Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria isolated from different environmental samples. The study isolated bacteria from soil, water, and air samples collected near hospitals and dense population areas. The isolated bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa - were identified using morphological, biochemical, and cultural characterization tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. However, sulbactam and clavulanic acid were effective against the beta-lactamase activity.
This document describes the materials and methods used to isolate and enrich microorganisms capable of detoxifying environmental pollutants. Six different techniques are outlined for isolating microorganisms from sources contaminated with toxic heavy metals, hydrocarbons, oil, diesel, and the insecticide malathion. Samples are collected from polluted sites and enriched in media containing the contaminants. Microorganisms are then isolated on agar plates through serial dilution and purified through subculture and storage of pure colonies. The goal is to develop microbial cultures capable of bioremediating various environmental pollutants.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of three new heterocyclic compounds (I, II, III) based on benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as potential antifouling agents. The compounds were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against common slime-forming microorganisms like bacteria. Compounds were also evaluated for their biological activity against larger macrofouling organisms. Testing showed that compounds II and III had greater biocidal and antimicrobial activity than compound I, indicating their potential as antifouling agents.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Isolation and characterization of fungi associated with in can degradation of...Alexander Decker
This study isolated and characterized fungi associated with degradation of paint samples in their containers. Various paint samples were collected from locations in southwest Nigeria and cultured on selective media. The predominant fungi isolated were Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Other fungi isolated included Fusarium, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium, and Cladosporium species. Water-based paints supported more fungal growth than emulsion paints. The results provide information for paint manufacturers to improve preservation methods and prevent microbial degradation of paint samples.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
55.Extended spectral Beta Lactamase activity of selected Bacteria and analysi...Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria isolated from different environmental samples. The study isolated bacteria from soil, water, and air samples collected near hospitals and dense population areas. The isolated bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa - were identified using morphological, biochemical, and cultural characterization tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. However, sulbactam and clavulanic acid were effective against the beta-lactamase activity.
This document describes the materials and methods used to isolate and enrich microorganisms capable of detoxifying environmental pollutants. Six different techniques are outlined for isolating microorganisms from sources contaminated with toxic heavy metals, hydrocarbons, oil, diesel, and the insecticide malathion. Samples are collected from polluted sites and enriched in media containing the contaminants. Microorganisms are then isolated on agar plates through serial dilution and purified through subculture and storage of pure colonies. The goal is to develop microbial cultures capable of bioremediating various environmental pollutants.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of three new heterocyclic compounds (I, II, III) based on benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as potential antifouling agents. The compounds were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against common slime-forming microorganisms like bacteria. Compounds were also evaluated for their biological activity against larger macrofouling organisms. Testing showed that compounds II and III had greater biocidal and antimicrobial activity than compound I, indicating their potential as antifouling agents.
This document summarizes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil bacteria capable of producing novel antibiotics. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies were purified, stained, and had their DNA analyzed. The isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic resistance and their ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria, which could indicate antibiotic production. The goal was to find bacteria producing compounds similar to teixobactin, a potent antibiotic discovered from uncultured soil bacteria.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Isolation and characterization of fungi associated with in can degradation of...Alexander Decker
This study isolated and characterized fungi associated with degradation of paint samples in their containers. Various paint samples were collected from locations in southwest Nigeria and cultured on selective media. The predominant fungi isolated were Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. Other fungi isolated included Fusarium, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium, and Cladosporium species. Water-based paints supported more fungal growth than emulsion paints. The results provide information for paint manufacturers to improve preservation methods and prevent microbial degradation of paint samples.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Evaluation of Selected Botanical Extracts against Subterranean Termite, Copto...Premier Publishers
Coptoterme formosanus is an economically important agricultural and structural pest of warm and humid regions of the world. The main objective of the study was evaluate seed extracts of Brassica nigra and leaves extracts of Acokantra schimperi, Croton macrostachyus and Rhamnus prinoides against C. formosanus workers under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Treatments were consisted of three concentrations levels (5, 10 and 15 weight of botanical powder (g) per 100 ml volume of water) by three replications. Mortality of termite was counted after 24, 48 and 72 hours exposure for both conditions. The results of all botanical extracts at all concentration levels showed that caused mortality of C. formosanus workers. Complete mortality (100%) of C. formosanus was observed after treatment with 15 w/v B. nigra extract at three time intervals under both laboratory and semi-field conditions. Moreover, A. schimperi at 15 w/v concentration also resulted 100% mortality after 48-72 hours of exposure. Brassica nigra extract showed least LC50 (5.63g/100ml) value than other botanical extracts after 24 hours exposure under laboratory condition. Based on their toxicity status extracts of B. nigra > A. schmperi > R. prinoides > C. macrostachyus leaf extracts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
This document summarizes a study on the isolation and biochemical characterization of gut microbiota from Culex (Culex quinquefasciatus) mosquitoes collected from urban, suburban, and rural areas of West Bengal, India. Mosquito guts were dissected and gut contents were cultured on nutrient agar plates to isolate gut bacteria. The isolated bacteria were then subjected to various biochemical tests including Gram staining, detection of enzyme production (amylase, protease, DNase, etc.), and antibiotic susceptibility assays. The aim was to preliminarily characterize the gut microbiota of Culex mosquitoes in West Bengal, as little research had been done in this area.
Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungiDr. sreeremya S
Cellulase assay for Enzyme production
The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total
cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase
(CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic
activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for
total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate
was determined according to the standard
method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase
(carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was
assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS)
method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different pH regimes on the growth and micro-sclerotial formation of Phoma tropica, a fungus that causes leaf spot disease in Indian bean. The fungus was able to grow across a wide pH range of 4.0 to 8.0, but growth and micro-sclerotial production were significantly higher under acidic conditions compared to alkaline conditions. Optimum pH for growth and micro-sclerotial production was found to be 6.0. Near acidic pH levels were more conducive to fungal growth and micro-sclerotial formation than alkaline pH levels.
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico ramoncolon7
This document summarizes a student research project that aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated on agar plates before being purified through restreaking. Gram staining identified the bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. However, when tested on indicator plates, the isolated bacteria did not show any antibiotic production against E. coli or M. luteus as hypothesized. While full characterization was not completed due to time constraints, the student plans future work identifying the bacteria through DNA sequencing.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
This research aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected and various tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, DNA purification and amplification, and testing for antibiotic production. One isolated bacterium (S15UPRC-RISEAMGP30SP01A1) was identified as a gram-positive cocci resembling Staphylococcus and did not produce antibiotics. The other (S15UPRC-RISERBCR30P01A2) was a gram-positive Bacillus but did not produce antibiotics. Neither bacterium could be fully characterized due to negative PCR results, failing to confirm the hypothesis of positive antibiotic production. Further tests are needed to fully characterize the
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
1) Tumor suppressor genes normally apply brakes to cell proliferation through proteins that form checkpoints to prevent uncontrolled growth. Loss of function of these genes allows tumor development.
2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown gall diseaseskaushik iyer
Crown gall is a disease of plants caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that affects over 1000 plant species. Symptoms include round, rough galls forming at or near the soil line on infected plants. The disease is transmitted when the bacterium enters through wounds in the plant and induces tumor formation through genes carried by its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment called T-DNA into the plant's chromosomes that directs the plant to produce compounds the bacteria uses as nutrients, genetically engineering the infected plant cell.
Agrobacterium tumefaciensppt............it is a slide presentation on interki...Anwesha Banerjee
agrobacterium gene transfer is very important for all students learning biotechnology and microbiology , i have prepaed it for my college presentation class hope all my friends like it
Pathogenesis,pathology and diagnosis of Cryptococcosis,Histoplasmosis, Epizoo...Md Fayezur Rahaman
Pathogenesis,pathology and diagnosis of Cryptococcosis,Histoplasmosis, Epizootic lymphangitis in horses(Histoplasma farciminosum),Zygomycosis, Pythiosis and Rhinosporidiosis in man and animals.
All of the information are collected , it's not a research work but i think it will help the students to know about the basic information.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
Evaluation of Selected Botanical Extracts against Subterranean Termite, Copto...Premier Publishers
Coptoterme formosanus is an economically important agricultural and structural pest of warm and humid regions of the world. The main objective of the study was evaluate seed extracts of Brassica nigra and leaves extracts of Acokantra schimperi, Croton macrostachyus and Rhamnus prinoides against C. formosanus workers under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Treatments were consisted of three concentrations levels (5, 10 and 15 weight of botanical powder (g) per 100 ml volume of water) by three replications. Mortality of termite was counted after 24, 48 and 72 hours exposure for both conditions. The results of all botanical extracts at all concentration levels showed that caused mortality of C. formosanus workers. Complete mortality (100%) of C. formosanus was observed after treatment with 15 w/v B. nigra extract at three time intervals under both laboratory and semi-field conditions. Moreover, A. schimperi at 15 w/v concentration also resulted 100% mortality after 48-72 hours of exposure. Brassica nigra extract showed least LC50 (5.63g/100ml) value than other botanical extracts after 24 hours exposure under laboratory condition. Based on their toxicity status extracts of B. nigra > A. schmperi > R. prinoides > C. macrostachyus leaf extracts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
This document summarizes a study on the isolation and biochemical characterization of gut microbiota from Culex (Culex quinquefasciatus) mosquitoes collected from urban, suburban, and rural areas of West Bengal, India. Mosquito guts were dissected and gut contents were cultured on nutrient agar plates to isolate gut bacteria. The isolated bacteria were then subjected to various biochemical tests including Gram staining, detection of enzyme production (amylase, protease, DNase, etc.), and antibiotic susceptibility assays. The aim was to preliminarily characterize the gut microbiota of Culex mosquitoes in West Bengal, as little research had been done in this area.
Screening, identification and isolation of cellulolytic fungiDr. sreeremya S
Cellulase assay for Enzyme production
The activity of -glucosidase ( G), total
cellulase (FPase) and endoglucanase
(CMCase) was studied as cellulolytic
activity. Filter paper activity (FPase) for
total cellulase activity in the culture filtrate
was determined according to the standard
method (Eveleigh DE et al.2009). CMCase
(carboxy methyl cellulase) activity was
assayed using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS)
method (Mandels and Weber, 1969).
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different pH regimes on the growth and micro-sclerotial formation of Phoma tropica, a fungus that causes leaf spot disease in Indian bean. The fungus was able to grow across a wide pH range of 4.0 to 8.0, but growth and micro-sclerotial production were significantly higher under acidic conditions compared to alkaline conditions. Optimum pH for growth and micro-sclerotial production was found to be 6.0. Near acidic pH levels were more conducive to fungal growth and micro-sclerotial formation than alkaline pH levels.
