The document discusses the principles and applications of femtosecond lasers. It begins by introducing lasers and their properties such as monochromaticity, directionality, and coherence. It then discusses femtosecond lasers specifically, noting that they have pulse durations in the femtosecond range which reduces collateral tissue damage. Mode-locking allows lasers to generate femtosecond pulses by phase-locking multiple longitudinal modes simultaneously. The document covers topics such as mode-locked lasers, pulse duration, time-frequency relationships, group velocity dispersion, and methods of passive and active mode-locking.
This article discusses the basics of Interference phenomenon of light. Young's Double Slit Experiment is discussed to understand the phenomenon of Interference and also to understand the wave behaviour of light. Newton's Ring experiment, Lloyd's Mirror experiment, Fresnel's Biprism experiment are studued here to establish the wave nature of light. Also the bright and the dark fringes and there mathematical expressions are elaborated here in this article.
This article briefs on the commonly used different types of lasers, their working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The types of lasers discussed in this section are
Nd-YAG Laser, Ruby Laser, Carbon Dioxide Laser, Semiconductor Laser, He-Ne Laser.
This document summarizes key concepts about laser beams and optical resonators:
1) Laser beam propagation can be described by the Helmholtz equation, with one solution being a Gaussian beam profile. The beam waist radius varies along the beam axis according to the Rayleigh range.
2) Optical resonators provide feedback to turn an amplifier into an oscillator. They contain mirrors between which light bounces and is amplified on each pass through the gain medium.
3) Resonator stability depends on the curvature and separation of the mirrors. Different resonator types support distinct transverse mode patterns within the beam.
1. The document discusses various techniques used in retinoscopy including Welsch Allen retinoscopy, plane mirror retinoscopy, and concave mirror retinoscopy.
2. It also summarizes methods for determining prescriptions including subtraction of distance and effects of cycloplegic drops.
3. Guidelines are provided for prescribing glasses for conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism with considerations for age and other factors.
Successive radioactive decay and Radioactive Equilibrium: M ChoudharyDrMangilalChoudhary
The document discusses successive radioactive decay and radioactive equilibrium. It defines radioactive decay and types including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It describes Rutherford-Soddy law where half of radioactive nuclei decay after each half-life. Successive decay occurs when daughter nuclei form that may also be radioactive. Radioactive equilibrium can be established depending on the relative decay constants of parent and daughter nuclei, and may be secular, transient, or not reached. Various cases are analyzed based on the parent nucleus lifetime compared to its daughter.
This document discusses different types of lasers categorized by their gain medium. It provides details on atomic gas lasers like helium-neon lasers and ion gas lasers like argon ion lasers. Helium-neon lasers use a mixture of helium and neon gases as the gain medium, with the helium assisting in the population inversion process to allow lasing from neon. Argon ion lasers use argon gas that is ionized, with the argon ions providing the lasing transition. Excimer lasers use excimer or exciplex molecules as the gain medium, which only exist in excited states and allow efficient population inversion.
The document discusses the principles and applications of femtosecond lasers. It begins by introducing lasers and their properties such as monochromaticity, directionality, and coherence. It then discusses femtosecond lasers specifically, noting that they have pulse durations in the femtosecond range which reduces collateral tissue damage. Mode-locking allows lasers to generate femtosecond pulses by phase-locking multiple longitudinal modes simultaneously. The document covers topics such as mode-locked lasers, pulse duration, time-frequency relationships, group velocity dispersion, and methods of passive and active mode-locking.
This article discusses the basics of Interference phenomenon of light. Young's Double Slit Experiment is discussed to understand the phenomenon of Interference and also to understand the wave behaviour of light. Newton's Ring experiment, Lloyd's Mirror experiment, Fresnel's Biprism experiment are studued here to establish the wave nature of light. Also the bright and the dark fringes and there mathematical expressions are elaborated here in this article.
This article briefs on the commonly used different types of lasers, their working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The types of lasers discussed in this section are
Nd-YAG Laser, Ruby Laser, Carbon Dioxide Laser, Semiconductor Laser, He-Ne Laser.
