The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava. Sedimentary rocks like limestone and sandstone form from compressed sediments. Metamorphic rocks like marble and slate form from existing rocks that are changed by heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly being recycled through this rock cycle as their components are transformed from one rock type to another through volcanic activity and plate tectonics.
This explains each rock in the Rock Cycle and is perfect to teach a lesson or to help you with homework. It explains how the rock is formed, it's properties and examples of the rocks.
This explains each rock in the Rock Cycle and is perfect to teach a lesson or to help you with homework. It explains how the rock is formed, it's properties and examples of the rocks.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
11. - Limestone is made
from shells of sea
animals and plants. It
forms only under water.
- Conglomerate is made of
a mixture of smooth round
stones and pebbles.
12. - Sandstone is made up
of tiny bits of sand. It is
cut into blocks and
used in walls and
buildings because it is
strong and easy to
quarry.
- Shale is made from mud and
fine silt or clay. It is commonly
called mudstone.
13. Metamorphic rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks changed
by extreme heat and pressure.
14. Metamorphic means
“to have been
changed”
As a volcano
pushes its way up
through the earth,
great heat changes
a sedimentary rock
into metamorphic
rock.
15. - Marble is a metamorphic rock which comes from limestone.
Minerals or impurities in the marble changes its color.
- Slate is made from shale. Slate and shale have the same colors,
but they do not look alike because of how they break. Slate breaks
into smooth flat sheets of rocks while shale breaks only into odd
16. - Quartzite comes from hard sandstone.
- Schist is made from mudstone or shale. As schist is made, some
of the minerals change to become mica which make the schist
shine and sparkle.
19. Elements that make up
rocks are never created or
destroyed — instead, they
are constantly being
recycled.
20. The rock cycle helps us to see that the earth is like
a giant rock recycling machine!
21.
22. In rock cycle, earth materials change back and forth among
the different types of rock.
23. The earth’s plates are constantly moving due to magma
flow and water pressure. These plates are made of 3
types of rock.
24. Plates move in
different ways:
-Convergent
plates often form:
______________
-Divergent plates
can form
______________
_
-The lithosphere
can get pushed
down during
subductions and
form magma
which will rise and
flow through
______________