Characterization of Bacteria Isolated from Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico ramoncolon7
This document summarizes a student research project that aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Soil samples were collected and bacteria were isolated on agar plates before being purified through restreaking. Gram staining identified the bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified via PCR. However, when tested on indicator plates, the isolated bacteria did not show any antibiotic production against E. coli or M. luteus as hypothesized. While full characterization was not completed due to time constraints, the student plans future work identifying the bacteria through DNA sequencing.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
This research aimed to characterize bacteria isolated from soils in Puerto Rico. Two soil samples were collected and various tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, DNA purification and amplification, and testing for antibiotic production. One isolated bacterium (S15UPRC-RISEAMGP30SP01A1) was identified as a gram-positive cocci resembling Staphylococcus and did not produce antibiotics. The other (S15UPRC-RISERBCR30P01A2) was a gram-positive Bacillus but did not produce antibiotics. Neither bacterium could be fully characterized due to negative PCR results, failing to confirm the hypothesis of positive antibiotic production. Further tests are needed to fully characterize the
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
1) Tumor suppressor genes normally apply brakes to cell proliferation through proteins that form checkpoints to prevent uncontrolled growth. Loss of function of these genes allows tumor development.
2) The proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes regulate cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell survival/growth through mechanisms like transcription factors, cell cycle inhibitors, and DNA damage response.
3) Famous tumor suppressor genes include RB, p53, APC, and WT1. Mutation of both copies is required for loss of function, leading to cancers like retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colon cancer, and Wilms tumor.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown gall diseaseskaushik iyer
Crown gall is a disease of plants caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that affects over 1000 plant species. Symptoms include round, rough galls forming at or near the soil line on infected plants. The disease is transmitted when the bacterium enters through wounds in the plant and induces tumor formation through genes carried by its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment called T-DNA into the plant's chromosomes that directs the plant to produce compounds the bacteria uses as nutrients, genetically engineering the infected plant cell.
Agrobacterium tumefaciensppt............it is a slide presentation on interki...Anwesha Banerjee
agrobacterium gene transfer is very important for all students learning biotechnology and microbiology , i have prepaed it for my college presentation class hope all my friends like it
Pathogenesis,pathology and diagnosis of Cryptococcosis,Histoplasmosis, Epizoo...Md Fayezur Rahaman
Pathogenesis,pathology and diagnosis of Cryptococcosis,Histoplasmosis, Epizootic lymphangitis in horses(Histoplasma farciminosum),Zygomycosis, Pythiosis and Rhinosporidiosis in man and animals.
All of the information are collected , it's not a research work but i think it will help the students to know about the basic information.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
HIV enters the host cell by binding to CD4 receptors and co-receptors on T-cells. It then fuses with and releases its RNA into the cell. The RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and integrated into the host cell's DNA by integrase. The integrated DNA is then transcribed to produce new HIV proteins which assemble and bud from the host cell to infect others.
The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolite extracts from three soil-inhabiting fungi - Trichoderma koningii, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusarium oxysporum. The fungi were cultured individually in Sabouraud broth for 21 days, after which ethyl acetate was used to extract secondary metabolites from the broth. Thin layer chromatography analysis indicated the extracts contained multiple compounds. The extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against four microorganisms using a broth microdilution assay. The extracts displayed variable but low antimicrobial activity compared to standard antimicrobial drugs. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the antimicrobial potential of extracts from these under-explored
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria of the Growth of Cicer arietinumOpen Access Research Paper
This research was conducted to isolate the rhizospheric bacteria of chickpea plant and to check their effect on its growth. Out of ten bacterial strains isolated, six were checked. They included two strains of Pseudomonas sp., three strains of Bacillus sp. and one strain of Brevibacterium sp. Out of all strains, one Bacillus strain showed good results. The 16s rRNA sequencing showed it Bacillus velezensis MN611255. Early germination, enhanced number of leaves, shoots, roots, and increase in their weight were notable features of B. velezensis as a PGPR. Furthermore, its effect on the flavonoids, total flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates and chlorophyll content of chickpea plant was more pronounced as compared to the control. PGPR did not show siderophore production but were positive to indole acetic acid and phosphate solubilization. It can be concluded from the observations that indigenous isolated B. velezensis showed promising results as a PGPR. Field trials can help in further elaborating its role as a biofertilizer.
Isolation and characterization of bacteria from tropical soilsJessica Cristina
The document describes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from soils in Puerto Rico. Five bacteria were isolated from soils in Caguas, Santa Isabel, and Comerío. All five isolates were gram-positive bacilli. Two isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. One isolate had endospores and showed decreasing resistance when tested with bacterial clusters closer to antibiotics. Another isolate changed color from white to red with time, and also showed decreasing resistance with bacterial clusters. The isolates did not produce antibiotics against E. coli or M. luteus, though one was able to coexist with E. coli. Further experiments are needed to determine the causes of antibiotic resistance in the isolates.