This document summarizes key concepts about laser beams and optical resonators:
1) Laser beam propagation can be described by the Helmholtz equation, with one solution being a Gaussian beam profile. The beam waist radius varies along the beam axis according to the Rayleigh range.
2) Optical resonators provide feedback to turn an amplifier into an oscillator. They contain mirrors between which light bounces and is amplified on each pass through the gain medium.
3) Resonator stability depends on the curvature and separation of the mirrors. Different resonator types support distinct transverse mode patterns within the beam.
1. The document discusses various techniques used in retinoscopy including Welsch Allen retinoscopy, plane mirror retinoscopy, and concave mirror retinoscopy.
2. It also summarizes methods for determining prescriptions including subtraction of distance and effects of cycloplegic drops.
3. Guidelines are provided for prescribing glasses for conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism with considerations for age and other factors.
Successive radioactive decay and Radioactive Equilibrium: M ChoudharyDrMangilalChoudhary
The document discusses successive radioactive decay and radioactive equilibrium. It defines radioactive decay and types including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. It describes Rutherford-Soddy law where half of radioactive nuclei decay after each half-life. Successive decay occurs when daughter nuclei form that may also be radioactive. Radioactive equilibrium can be established depending on the relative decay constants of parent and daughter nuclei, and may be secular, transient, or not reached. Various cases are analyzed based on the parent nucleus lifetime compared to its daughter.
This document discusses different types of lasers categorized by their gain medium. It provides details on atomic gas lasers like helium-neon lasers and ion gas lasers like argon ion lasers. Helium-neon lasers use a mixture of helium and neon gases as the gain medium, with the helium assisting in the population inversion process to allow lasing from neon. Argon ion lasers use argon gas that is ionized, with the argon ions providing the lasing transition. Excimer lasers use excimer or exciplex molecules as the gain medium, which only exist in excited states and allow efficient population inversion.
IB Chemistry on Line Emission Spectrum, Bohr Model and Electromagnetic SpectrumLawrence kok
1. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma waves, with shorter wavelengths corresponding to higher frequencies and energies.
2. Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light and can be described as either waves or particles called photons. The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.
3. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom describes electrons orbiting the nucleus in discrete energy levels. Transitions between levels involve the absorption or emission of photons with energies equal to the difference in levels.
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers from theoretical foundations laid by Planck and Einstein in the early 20th century through key innovations and applications from the 1950s onward. It describes important early work developing maser technology by Townes, Basov, Prokhorov and others in the 1950s, the first working laser built by Maiman in 1960, and expanding applications of lasers in spectroscopy, medicine, manufacturing, communications, and other fields over subsequent decades.
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of LightEdnexa
The document outlines Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light from the 17th century. It proposes that light consists of longitudinal waves that propagate in a straight line through a hypothetical medium called the luminiferous ether. According to the theory, each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of waves, and the movement of the wavefront over time can be determined using Huygens' principle and construction. The wave theory was able to successfully explain several optical phenomena like reflection, refraction, and interference of light. However, it could not explain some observations like the rectilinear propagation of light and the photoelectric effect.
The document discusses lasers, including their history, components, types, and applications. It provides details on (1) how lasers work by stimulating emissions to produce coherent and monochromatic light, (2) the inventors of the laser and types such as gas, solid-state, and semiconductor lasers, and (3) applications of lasers in areas like medicine, computing, military defense, and industry. Lasers are described as having significant utility due to their unique light properties.
The document provides an overview of lasers, including their introduction, characteristics, population inversion, types of coherence, and applications. It discusses key laser concepts such as spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, optical pumping, threshold inversion density, and optical feedback. Examples of specific laser types are given, including ruby lasers, HeNe lasers, and semiconductor lasers. The document concludes with applications of lasers in areas like welding, medicine, data storage, printing, and military weapons.
This document provides an overview of UV spectroscopy. It begins by discussing electronic transitions and the UV/visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then describes the spectroscopic process where samples are irradiated with UV light and an absorption spectrum is obtained. Selection rules and factors leading to band structure rather than discrete peaks are also covered. The document discusses UV instrumentation and sample handling considerations. It concludes by explaining Beer's Law and how absorbance is related to path length, concentration, and molar absorptivity.
