- Groups play an important role in organizational behavior. There are various stages of group development including forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. - Group decision making has advantages like synergy and sharing of information, but also disadvantages like diffusion of responsibility, lower efficiency, and groupthink. - Techniques for effective group decision making include brainstorming, nominal group thinking, didactic technique, and the Delphi technique. These techniques aim to generate novel ideas and reach consensus while avoiding biases.

1. ROLEOFGROUPSIN
ORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIOR
PRESENTED BY :
Adeel Kamran 03
Ali Raza Sheikh 04
Ali Raza Afghan 07
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2. CONTENTS:
• Classification of Groups.
• Different Stages for GROUP Development.
• GROUP Decision Making.
• GROUP Decision Making Techniques.
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3. GROUP:
We define a group as two or more individuals, interacting
and interdependent,
who have come together to achieve particular objectives.
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4. Group
Formal
informal
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5. Formal
Deign by organization
Formally structure and
organize by org
In formal
groups, the behaviors
team members should
engage in are
stipulated by and
directed toward
organizational goals
Created to carry out
some specific task
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6. These can be further classified into two sub-groups
• Command group − It is a group consisting of individuals who report directly to the
manager.
• Interest group − It is a group formed by individuals working together to achieve a
specific objective. Example − A group of workers working on a project and
reporting to the same manager is considered as a command group. A group of
friends chilling out together is considered as interest group or say members of a
club.
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7. Informal
group
neither formally
structured nor
organizationally
determined
natural formations
in the work
environment
shared interests or
friendship.
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9. Why Do People Join Groups??
• There is no particular reason answering why individuals join groups. Group
helps individual to feel stronger, have fewer self-doubts, and be more
contrary to threats.
• The following points help us understand the need of joining a group by
individuals −
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10. • Security mirrors strength in numbers.
• Self-esteem transmits people's feelings of self-worth.
• Affiliation with groups can meet one's social needs.
• Groups represent power.
• People may join a group for goal achievement.
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11. DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROUP
DEVELOPMENT!!
There are five stages of group development
1: Forming
2: Storming
3: Norming
4: Performing
5: Adjourning
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13. Forming:
In the Forming stage;
• personal relations are characterized by dependence.
• Group members have a desire for acceptance by the group and a need to
know that the group is safe.
• Serious topics and feelings are avoided.
• The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to
become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another.
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14. Storming:
• As the group members attempt to organize for the task, conflict inevitably results
their personal relations.
• Individuals have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to
the group organization.
• Questions will arise about who is going to be responsible for what, what the rules
are, what the reward system is, and what criteria for evaluation are.
• In order to progress to the next stage, group members must move from a "testing
and proving" mentality to a problem-solving mentality.
• The most important trait in helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to
be the ability to listen.
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15. Norming:
• Interpersonal relations are characterized by cohesion. Group members are
engaged in active acknowledgment of all members’ contributions, community
building and maintenance, and solving of group issues
• Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve.
• When members begin to know-and identify with-one another, the level of
in their personal relations contributes to the development of group cohesion.
• The major task function of stage three is the data flow between group
members.
• share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore
actions related to the task.
• Creativity is high, They feel good about being part of an effective group.
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16. Performing:
• The Performing
• stage is not reached by all groups.
• If group members are able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth
of personal relations expand to true interdependence.
• Stage four is marked by interdependence in personal relations and problem solving
in the realm of task functions.
• Members are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented.
• The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading toward optimal
solutions and optimum group development.
• The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work.
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17. Adjourning:
• Adjourning, involves the termination of task behaviors and disengagement
from relationships.
• Concluding a group can create some apprehension – in effect, a minor crisis.
• The most effective interventions in this stage are those that facilitate task
termination and the disengagement process
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18. GROUP DECISION-MAKING
Definition:
“Group decision-making commonly known as collaborative decision-making is a
situation faced when individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives
before them.”
• The decision is then no longer attributable to any individual group member
as all the individuals and social group processes like social influence
contribute to the decision outcome.
• The decisions made by groups are mostly different from those made by
individuals.
Example; groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme than those
made by individual members, as individuals tend to be biased.