The document describes experiments conducted to isolate, characterize, and identify an unknown species of bacteria collected from soil in Flagstaff, Arizona. A series of tests were performed on the isolated bacteria, including Gram staining, endospore staining, catalase testing, carbohydrate testing, and more. Results of the tests were used to compare the unknown bacteria to known species in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in order to identify the bacteria. Preliminary analysis indicated the bacteria were adapted to the alkaline soil and climate conditions of Flagstaff's high altitude location.
Detection of Alpha-Amylase Activity from Soil Bacteriaiosrjce
Alpha-amylase is one of the industrial enzymes that hydrolyze starch molecules into polymers
composed of glucose units. The enzyme has potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such
as food, textile, paper, detergent, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. Alpha-amylase can be produced
by microorganisms, plants or animals.
Aim: The aim of this study is to detect the activity of alpha-amylase from bacteria isolated from soil
environment.
Method: Soil samples were inoculated onto the media that are rich in nutrient that favour the growth of the
bacteria and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC after which the bacterial growth was detected in form of colonies.
In this study, bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus were identified through phylogenetic analysis
using 16s-ribosomal RNA sequencing for detection of the enzymatic activity. Effects of pH and temperature on
the enzymatic activity were observed using DNS activity assay method.
Results: Positive response to alpha-amylase activity by the soil bacteria was observed by the formation of clear
zone of inhibition shown by the colonies on the petri plates.
Conclusions: The optimal pH and temperature activities showed that the bacteria exhibit enzymatic activity at
mesophilic temperature and acidophilic or alkalophilic pH.
This document describes a study conducted by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico at Cayey to identify soil-collected bacteria that could produce novel antibiotic compounds. Soil samples were collected from two sites and diluted to isolate individual bacterial colonies. Colonies showing growth were purified and analyzed using gram staining, freezing, electrophoresis, and tests for antibiotic resistance and production. Initial results identified distinct colony morphologies from the soil samples and showed growth from the undiluted, but not highly diluted, samples. Further analysis of purified colonies is planned to characterize the bacteria and determine their antibiotic properties.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
This document summarizes research that isolated and characterized antibiotic-producing microorganisms from waste soil samples collected from various industrial areas in India. Soil samples were collected and microbes were isolated using serial dilution and spread plating techniques. Isolates were screened for antibiotic production against other microbes using agar streak and plug methods. Two Bacillus isolates (R29 and B81) showed strong antifungal activity and were selected for further characterization. Biochemical and genetic tests identified R29 as Bacillus subtilis and B81 as likely Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis. The research aims to discover new antibiotics and contributes to understanding antibiotic-producing microbes isolated from industrial waste soils.
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
An assessment of medicinal cocus nucifera plant extracts as natural antibioti...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Cocus nucifera plant extracts against five bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method.
2. Ethanol extracts of C. nucifera roots showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.55mm to 13.08mm. The highest activity was seen against Escherichia coli.
3. Phytochemical analysis of C. nucifera root extracts revealed the presence of compounds such as saponins, tannins and flavonoids that are associated with antimicrobial effects and support the traditional use of this plant to treat infectious diseases.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Senna siamea leaf. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, but absence of saponins. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis in a dose-dependent manner. The highest inhibition was observed for E. coli at the highest extract concentration. The antimicrobial activity is likely due to the phytochemical constituents, supporting traditional use of the plant to treat infections. Further research is recommended to explore other solvent extracts and
Determining the Phytochemical Constituents and the Antimicrobial Activity of ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Biodegradation of dichlorovos (organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacteria...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for microbial isolates to biodegrade the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos in contaminated agricultural soil. A bacterial consortium composed of four strains (Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio sp., Serratia sp., and Acinetobacter sp.) was isolated from soil contaminated with dichlorvos. Both the consortium and individual strains were able to use dichlorvos as their sole carbon source and remove it from the soil. The consortium achieved greater removal of dichlorvos from soil amended with NPK fertilizer compared to NH4NO3 or KH2PO4. The results indicate that these bacterial isolates have potential for bioremediating soils contaminated
Role of halonil in reducing contamination in culture mediaAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of halonil in reducing contamination in culture media. It describes three experiments conducted to determine the effect of various concentrations of halonil (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) on reducing fungal growth when added to potato dextrose agar plates. The results showed that halonil effectively prevented the growth of contaminants and the test fungus Alternaria alternata when used as an amendment to culture media. Halonil is thus concluded to be effective in controlling laboratory contamination without the need for a laminar flow unit.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Similar to Chemical antibacterial agents used to disinfect cultivation tools against the crown gall disease of stone fruits (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Chemical antibacterial agents used to disinfect cultivation tools against the crown gall disease of stone fruits
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
30
Chemical Antibacterial Agents Used to Disinfect Cultivation Tools
against the Crown Gall Disease of Stone Fruits
Hazem Sawalha,1
Saif Al-Badawi,1
Hasan Hamdan2
and Orwa Houshia3
1. Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
2. Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
3. Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 240, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
Abstract
Several chemicals were tested and evaluated as antibacterial agents against the Palestinian isolate of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the causal agent of the crown gall disease. Based on the disk diffusion method on
nutrient agar, formaldehyde appeared to be the strongest followed by sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium
hydroxide, Hypex and Dettol. On the other hand, those chemicals revealed 90-100% inhibition against the
bacterial cell contaminating common pins. The other chemicals showed either an intermediate or weak bacterial
inhibition of the bacterium on agar nutrient media.
Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Crown gall, Antibacterial disinfectants, Palestine
1. Introduction
Crown gall is a bacterial disease that infects hundreds of plant species, both woody and herbaceous. The disease
has a wide range of dicotyledonous (broad-leaved) plant hosts, especially members of the rosaceae family such
as apple, pear, peach, cherry, almond, raspberry and roses. In addition, a strain, termed biovar 3, causes crown
gall of grapevine (Agrios, 1997; Trigiano et. al. 2004).
The disease which is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens gains its name from the large tumor-like swellings
(galls) that typically occur at the crown of the plant, just above soil level. Although the disease lowers the
marketability of nursery stock, it usually does not cause serious damage to older plants. Galls vary considerably
in size. The goal ranges from 1/4 inch to a foot or more in diameter with the majority being a few inches across.
Young galls are soft at the surface and have a light, tan-colored, frosty appearance. As the galls grow older, they
become darker, turning almost into black, and usually are hard and woody (Agrios, 1997).
There is often no visible effect on the plant other than the galls, but when galls are numerous or when a large gall
has girdled the stem, the plant may become stunted and sickly with small red or yellow leaves. Top symptoms
alone are inconclusive, but the presence of galls confirms the identity of the disease (Agrios, 1997; Streets,
1979).
The bacterium is capable of surviving in the soil for at least a year and possibly stays alive longer. It is easily
spread in soil water or rain splash but can penetrate plants only through fresh wounds. Such wounds might be
made during pruning, cultivating, transplanting, budding or grafting, or feeding by insects or other pests. The
wondering of animals through the planted fields is sufficient for making wounds which let the pathogen enter
(Agrios, 1997; Trigiano et. al. 2004).
.As the mechanical injuries of plants by cultivation tools are the major entry sits for the pathogen, the current
project aims at finding out the effective chemical disinfectants that can be used by farmers in practical ways to
disinfect the agricultural tools, particularly, those used regularly for pruning and grafting (Agrios, 1997; Trigiano
et. al. 2004).
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Sample collection
Fifteen woody samples were collected from the galls of the almond trees showing the crown gall symptoms. The
samples were collected from 6 year-old trees planted in Asira-El-Shamaleih, seven kilometers to the north of
Nablus city.
2.2 Bacterial isolation
The collected samples were cut and grinded and then cultured in nutrient agar Petri plates. After 48 hrs
incubation period at 37 degree Celsius, the bacterial colonies were sub-cultured and maintained into nutrient
broth and nutrient agar Petri plates. The bacterial isolate was stored in the microbiology laboratory of the Arab
American University.
2.3 Biological identification
The bacterium was tentatively identified as A. tumefaciens based on results obtained from several biochemical
tests. Bacterial stains including the simple and gram one was done according to Johnson and Case (2001) and
Brooks et. al.(2001) respectively. Also, the growth of the bacterial isolate on the selective and differential media
including MacConkey Agar (MAC), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) was
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
31
done according to Tortora et. al. 2002. The shape and the color of the colonies and the pattern of bacterial
growth were recorded for each medium (Strohi, et. al. 2001). To test its oxygen requirements, the isolate was
streaked on nutrient agar plates and then kept inside an anaerobic GasPak jar for 48 hrs at 37 degree Celsius. The
chemical pocket containing sodium bicarbonate and sodium borohydride was used (Tortora et. al. 2002). In
addition, the motility of the bacterial isolate was tested in semisolid agar medium using the stab technique.
Cloudiness in the stabbed areas was checked 48 hrs after incubation at 37 degree Celsius (Forbes et. al. 2002).
On the other hand, the isolate was tested for its ability to ferment carbohydrates in media containing single type
of carbohydrates and a pH indicator. Therefore, the media of phenol red lactose, phenol red dextrose, and phenol
red sucrose were used. The media were placed in test tubes equipped with Durham tubes (small inverted tubes to
detect gas production). After 48hrs incubation at 37 degree Celsius, the inoculated media were checked for gas
production and color change (Forbes et. al. 2002; Johnson and Case, 2001). Furthermore, to study its ability to
hydrolyze starch, the isolate was streaked on starch agar media then incubated similarly (Johnson and Case,
2001). As a second step, iodine drops were added to the media around the bacterial colonies to see the possibility
of coloration. Additionally, the ability of the isolate to make protein catabolism was tested in the media including
nutrient gelatin, litmus milk and urea agar. The media were inoculated with the bacterial isolate and incubated as
usual (Forbes et. al. 2002; Johnson and Case, 2001).
2.4 Serological identification of the Agrobacterium
Precise identification of the bacterial isolate was done serologically using the standard bacterium-specific
antibodies. Thus, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (I-ELISA) was used as adopted by Clark et. al
(1986). The Agrobacterium specific-polyclonal antibodies and the goat anti-rabbit conjugate were purchased
from Bioreba, Inc. The results of the ELISA tests were recorded one hour after the substrate incubation took
place using an automated ELISA-Reader. The light absorbance was measured for ELISA wells at 405
nanometres (Sawalha 2009).
2.5 Preparation of bacterial inocula
Three loopfuls of the bacterial isolate growing on nutrient agar plates were added to 5 ml sterile nutrient broth
then incubated at 37 degree Celsius for 48 hrs.