This document discusses the phenomenon of interference, which occurs when two coherent waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. It defines interference and describes conditions like coherent sources, polarization, amplitudes, and path differences that must be met. Young's double slit experiment is explained as demonstrating constructive and destructive interference based on differing path lengths. Applications of interference principles are outlined, including uses in antireflection coatings, holography, laser interferometry, and optical coherence tomography.
Dye lasers use organic dyes dissolved in liquid solvents as the lasing medium, which allows them to produce tunable laser outputs across a wide range of wavelengths from 320nm to 1200nm. They operate by pumping dye molecules into excited electronic states using another light source, such as from an argon-ion or flashlamp, after which stimulated emission produces the laser beam. Dye lasers are commonly used in research applications requiring tunable laser sources, such as spectroscopy, atomic physics, photochemistry, and pollution monitoring.
1. Young's experiment demonstrated interference using a single wavefront that was split into two coherent secondary sources by passing the wavefront through two slits. The overlapping waves from the two slits interfered and produced an interference pattern.
2. Thin film interference occurs when a beam of light is split by reflection and transmission at the interfaces of a thin film. The optical path difference between the reflected and transmitted beams depends on factors like the film thickness and refractive indices, leading to constructive or destructive interference and the appearance of colored fringes.
3. Interferometers like Michelson's use arrangements of mirrors and beamsplitters to split a light beam into two paths that recombine to produce interference patterns, which can
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It covers topics including the atomic structure, quantities and units used in physics, production of bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays, photon interactions such as the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, beam attenuation, and the principles of radiological image formation. The interaction of radiation depends on factors like the photon energy and atomic number of the absorbing material. Different interaction mechanisms dominate based on these factors and contribute to image contrast in medical imaging.
This document provides an introduction to lasers and their applications. It begins with recommended textbooks on the subject, then provides a chart showing the laser spectrum and examples of different laser types and their wavelengths. The remainder of the document discusses the basic components and functioning of lasers, including the gain medium that provides stimulated emission, the pump source to create population inversion, and the optical cavity formed by mirrors. It also provides brief histories of the development of masers and the first ruby laser.
This document discusses solving the harmonic oscillator equation to model different types of vibrations. It covers undamped free vibrations which exhibit simple harmonic motion. Damped free vibrations are also examined, where damping causes the amplitude to decay over time. Forced vibrations, including cases of beats and resonance, are explored. The document suggests the beam vibration can be modeled as a harmonic oscillator. It shows how to write the second order differential equation as a first order system for numerical solution in Matlab. Finally, it notes that the solution depends on ratios of m, c, and k, not their individual values, which is important for solving the inverse problem.
This document discusses several topics related to diffraction:
- Diffraction occurs when light encounters multiple beams, such as through diffraction gratings with many slits or apertures.
- Diffraction gratings display interference patterns that follow the grating equation and can be used for spectroscopy and laser tuning.
- Fabry-Perot interferometers create multiple beam interference between partially reflecting mirrors, producing a series of evenly spaced transmission peaks used for linewidth measurement and laser narrowing.
- Diffraction at an aperture, such as a single slit, results in qualitative effects on the diffraction pattern that change with propagation distance.
One photon at a time is a relative concept of this experiment.when single photon act as wave , they interfere themselves.The Mach-Zehnder interferometer, invented over one hundred years ago, is still used for many optical measurements.
This document summarizes the ruby laser. It begins by explaining that a ruby laser uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium, which was the first successful laser developed in 1960. It emits deep red light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. The ruby crystal is doped with small amounts of chromium ions, which provide the necessary population inversion to achieve lasing. When optically pumped by a flash lamp, chromium ions are excited to higher energy states and decay to a metastable state, building up population inversion between that state and the ground state. Stimulated emission then produces coherent red light that is amplified as it reflects within the ruby crystal's resonance cavity and emerges through the partially reflective end.
