The document discusses the rock cycle and the relationships between the three main rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either deep underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form at the surface from eroded materials that are transported and deposited. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks that are changed by heat, pressure, and fluids deep underground. The rock cycle demonstrates how rocks are continuously being formed and reformed through geological processes both at the surface and in Earth's interior.

1. The Rock Cycle Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups

2. Major Rock Groups Igneous Formed from a melt (molten rock) Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and crystallization Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at the surface Sedimentary Formed at the Earth’s surface Clastic (Mineral Fragments or grains, clays) Chemical (crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates) Metamorphic Changed by pressure, temperature and fluids.

3. Fig. 2.9 MAGMA

4. MAGMA Crystallization IGNEOUS

5. MAGMA IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization

6. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization

7. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Uplift Crystallization Weathering

8. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT Uplift Crystallization Weathering SEDIMENT

9. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

10. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

11. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

12. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Can you see any shortcuts?

13. MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

14. The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth As well as earth’s momentum and… The energy from the sun It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”.

16. What is a mineral? Naturally occurring Non-organic Characteristic chemical composition Distinctive physical properties Crystalline structure

17. Mineral properties Color Luster Habit (Shape) Cleavage & Fracture Streak Hardness Other

18. Color: Not mineral specific

19. Luster: How minerals reflect light Non-metallic Metallic

20. Mineral Habit (Shape) Shape a mineral takes if grown unimpeded

21. Cleavage & Fracture Cleavage: planes of weakness along which minerals can break Fracture: surfaces along which minerals can break

22. Cleavage & Fracture Best identified on a fracture surface

23. Streak: The powdered form of a mineral

24. Hardness: Based on Moh’s scale of hardness

25. Other Properties Specific gravity Reaction to acid Striations Magnetism

26. Igneous Rocks

27. Metamorphic Rocks Gneiss Schist

28. Sedimentary Rocks Shale Conglomerate Sandstone