2.6 Preparation of the test chemicals
Concentrations of 10% and 5% of several chemicals were prepared using sterile distilled water (Fig 1). Some of
these chemicals are detergents (indicated by their commercial names) as Modhesh and Bariq are used for
cleaning flagstones, floors and bathrooms. Palmolive and Fairy are other detergents used to clean dishes and
other kitchen instruments. Hypex which is the commercial name of a bleach material is used for sinks, tubs,
drain boards, toilet bowls, garbage cans and kitchen instruments. In addition, Dettol and Septol are liquid
disinfectants for laundry, floors, surfaces, lavatories, sinks and so on. The chemical concentrations were prepared
aseptically in 50-ml falcon tubes.
Two categories of disinfectants were used. The first type (Table 1) was the common household chemicals
available at the local market or at any consumer supermarkets. Some of these chemicals are detergents (named as
their commercial names) as Modhesh (Sodium Tri Poly Phosphate) and Bariq (cocamide diethanolamine) that
are used for cleaning tile floor and bathrooms. Palmolive and Fairy [sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,
Ammonium C12-15 Pareth Sulfate, Magnesium Isododecylbenzenesulfonate, Lauramidopropylamine Oxide and
Triclosan- 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] which are other detergents used to clean dishes and other
kitchen instruments. Hypex [calcium hypochlorite, Ca(ClO)2] or Sodium hypochlorite [NaClO], which is the
commercial name of a bleach material that is used for sinks, tubs, drain boards, toilet bowls, garbage cans and
kitchen instruments. In addition, Dettol [5% of 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (C8H9ClO)] and Septol [1.1% 6-
chloro-hydroxy diphenyl methane] that are liquid disinfectants for laundry, floors, surfaces, lavatories, sinks and
so on. The chemical concentrations were prepared aseptically in 50-ml falcon tubes.
The second disinfectant types were the chemicals one would obtain only at the chemistry or biology laboratories
(i.e.: not readily available to consumers). These chemical were Formaldehyde, Phenol, Benzene, Kerosene,
Sulfuric acid, Hydrochloric acid, and Sodium hydroxide. Concentrations of 10% and 5% of several chemicals
were prepared using sterile distilled water.
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
32
Table 5: Common household chemicals available at the local markets
Seeding of Petri plates
Seeding was done on several Petri plates containing nutrient agar by transferring 0.5 ml of the bacterial
suspension into the surface of each plate, and then spread evenly using a sterile hockey stick glass rod.
Antibacterial activities of chemicals against A. tumefaciens
The antibacterial activity of the tested chemicals was evaluated according to the agar disc-diffusion method
(Tortora et.al 2002). So, sterile filter-paper discs (12.7 mm diameter) were dipped halfway in the chemical
concentrations and placed on the center of the seeded Petri plates. Then, the plates were incubated at 37 C for 24
hrs and the zones of bacterial inhibition were measured (between disc edge and the bacterial growth) on the
bottom of the plates. The chemicals that showed the largest zones were selected for the subsequent work.
In addition, the chemical disinfectants (the most efficient ones from the previous step) were evaluated for their
abilities to prevent infection according to Aysan et. al (2003) using rustproof common pins. The seeded pins
were exposed to the chemicals used in the test at 25 C for 5 minutes disinfection times then rinsed with sterile
distilled water and transferred to nutrient broth media. After incubation at 37 C for 2 hrs, one milliliter of the
media was added to the surface of each freshly cut carrot disk in Petri plate. The plates were maintained in a
controlled climate room, for 20 days at 25°C and 70% RH. Positive control samples treated with bacterial
suspension and negative ones covered with bacterial-free media were incubated similarly.
Statistical analysis
Analysis of the ELISA readings was made using the Two-Sample Tests of Proportions (TSTP) using a level of
significance of 0.05 (Lind et. al. 2005). The data collected from the antibacterial actions of the tested materials
were analyzed using the SPSS software. Also, one-way ANOVA was used to compare the studied treatments for
any significance through the F-test. The significant difference was established using the Tukey’s method at the
0.05 level of significance (Montgomery 2008).
3. Results
Biological identification of the Agrobacterium
The bacterial isolate was identified as A. tumefaciens according to the results obtained In Vitro together with its
symptoms on the collected samples (Streets 1978). The results are displayed in table 2.
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
33
Table 2: Tests and results used in the bacterium identification
The Test Result
Simple stain Rod shape
Gram stain Gram negative
Growing in selective media
MacConkey Agar Positive
Eosin Methylene Blue Positive
Mannitol Salt Agar Negative
Growing in anaerobic jar Aerobic
Motility Determination Motile
Fermentation of Carbohydrate
Phenol Red Dextrose Positive
Phenol Red Lactose Positive
Phenol Red Sucrose Positive
Starch Hydrolysis Negative
Protein Catabolism
Nutrient Gelatin Negative
Litmus Milk Negative
Urea Agar Negative
Serological identification of the Agrobacterium
ELISA readings recorded for the bacterial positive samples were at least two times greater than the readings
recorded for the bacterial-free samples (Plate 1 and Fig 1).
Plate 1: ELISA plate
showing the antibody-
antigen reaction of the
studied Agrobacterium
isolate. A: Negative
control sample, B:
Reaction with ELISA
extraction buffer, C:
Positive control sample.