This document provides an overview of fiber lasers, including their basic components and advantages over conventional solid-state lasers. It discusses the history of fiber lasers beginning with Maiman's demonstration of the ruby laser in 1960 and Snitzer's development of the first fiber laser in 1961. The key components of a fiber laser are described, including the double-clad fiber structure, fiber Bragg gratings, and common dopant elements such as neodymium, ytterbium, and erbium that produce important emission wavelengths. Advantages of fiber lasers include high power capability due to efficient cooling, stability, reliability, lower cost, and insensitivity to environmental changes. Remaining challenges include designing new host and dopant
This document provides information about various NMR experiments and parameters that can be performed on instruments at the Centre Commun de RMN de l'université Lyon1. It discusses topics like practical NMR seminars, NMR tubes, solvents, magnetic fields, signal to noise ratios, quantitative analysis, decoupling, analysis temperature, solvent presaturation, TOCSY, ROESY, and proton broad band decoupling. Examples are provided on different instruments to demonstrate the effects of varying parameters like magnetic field strength, pulse sequence, relaxation delay, number of scans, and probe type on the resulting NMR spectrum.
The document contains contents and procedures for experiments in a communication lab manual, including designing various types of active filters like low pass, high pass, band pass and band elimination filters using op-amps. It provides circuit diagrams and design steps for second order Butterworth filters and specifies how to obtain the frequency response and roll off values by varying the input frequency and measuring the output voltage.
IB Chemistry on Line Emission Spectrum, Bohr Model and Electromagnetic SpectrumLawrence kok
1. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma waves, with shorter wavelengths corresponding to higher frequencies and energies.
2. Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light and can be described as either waves or particles called photons. The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.
3. The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom describes electrons orbiting the nucleus in discrete energy levels. Transitions between levels involve the absorption or emission of photons with energies equal to the difference in levels.
The document summarizes the history and development of lasers from theoretical foundations laid by Planck and Einstein in the early 20th century through key innovations and applications from the 1950s onward. It describes important early work developing maser technology by Townes, Basov, Prokhorov and others in the 1950s, the first working laser built by Maiman in 1960, and expanding applications of lasers in spectroscopy, medicine, manufacturing, communications, and other fields over subsequent decades.
Study material 12th Physics - Wave Theory of LightEdnexa
The document outlines Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light from the 17th century. It proposes that light consists of longitudinal waves that propagate in a straight line through a hypothetical medium called the luminiferous ether. According to the theory, each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of waves, and the movement of the wavefront over time can be determined using Huygens' principle and construction. The wave theory was able to successfully explain several optical phenomena like reflection, refraction, and interference of light. However, it could not explain some observations like the rectilinear propagation of light and the photoelectric effect.
The document discusses lasers, including their history, components, types, and applications. It provides details on (1) how lasers work by stimulating emissions to produce coherent and monochromatic light, (2) the inventors of the laser and types such as gas, solid-state, and semiconductor lasers, and (3) applications of lasers in areas like medicine, computing, military defense, and industry. Lasers are described as having significant utility due to their unique light properties.
The document provides an overview of lasers, including their introduction, characteristics, population inversion, types of coherence, and applications. It discusses key laser concepts such as spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, optical pumping, threshold inversion density, and optical feedback. Examples of specific laser types are given, including ruby lasers, HeNe lasers, and semiconductor lasers. The document concludes with applications of lasers in areas like welding, medicine, data storage, printing, and military weapons.
This document provides an overview of UV spectroscopy. It begins by discussing electronic transitions and the UV/visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then describes the spectroscopic process where samples are irradiated with UV light and an absorption spectrum is obtained. Selection rules and factors leading to band structure rather than discrete peaks are also covered. The document discusses UV instrumentation and sample handling considerations. It concludes by explaining Beer's Law and how absorbance is related to path length, concentration, and molar absorptivity.
This document discusses the phenomenon of interference, which occurs when two coherent waves superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. It defines interference and describes conditions like coherent sources, polarization, amplitudes, and path differences that must be met. Young's double slit experiment is explained as demonstrating constructive and destructive interference based on differing path lengths. Applications of interference principles are outlined, including uses in antireflection coatings, holography, laser interferometry, and optical coherence tomography.