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20. Advantages of Group Decision Making:
Group decision making has two advantages over individual decision making.
Synergy
Sharing of information
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21. • Synergy:
It is the idea that the whole is greater than the aggregate of its parts. When a group
makes a decision collectively, its judgment can be powerful than that of any of its
members. Through discussing, questioning, and collaborative approach, group
members can identify more complete and robust solutions and recommendations.
• Sharing of information:
Group decisions take into account a wider scope of information as each group
member may contribute distinct information and expertise. Sharing information
increases understanding, clarifies issues, and facilitates movement towards a
decision.
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22. •Disadvantages of Group Decision Making:
• The major disadvantages of group decision making are as follows
Diffusion of Responsibility
Lower Efficiency
Groupthink
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23. Diffusion of Responsibility:
• Group decision making results in distribution of responsibility that results in lack
of accountability for outcomes.
• Everyone is responsible for a decision, and no one really is. Moreover, group
decisions can make it easier for members to refuse personal responsibilities and
blame others for bad decisions.
Lower Efficiency:
• Group decisions can sometimes be less efficient than individual decisions. It
additional time because there is a need of active participation, discussion, and
coordination among group members.
• Without good facilitation and structure, meetings can get eliminated in trivial
details that may matter a lot to one person but not to the others.
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24. Groupthink:
• One of the biggest disadvantage of effective group decision making is
groupthink.
• It is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in
the wish for harmony or conformity results in an illogical or dysfunctional
decision-making outcome.
• By refraining themselves from outside influences and actively suppressing
opposing viewpoints in the interest of minimizing conflict, group members
reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of substitute viewpoints.
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28. GROUP DECISION-MAKING
TECHNIQUES:
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29. GROUP DECISION-MAKING
TECHNIQUES:
• In order to eliminate group think and group shift from a group, we can use four
different techniques that will help us make a collaborative decision that is best for
the group. These techniques are Basic!
• Brainstorming
• Nominal group thinking
• Didactic technique
• Delphi technique
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30. BRAINSTORMING:
• This technique includes a group of people, mostly between five and ten in
number, sitting around a table, producing ideas in the form of free
association. The main focus is on generation of ideas and not on evaluation
of these ideas.
• If more ideas can be originated, then it is likely that there will be a unique
and creative idea among them. All these ideas are written on the
blackboard with a piece of chalk so that all the team members can see
every idea and try to improvise these ideas.
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32. NOMINAL GROUP THINKING:
• This technique is similar to brainstorming except that this approach is more structured. It
motivates individual creativity. Members form the group for namesake and operate
independently, originate ideas for solving the problem on their own, in silence and in
writing. Members do not communicate well with each other so that strong personality
domination is evaded.
• The group coordinator either collects the written ideas or writes them on a large
blackboard so that each member of the group can see what the ideas are. These ideas are
further discussed one by one in turn and each participant is motivated to comment on
these ideas in order to clarify and improve them. After all these ideas have been discussed,
they are evaluated for their merits and drawbacks and each actively participating member
is needed to vote on each idea and allot it a rank on the basis of priority of each alternative
solution.
• The idea with the highest cumulative ranking is selected as the final solution to the
problem.
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34. DIDACTIC TECHNIQUE:
• This technique is applicable only in certain situations, but is an excellent method
when a situation actually demands it. The type of problem should be such that it
generates output in the form of yes or no. Say for example, a decision is to be
made whether to buy or not to buy a product, to merge or not to merge, to
expand or not to expand and so on. These types of decision requires an extensive
and exhaustive discussion and investigation since a wrong decision can have
serious consequences.
• There are many advantages as well as disadvantages of this type of situation. The
group that makes the decision is divided into two sub-groups, one in favor of the
“go” decision and the opposing in favor of “no go” decision.
• The first group enlists all the “pros” of the problem solution and the second group
lists all the “cons”. These groups meet and discuss their discoveries and their
reasons.
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35. DELPHI TECHNIQUE:
• This technique is the improvised version of the nominal group technique, except that it
involves obtaining the opinions of experts physically distant from each other and unknown
to each other.
• This isolates group members from the undue influence of others. Basically, the types of
problems sorted by this technique are not specific in nature or related to a particular
situation at a given time.
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