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
34
***Letters above the column indicate the treatments with no significant difference
Antibacterial activities of chemicals against A. tumefaciens
The evaluation of the antimicrobial activities based on agar disc diffusion method revealed that formaldehyde
has the maximum zone of inhibition (2.5 cm) followed by sulfuric acid (2.0 cm), hydrochloric acid (1.7 cm),
sodium hydroxide (1.2 cm), Hypex (0.9 cm) and Dettol (0.8 cm). The other materials showed either an
intermediate or a weak bacterial inhibition (Fig 2).
The statistical analysis using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant F test of 76.9
with a P-value of almost zero (Table 3).
Table 3: One-way ANOVA
Sum of Squares DF Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 58.504 29 2.017 76.954 .000
Within Groups 2.359 90 .026
Total 60.863 119
In addition, comparing the means using Tukey's method showed that only the pairs displayed in the table 3 have
insignificant difference. The rest of the pairs have significant differences when compared at the 0.05 level of
Fig 1: ELISA detection of Agrobacterium isolate
showing the difference between positive and
negative control samples
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Positive control Negative control Buffer
Sample
Absorbanceat405nm
a
b b
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
36
23 .15000 1.000 24 .03000 1.000
24 .13000 1.000 25 .09000 1.000
25 .19000 .998 26 .11000 1.000
26 .21000 .991 27 .12000 1.000
27 .22000 .983 28 .14000 1.000
28 .24000 .952 29 .14000 1.000
29 .24000 .952 30 .15000 1.000
30 .25000 .927
Note: The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. Mean Difference = I-J
Furthermore, three groups of treatments can easily be formed from figure 3. The first group consists of the first 6
treatments with more than 1.4 cm width of bacterial inhibition zone. The second group includes treatments
between the seventh and fourteenth one with inhibition zones range from 0.83 to 1.1 cm. The third group
consists of the last 15 treatments (i.e. 15-30) with 0.35 cm or less zone of inhibition. When performing the same
analysis on these three groups, it was found that the means of these groups are all statistically different as shown
in the ANOVA table 5 with an F value of 476.39. Furthermore, the multiple comparison procedure emphasizes
this as well. The results of such comparisons are illustrated in table 6.
On the other hand, the numbers which represent the studied treatments are displayed in table 7.
Table 5: One-way ANOVA
Sum of Squares DF Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 54.207 2 27.103 476.386 .000
Within Groups 6.657 117 .057
Total 60.863 119
Table 6: Multiple comparisons of data using Tukey’s HSD.
(I) G (J) G
Mean Difference
(I-J) Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Tukey HSD 1.00 2.00 .97958*
.06441 .000 .8267 1.1325
3.00 1.73208*
.05709 .000 1.5966 1.8676
2.00 1.00 -.97958*
.06441 .000 -1.1325 -.8267
3.00 .75250*
.05164 .000 .6299 .8751
3.00 1.00 -1.73208*
.05709 .000 -1.8676 -1.5966
2.00 -.75250*
.05164 .000 -.8751 -.6299
LSD 1.00 2.00 .97958*
.06441 .000 .8520 1.1071
3.00 1.73208*
.05709 .000 1.6190 1.8452
2.00 1.00 -.97958*
.06441 .000 -1.1071 -.8520
3.00 .75250*
.05164 .000 .6502 .8548
3.00 1.00 -1.73208*
.05709 .000 -1.8452 -1.6190
2.00 -.75250*
.05164 .000 -.8548 -.6502
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
8. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
37
Table 7: Treatment numbers used in the statistical analysis
Treatment Number Treatment Number Treatment Number
Formaldehyde 10% 1 Hypex 10% 11 Palmolive 10% 21
Formaldehyde 5% 2 Hypex 5% 12 Palmolive 5% 22
H2SO4 10% 3 Phenol 10% 13 Modhesh 10% 23
H2SO4 5% 4 Phenol 5% 14 Modhesh 5% 24
HCl 10% 5 Septol 10% 15 Kerosene 10% 25
HCl 5% 6 Septol 5% 16 Kerosene 5% 26
NaOH 10% 7 Bariq 10% 17 Soap 10% 27
NaOH 5% 8 Bariq 5% 18 Soap 5% 28
Dettol 10% 9 Fairy 10% 19 Benzene 10% 29
Dettol 5% 10 Fairy 5% 20 Benzene 5% 30
In addition, studying the ability of disinfectants to prevent infection showed that formaldehyde, H2SO4, HCl,
NaOH, Dettol and Hypex were strong anti-bacterial agents against the Agrobacterium. Dipping pins for 5
minutes in those chemical revealed 90 -100% inhibitions of the contaminating bacterial cells as no tumor
symptoms on carrot slices developed (Plate 2, Table 8). With regard to the positive control samples, tumors
developed, 7-8 days post inoculation. Furthermore, the bacterium was re-isolated from the carrot tumors and
identified as A. tumefaciens.