Dye lasers use organic dyes dissolved in liquid solvents as the lasing medium, which allows them to produce tunable laser outputs across a wide range of wavelengths from 320nm to 1200nm. They operate by pumping dye molecules into excited electronic states using another light source, such as from an argon-ion or flashlamp, after which stimulated emission produces the laser beam. Dye lasers are commonly used in research applications requiring tunable laser sources, such as spectroscopy, atomic physics, photochemistry, and pollution monitoring.
1. Young's experiment demonstrated interference using a single wavefront that was split into two coherent secondary sources by passing the wavefront through two slits. The overlapping waves from the two slits interfered and produced an interference pattern.
2. Thin film interference occurs when a beam of light is split by reflection and transmission at the interfaces of a thin film. The optical path difference between the reflected and transmitted beams depends on factors like the film thickness and refractive indices, leading to constructive or destructive interference and the appearance of colored fringes.
3. Interferometers like Michelson's use arrangements of mirrors and beamsplitters to split a light beam into two paths that recombine to produce interference patterns, which can
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It covers topics including the atomic structure, quantities and units used in physics, production of bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays, photon interactions such as the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering, beam attenuation, and the principles of radiological image formation. The interaction of radiation depends on factors like the photon energy and atomic number of the absorbing material. Different interaction mechanisms dominate based on these factors and contribute to image contrast in medical imaging.
This document provides an introduction to lasers and their applications. It begins with recommended textbooks on the subject, then provides a chart showing the laser spectrum and examples of different laser types and their wavelengths. The remainder of the document discusses the basic components and functioning of lasers, including the gain medium that provides stimulated emission, the pump source to create population inversion, and the optical cavity formed by mirrors. It also provides brief histories of the development of masers and the first ruby laser.
This document discusses solving the harmonic oscillator equation to model different types of vibrations. It covers undamped free vibrations which exhibit simple harmonic motion. Damped free vibrations are also examined, where damping causes the amplitude to decay over time. Forced vibrations, including cases of beats and resonance, are explored. The document suggests the beam vibration can be modeled as a harmonic oscillator. It shows how to write the second order differential equation as a first order system for numerical solution in Matlab. Finally, it notes that the solution depends on ratios of m, c, and k, not their individual values, which is important for solving the inverse problem.
This document discusses several topics related to diffraction:
- Diffraction occurs when light encounters multiple beams, such as through diffraction gratings with many slits or apertures.
- Diffraction gratings display interference patterns that follow the grating equation and can be used for spectroscopy and laser tuning.
- Fabry-Perot interferometers create multiple beam interference between partially reflecting mirrors, producing a series of evenly spaced transmission peaks used for linewidth measurement and laser narrowing.
- Diffraction at an aperture, such as a single slit, results in qualitative effects on the diffraction pattern that change with propagation distance.
One photon at a time is a relative concept of this experiment.when single photon act as wave , they interfere themselves.The Mach-Zehnder interferometer, invented over one hundred years ago, is still used for many optical measurements.
This document summarizes the ruby laser. It begins by explaining that a ruby laser uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its laser medium, which was the first successful laser developed in 1960. It emits deep red light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. The ruby crystal is doped with small amounts of chromium ions, which provide the necessary population inversion to achieve lasing. When optically pumped by a flash lamp, chromium ions are excited to higher energy states and decay to a metastable state, building up population inversion between that state and the ground state. Stimulated emission then produces coherent red light that is amplified as it reflects within the ruby crystal's resonance cavity and emerges through the partially reflective end.
This document provides an overview of fiber lasers, including their basic components and advantages over conventional solid-state lasers. It discusses the history of fiber lasers beginning with Maiman's demonstration of the ruby laser in 1960 and Snitzer's development of the first fiber laser in 1961. The key components of a fiber laser are described, including the double-clad fiber structure, fiber Bragg gratings, and common dopant elements such as neodymium, ytterbium, and erbium that produce important emission wavelengths. Advantages of fiber lasers include high power capability due to efficient cooling, stability, reliability, lower cost, and insensitivity to environmental changes. Remaining challenges include designing new host and dopant
This document provides information about various NMR experiments and parameters that can be performed on instruments at the Centre Commun de RMN de l'université Lyon1. It discusses topics like practical NMR seminars, NMR tubes, solvents, magnetic fields, signal to noise ratios, quantitative analysis, decoupling, analysis temperature, solvent presaturation, TOCSY, ROESY, and proton broad band decoupling. Examples are provided on different instruments to demonstrate the effects of varying parameters like magnetic field strength, pulse sequence, relaxation delay, number of scans, and probe type on the resulting NMR spectrum.
The document contains contents and procedures for experiments in a communication lab manual, including designing various types of active filters like low pass, high pass, band pass and band elimination filters using op-amps. It provides circuit diagrams and design steps for second order Butterworth filters and specifies how to obtain the frequency response and roll off values by varying the input frequency and measuring the output voltage.
The document contains contents and procedures for experiments in a communication lab manual, including building and testing second-order active filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-elimination), determining their frequency responses, and calculating their roll-offs. Tables are provided to record input and output voltages and gains at different frequencies to characterize the filters. Instructions ensure equipment is tested before experiments and guide building the filter circuits according to given specifications.
First results from the full-scale prototype for the Fluorescence detector Arr...Toshihiro FUJII
The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) is a design concept for the next generation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observatories, addressing the requirements for a large-area, low-cost detector suitable for measuring the properties of the highest energy cosmic rays. In the FAST design, a large field of view is covered by a few pixels at the focal plane of a mirror or Fresnel lens. Motivated by the successful detection of UHECRs using a prototype comprised of a single 200 mm photomultiplier-tube and a 1 m2 Fresnel lens system [Astropart.Phys. 74 (2016) 64-72], we have developed a new full-scale prototype consisting of four 200 mm photomultiplier-tubes at the focus of a segmented mirror of 1.6 m in diameter. In October 2016 we installed the full-scale prototype at the Telescope Array site in central Utah, USA, and began steady data taking. We report on first results of the full-scale FAST prototype, including measurements of artificial light sources, distant ultraviolet lasers, and UHECRs.
35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — ICRC2017 18th July, 2017
Bexco, Busan, Korea
The document discusses femtosecond lasers and optical frequency combs and their applications. It describes how carrier envelope phase control allows generation of optical arbitrary waveforms. Frequency combs have enabled advances in optical clocks and precision sampling. Applications include spectroscopy, imaging, and communications. The author discusses using integrated modulators to generate complex waveforms spanning multiple octaves.
The document describes the synthesis of isotopically labeled ascorbic acid precursors 13C-3 (L-gulono-1,4-lactone) and 13C-6 (L-galactono-1,4-lactone) through multi-step reactions starting from L-xylose and L-lyxose, respectively. Key steps include the Kiliani-Fischer reaction to extend the carbon backbone and addition of cyanide, followed by acid-catalyzed cyclization to form the labeled lactones. Characterization of the products using NMR spectroscopy and HPLC confirmed the structure and purity of >94.5% for the desired epimers. The labeled compounds will
This document provides an overview of NMR spectroscopy. It discusses various NMR techniques like spin-spin decoupling and Fourier transform NMR. It explains the principles of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and applications of NMR like structure determination and analysis of mixtures. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for studying molecular structure.
This document summarizes the state-of-the-art in EUV resist platforms for patterning at the single digit nanometer resolution required for mass production. It evaluates positive tone organic chemically amplified resists (CARs), negative tone Sn-based resists, and negative tone chemically amplified molecular resists. Resists were tested on an EUV interference lithography beamline capable of resolving down to 7nm. CARs demonstrated patterning of 16nm and 14nm half-pitches with some showing resolution down to 13nm. The molecular resists xMT-0614 and xMT-0801 resolved 16nm and had potential for sub-14nm patterning. The Sn-based resist
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
This document discusses the design and operation of an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL). It covers topics such as the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) core design, noise modeling in the ADPLL, tuning the ADPLL for GSM, impairments like capacitor mismatch and compensation techniques.
This document presents a new circuit configuration for a third-order active-R filter with multifedback signals that can provide low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filtering functions. The circuit uses operational amplifiers and passive resistors. It is analyzed mathematically to derive transfer functions and design equations. Experimental results show the circuit performs as expected, with wider passbands and adjustable center frequencies based on resistor values. The filter circuit offers benefits including smaller size, reliability, low cost, and ease of manufacturing.
The document summarizes a PhD thesis defense on vectorial statistical characterization of optical signals for high-speed communication and quantum communication. It discusses the motivations and objectives of developing an optical pulsed source with picosecond pulses, tunable repetition rate from MHz to GHz, high extinction ratio, and low noise for applications in optical undersampling and quantum key distribution. The proposed architecture generates pulses using a semiconductor optical amplifier, compresses them using soliton effects in fiber, and suppresses pedestals using an optical filter. Characterization shows pulses down to 1 ps can be generated with repetition rates from 100 MHz to 790 MHz and carrier wavelengths from 1540 nm to 1565 nm, with timing jitter below 3 ps.
This document describes the design of a digital phase locked loop (DPLL) circuit. It includes specifications for operating frequency ranges from 100MHz to 1GHz, block diagrams of the major components, schematics and test benches of the phase detector, charge pump, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), frequency dividers, and multiplexer. Simulation results show the DPLL locking at output frequencies of 1GHz, 900MHz and 800MHz for different control voltages and component values. The team contributions and challenges in designing and simulating the full DPLL are also noted.
Trends in Future CommunicationsInternational Workshop - Renato RabeloCPqD
This document summarizes research on electro-optic tunable sparse gratings in lithium niobate waveguides for applications in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) communication systems. It describes the fabrication of titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguides with silicon dioxide strain gratings to achieve mode conversion between the transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. Test results show over 96% polarization conversion efficiency across the C-band with a free spectral range of 9.131 GHz. The device operates by applying a voltage to integrated electrodes to tune the polarization response across a wide wavelength range.
RF Module Design - [Chapter 4] Transceiver ArchitectureSimen Li
This document discusses RF transceiver architectures. It begins by outlining general considerations for transmitters such as adjacent channel leakage and receiver considerations like rejection of interference. It then covers frequency conversion techniques used in receivers like heterodyne receivers and issues they face like images and mixing spurs. Receiver architectures covered include the basic heterodyne, modern approaches like zero-IF, and dual-IF receivers which attempt to balance image rejection and channel selection. Transmitter architectures discussed include direct conversion and heterodyne approaches.
This document appears to be a student project report on analog signal processing. It includes an introduction discussing why analog signal processing is still important despite digitization trends. It then discusses some common issues with using operational amplifiers in analog circuits and advantages of using operational transconductance amplifiers instead. The report goes on to provide circuit diagrams and simulations of various analog filters and oscillators designed using OTAs.
The document discusses digital signal processing techniques for moving target indication radar. It describes how digital signal processing allows for greater flexibility in filter design compared to analog filters, including the ability to easily implement multiple pulse repetition frequencies. It provides an example of an airport surveillance radar system that uses a 3 pulse canceller, 8 pulse Doppler filter bank, and dual PRFs to detect targets while eliminating clutter.
This document discusses research on millimeter-wave mixers. It outlines the design of broadband LO/IF mixers with low DC power consumption, high conversion gain, and large IP1dB. The document reviews previous mixer designs and their specifications. It then proposes using a Darlington cell configuration where the third transistor acts as an IF amplifier to achieve broadband performance. Simulations show the third transistor can provide IF amplification to widen the mixer's bandwidth while maintaining conversion gain. The goal is to design a mixer that addresses needs for next-generation radio astronomy systems.
This document summarizes information about operations and services at the CCRMN newcomers meeting. It outlines how to register as a user, submit analysis requests, prepare samples, access spectrometers and data, and opportunities for training on instruments and collaboration. Key points covered are how to register as a user, submit analysis requests online, requirements for sample preparation like tube height, and availability of on-demand and self-service analyses after training.
This document provides instructions for operating a spectrometer in both routine and automatic modes. The steps include inserting and calibrating a sample, selecting solvent and experiment parameters, starting the experiment, monitoring analysis steps, and recovering the sample after completion.
Série de séminaires internes "la RMN en pratique" données par le personnel du CCRMN à ses utilisateurs.
Présentation consacrée aux noyaux autres que 1H et 13C
Les choses à savoir avant de passer l'habilitation pour utiliser le spectromètre RMN AVL300 (passeur continu) du Cenetre COmmun de RMN de l'université Lyon1.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
1. 13C NMR
Those seminars are designed to answer most of the questions
CCRMN users often ask, or to let them know some less usual
experiments. If it doesn’t fit your needs, please let us know !
Practical NMR seminars
Centre Commun de RMN de l'université Lyon1,
bâtiment Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69616 Villeurbanne
ccrmn@univ-lyon1.fr http://ccrmn.univ-lyon1.fr
2. 13C : about magnetic fields
Test tube 10% Ethyl Benzene/CDCl3, 1 scan RD=150s, zgpg30
300MHz
SiNo 46
400MHz
SiNo 80
500MHz
SiNo=100
3. 13C : low sensitivity
1st spectrum
2nd spectrum
Sum of the 2 spectra
4. 13C : about the price ..."
Spectrometer choice:
spectro 300 400 500
sensibilité 13
C 110 190 290
prix 6 7 8
prix 13
C 5mg 24 14 8
prix 13
C 10mg 12 7 4
prix 13
C 100mg 1 1,2 1,3
Tell us the mass in the tube, or NS
Tell us what you want
factor of 2 in Si/No en sensibilité =>
factor of 4 in acquisition time
WE analysis : 15% off
Collaboration : 70% off
Setup of a new experiment is free
5. 13C : about resolution
standart processing LB = 1Hz
Si/No = 221
simple FT
Si/No = 93
6. 13C : pulse sequences
Tube test di-bromo-propanoic-acid/CDCl3, 500MHz, 32 scans RD=60s, AQ=1s
Si/No
2219
6335
77 83
260150
zggd
zgig
zgpg
RD AQ
13C
1Hzg
RD AQ
13C
1H
RD AQ
13C
1H
RD AQ
13C
1H
7. 13C : pulse sequences
Tube test di-bromo-propanoic-acid/CDCl3, 500MHz, 32 scans RD=60s, AQ=1s
zgig no NoE no decoupling
Si/No=83
zgpg with NoE and decoupling
Si/No=260
RD AQ
13C
1Hzg : no NoE no decoupling
Si/No=22
RD AQ
13C
1H
RD AQ
13C
1H
RD AQ
13C
1H
zggd : with NoE no decoupling
Si/No=63
8. Test tube Ethyl Benzene/CDCl3, 500MHz, sonde BBFO, 1 scan RD=60s, AQ=1s
zggd : with NoE no decoupling
Si/No = 31
zgpg : with NoE and decoupling
Si/No=178
RD AQ
13C
1H
RD AQ
13C
1H
13C observation
13C : coupling constants measurements
11. About decoupling
RD AQ
Observation channel
Decoupling channel
BBFO probe
(all sepctrometers)
BBI probe
(500 MHz only)
Optimisation on 13C and X nuclei
19F on X channel
Canal 1 : 1H only
Canal 2 : « X » 31P 109Ag et 19F
Optimisée 1H
Fluor sur le canal 1H
Canal 1 : 1H and 19F
Canal 2 : « X » 31P 109Ag
X spectra (including 13C, 19F) {1H}
spectre 1H {X ou 19F}
X spectra {1H or 19F}
1H ou 19F spectra {X}
12. About decoupling
Sondes BBFO : 13C{1H}
Sonde BBI : 13C{19F}
Requires a probe change + rewiring to change decoupling nucleus
13. 13C : DEPT
13C {1H}
13C {19F}
13C -1H DEPT
13C -19F DEPT
Requires a probe change + rewiring to change decoupling nucleus
BBFO probe on the 500MHz : 13C – 1H expt
BBI probe on the 500MHz : HSQC 19F - 13C
14. 13C : 2D 13C-19F
BBI probe on the 500MHz : HSQC 19F - 13C
Requires a probe change + rewiring to change decoupling nucleus