Plate 2: Tumors of A. tumefaciens on inoculated carrot slices. A: Healthy, B:
Inoculated
Table 8: The ability of disinfectants (10%) to prevent infection of carrot slices
Disinfectant Carrot infection Infection rate
Formaldehyde (-) 0/10
H2SO4 (-) 0/10
HCl (-) 0/10
NaOH (-) 0/10
Dettol (-) & (+) 1/10
Hypex (-) & (+) 1/10
Phenol (-) & (+) 2/10
Septol (-) & (+) 3/10
Bariq (-) & (+) 4/10
Fairy (-) & (+) 4/10
Palmolive (-) & (+) 5/10
(-), (+): Negative and positive infections respectively
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
38
4. Discussion
Bacterial diseases of plants are very difficult to control because of the lack of effective chemicals. Antibiotics
could be used but they are expensive and, in any case, the compounds that are valuable for human therapy are
not allowed to be used in agriculture. Using alternatives such as copper compounds is not so much preferable as
these compounds are potentially phytotoxic. Perhaps, the most applicable method of controlling these diseases is
to prevent pathogen arrival and infection of the crops to get a considerable crop protection. Using sterile
cultivation tools or disinfecting the contaminated ones is of prime importance to prevent pathogen inoculation
and to achieve crop protection. In addition, controlling the bacterial diseases by prevention is much cheaper than
controlling these diseases by chemicals that are usually expensive, especially, after infection and pathogen
outbreak
Because A. tumefaciens is a mechanical transmissible pathogen that enters the plant easily through wounds, and
much infection occurs through grafting and pruning (Agrios, 1997), tools used for grafting, budding or pruning
should be disinfected before and after use to prevent or minimize the disease spread.
Our findings elucidated that several chemicals including formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid of group
one, sodium hydroxide, Hypex and Dettol of groups two are effective antibacterial agents. Statistically, selecting
any chemical from those groups gives reasonable control performance of the bacterium. So, dipping the
cultivation tools in 5-10% solutions of these chemicals for at least 5 minutes is effective to kill the pathogen, and
therefore prevents or minimizes the spread of the disease either in fields or in nurseries. Formaldehyde was
among the most effective antimicrobials. It causes protein inactivation by forming covalent cross-links with
several functional groups on proteins. However, it is more commonly available as formalin, a 37% aqueous
solution of formaldehyde gas. Formalin is available in the market as it is used extensively to preserve biological
specimens and to inactivate bacteria and viruses in vaccines. Also, it is used by morticians for embalming.
(Tortora et.al 2002). The most important disadvantage of using this chemical appears in its bad odor, skin
irritation and redness, and so its use may be not preferable.
Chemicals as the sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrochloride are also effective against the
bacterium. But, although these chemicals are available in the markets, special care is needed during their use to
avoid harm to human health and the adverse effect on environment. Also, washing tools with water after being
dipped in these chemicals, especially the acids, is highly recommended to minimize the metal corrosion.
Special attention must be paid for using Hypex and Dettol as antibacterial agents. Although these materials when
compared with others, have shown less effectiveness against Agrobacterium but they have several advantages as
they are available and easily purchased from the market even from small shops and stores. Also, the
householders use these materials extensively for laundry and to disinfect floors and hard surfaces as well as their
use in kitchens against microbes contaminating tools, utensils and surfaces. These materials are less harmful to
humans and the environment and the manufacturers recommend them as safe ones when used indoors.
Therefore, this study shows that Dettol and Hypex are recommended for the farmers and the workers in
agriculture to be used as dipping chemicals for the cultivation tools to achieve a considerable disease control
without harming humans and polluting the environment.
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Ayser Yassin (Dept of English) for his efforts in linguistically
revising and editing the article.
References
Agrios, G. Plant Pathology. Academic Press. New York, (1997), 438-441.
Aysan,
Y., Sahin, F., Mirik, M., Donmez,
M. and Tekman,
H. (2003). First report of crown gall of apricot (Prunus
armeniaca) caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Turkey. New Disease Reports 7, 15.
Brooks, G., Butel, J. and Morse, S. Medical Microbiology (2nd edition). McGraw-Hill. New York, (2001), 597-
598.
Clark, M., Lister, R. and Bar-Joseph, M. (1986). "ELISA techniques". Methods in Enzymology 115: 771-773.
Forbes, B., Sahm, D. and Weissfeld, A. Diagnostic Microbiology. Mosby, Inc. USA, (2002), 118, 276.
Johnson, T. and Case, C. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology (sixth edition). Benjamin Cummings, (2001),
29-44, 99-124.
Lind, D., Marchal, W. and Wathen, S. (2005). Statistical Techniques in Business & Economics, Twelfth Edition.
McGraw-Hill Irwin. New York. p. 262-263
Montgomery, D. (2008). Design Analysis of Experiments. 7th
Edition. John Wiley & Sons p. 60-98
Sawalha, H. (2009). "The use of PCR, IC-PCR, TAS-ELISA, TBIA, and biological methods to determine the
time needed to detect TYLCV in inoculated jimsonweeds". The First Conference on Biotechnology Research
and Application in Palestine. Furno Hall. Bethlehem University. Bethlehem, Palestine 3-4 April: 28.
Streets, R. The Diagnosis of Plant Diseases: A Field and Laboratory Manual Emphasizing the Most Practical
Methods for Rapid Identification. The University of Arizona Press. Arizona, (1978), 6.4-6.6.
10. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
39
Strohi, W., Rouse, H. and Fisher, B. Microbiology; Lippincott’s Illustrated Review. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, (2001), 21-34.
Tortora, G., Funke, B. and Case, C. Microbiology; an Introduction. Benjamin Cummings. New York, (2002),
156-209
Trigiano, R., Windham, M. and Windham, A. Plant Pathology; Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC Press.
Washington, D.C., (2004), 6-8, 48-49, 272, 315.
11. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar