Rm2 scientific thinking
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This document discusses key concepts in applying scientific thinking to management problems. It covers sources of knowledge, the essential tenets of science, ways to communicate arguments, and important building blocks of theory such as concepts, constructs, variables, hypotheses, theories, and models. A good hypothesis should be adequate for its purpose, testable, and better than alternative hypotheses. Developing clear concepts and theories helps structure research and identify meaningful facts to study.
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The document discusses key aspects of research and scientific writing such as defining research, formulating a research problem, developing a title and hypotheses, and identifying variables. It explains that research originates from a question and requires a plan to reach a goal. When selecting a topic, factors like interest, resources, and relevance should be considered. Well-formulated research problems advance knowledge and have value. Titles should be concise and indicate what is being studied. Hypotheses state relationships between variables and are testable.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
CRITERIA FOR A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses the criteria for a good hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about a problem that can be tested. A good hypothesis is conceptual in nature, stated declaratively, has empirical reference, and provides future direction for research. Developing a strong hypothesis is important as it helps focus an inquiry, develop research techniques, separate relevant observations, guide the research process, and prevent blind research. There are different types of hypotheses, such as simple hypotheses about a single relationship, complex hypotheses about multiple variables, and temporal hypotheses that are tested through observation and experimentation. In conclusion, one valuable aspect of a good hypothesis is its ability to predict future outcomes and guide research.
Hypothesis presentation
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an assumption or educated guess that is intended to be tested. It then provides definitions of hypotheses from several scholars and discusses their key characteristics. Hypotheses are categorized as null or alternative, directional or non-directional, and deductive or inductive. The document outlines guidelines for forming a hypothesis and testing it, including relating it to the research problem, making it clear and testable, and falsifiable. In summary, this document provides an overview of what a hypothesis is and best practices for developing and testing one.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
Hypothesis
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
research hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are specific, empirically testable, and manageable. Researchers develop hypotheses to give direction to their research and focus their study. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, working, null, and alternative hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is developed, researchers select a research design to collect data, such as descriptive or experimental methods, to test their hypothesis.
Hypothesis
This document discusses the concept of a hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the solution to a research problem or as conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding focused inquiry and preventing blind research. It also describes characteristics of a good hypothesis, sources of hypotheses, different types of hypotheses including universal, existential, descriptive, explanatory, and null hypotheses. Finally, it discusses potential problems in formulating hypotheses and types of errors in testing hypotheses.
Recommended
2 research edit
The document discusses key aspects of research and scientific writing such as defining research, formulating a research problem, developing a title and hypotheses, and identifying variables. It explains that research originates from a question and requires a plan to reach a goal. When selecting a topic, factors like interest, resources, and relevance should be considered. Well-formulated research problems advance knowledge and have value. Titles should be concise and indicate what is being studied. Hypotheses state relationships between variables and are testable.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are important as they help translate research problems into predicted outcomes and guide methodology. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and relevant to the research. Hypotheses can be simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, or non-directional. They may be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous studies, literature or experiences. The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between variables while the research hypothesis predicts a relationship.
CRITERIA FOR A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses the criteria for a good hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about a problem that can be tested. A good hypothesis is conceptual in nature, stated declaratively, has empirical reference, and provides future direction for research. Developing a strong hypothesis is important as it helps focus an inquiry, develop research techniques, separate relevant observations, guide the research process, and prevent blind research. There are different types of hypotheses, such as simple hypotheses about a single relationship, complex hypotheses about multiple variables, and temporal hypotheses that are tested through observation and experimentation. In conclusion, one valuable aspect of a good hypothesis is its ability to predict future outcomes and guide research.
Hypothesis presentation
This document defines and discusses hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as an assumption or educated guess that is intended to be tested. It then provides definitions of hypotheses from several scholars and discusses their key characteristics. Hypotheses are categorized as null or alternative, directional or non-directional, and deductive or inductive. The document outlines guidelines for forming a hypothesis and testing it, including relating it to the research problem, making it clear and testable, and falsifiable. In summary, this document provides an overview of what a hypothesis is and best practices for developing and testing one.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an assumption or proposed explanation made on limited information to guide further investigation. It provides the basis for investigation by establishing the direction of inquiry. A good hypothesis is specific, testable, and related to existing theory. There are two main types - crude hypotheses indicate what data to collect, while refined hypotheses state empirical relationships. Hypotheses come in descriptive, explanatory, null, and alternative forms and serve important functions such as explaining facts, directing inquiry, and enabling deductions.
Hypothesis
Introduction to Hypothesis
Definition of the hypothesis
Purpose of the hypothesis
Components of hypothesis
The functions of hypothesis
Characteristics of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
research hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are specific, empirically testable, and manageable. Researchers develop hypotheses to give direction to their research and focus their study. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, working, null, and alternative hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is developed, researchers select a research design to collect data, such as descriptive or experimental methods, to test their hypothesis.
Hypothesis
This document discusses the concept of a hypothesis. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the solution to a research problem or as conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding focused inquiry and preventing blind research. It also describes characteristics of a good hypothesis, sources of hypotheses, different types of hypotheses including universal, existential, descriptive, explanatory, and null hypotheses. Finally, it discusses potential problems in formulating hypotheses and types of errors in testing hypotheses.
Hypothesis
A Hypothesis is a supposition or explanation (theory) that is provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for further investigation. This presentation elucidates hypothesis in research.
Hypothesis in Research Methodology
This document provides an introduction to hypotheses, including definitions, characteristics, purposes, variables, sources, and types of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement made to explain certain facts or observations that can be tested. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, limited in scope, and logically consistent. The sources of hypotheses include theories, observations, past experiences, and case studies. The document outlines different types of hypotheses and gives an example of a research hypothesis. It also describes common hypothesis tests like t-tests, z-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests and notes that good decisions come from effective research.
Statistical hypothesis
The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
Research hypothesis
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
Hypothesis PPT
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s has no effect on frequency of doctor's visits.
Does social media use affect
teenagers' mental health?
Teenagers who spend more than 2 hours per day on
social media will report higher levels of anxiety and
depression than those who spend less time.
Teenagers' time spent on social media has no effect on reported levels of anxiety and depression.
Does exercise improve cognitive
function in older adults?
Older adults who engage in regular exercise will
perform better on cognitive tests than those who do
not exercise regularly.
Regular exercise has no effect on cognitive test performance in older adults.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, which are statements predicting the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses allow theories to be tested, guide research design and data analysis, and provide context for study results. They are typically derived from prior research, theoretical frameworks, or a researcher's experiences. Constructing hypotheses brings focus and clarity to an investigation and can have outcomes of being right, partially right, or wrong based on data collection and analysis. Hypotheses are classified as simple, involving one independent and dependent variable, or complex, involving multiple variables. Guidelines for critiquing hypotheses include assessing clarity, direct ties to the research problem, inclusion of variables, and precision of research questions.
Hypothesis in educational research
This document discusses hypothesis in educational research. It defines a hypothesis as an assumption made to solve a problem or predict the relationship between variables, which is then tested. It outlines the characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it can be tested and proven true or false. The document also explains the importance of hypotheses in focusing research and deriving findings. It identifies three main types of hypotheses: declarative/research hypotheses made based on expectations, question hypotheses, and null hypotheses which assume no relationship or difference.
Sources of Research Questions and Formulation of Hypothesis
This document discusses developing good research questions and formulating hypotheses. It provides guidelines for creating clear, focused research questions, including making them relevant, manageable, substantial and original. It also discusses sources of research questions, such as observations, preliminary research, and literature. The document outlines steps for developing a research question, including choosing a topic, evaluating potential questions, and considering the audience. It then covers characteristics of a good hypothesis, such as being testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theory. The hypothesis should be stated as a one-sentence prediction to be tested through research.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement that explains certain facts or phenomena and can be tested. There are different types of hypotheses, including research hypotheses, directional hypotheses, non-directional hypotheses, and null hypotheses. Hypotheses are important as they provide focus and guidance for a study. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and consistent with existing knowledge. Hypotheses can come from various sources, including prior research, data analysis, and discussions with experts. Formulating strong hypotheses requires background knowledge and creative/critical thinking.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
Hypotheses
This document discusses hypotheses and assumptions in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables, while an assumption is a statement taken as true without proof. The document outlines different types of hypotheses, including simple/complex, associative/causal, directional/non-directional, null/research hypotheses. It also discusses different types of assumptions like universal, theory-based, empirical, and methodological assumptions. The importance of clearly outlining assumptions and hypotheses in research is emphasized.
Formulating a Hypothesis
The document discusses the scientific method and variables. It explains that variables are the building blocks of hypotheses and can have different definitions, functions, and measurement scales. The key types of variables are independent, dependent, and control, and variables should be operationally defined whenever possible to make constructs measurable.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis,its characteristice,types,principle,difference of null and alternate hypotheis,its functions,advantages and limitations
Media Research - Research Hypothesis
This document discusses research hypotheses. It begins by defining a research hypothesis as a single sentence that specifies what an investigator expects to find. It then provides several definitions and characteristics of hypotheses, including that they should be clear, precise, testable, and consistent with established facts. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding research and preventing blind studies. It also distinguishes between descriptive, null, and alternative hypotheses. Finally, it lists criteria for good hypotheses such as being compatible with current knowledge and being logical, consistent, succinct, and testable.
Rmm ppt
This document defines and explains key concepts related to research hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a testable statement that attempts to explain facts or phenomena. The document then outlines characteristics, functions, types (including scientific, working, null, and alternative hypotheses), parameters for a good hypothesis, and how hypotheses compare to laws and theories. It concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are derived from theories and express conjectured relationships between variables in testable statements.
Developing hypothesis report
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
Research hypothesis
This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research studies. It defines what a hypothesis is and lists characteristics of a good hypothesis. The document then describes different types of hypotheses including simple vs complex, associative vs causal, directional vs non-directional, and null vs research hypotheses. It provides examples of each type of hypothesis. The document also discusses formulation, components, evaluation criteria for research hypotheses and provides an example research question and hypotheses related to anemia in pregnancy and low birth weight.
6 constructing hypothesis
This document discusses hypothesis construction and testing in statistical analysis. It defines key terms like the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis states that there is no effect or difference, while the alternative explores the research question. Hypotheses must be clear, testable, specify variable relationships, be limited in scope, stated simply, and consistent with known facts. The process of hypothesis testing involves setting up the hypotheses and significance level, determining a suitable test, identifying the critical region, performing computations, and making a decision. Hypotheses are not always necessary but can add clarity to research findings. The document also contrasts inductive and deductive approaches to research.
Generalization and Interpretation of Research Results
This PowerPoint presentation will aim to help the researcher to understand the concept of making Generalization and Interpretation of Research Results. This PowerPoint make possible with the help of SlidesCarnival.
Types of research methods
Different methods of research are applied in different areas of research. Different Scholars and researchers have classified the research methods in different ways. Summary of all kinds of classifications is given here.
Business Research Methods Chap002
This document discusses key concepts in applying scientific thinking to management problems. It covers sources of knowledge, the essential tenets of science, ways to communicate arguments, the building blocks of theory including concepts, constructs, variables, propositions, hypotheses and theories. It also discusses understanding concepts, the role of hypotheses, what makes a good hypothesis, and the value of theory.
Research method ch01 introduction
This chapter provides an introduction to research methods in health sciences. It defines key concepts like scientific method, research, and health research. It outlines the objectives of the chapter as describing the scientific method, discussing perspectives on it, and how it applies to health research. Various types of research are described including descriptive, analytical, predictive, and problem-solving/action research. The chapter discusses the research process as cyclical and criteria for good research. It also covers topics like research planning versus methodology, the development of theories and models, and variables.
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This document provides an introduction to hypotheses, including definitions, characteristics, purposes, variables, sources, and types of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement made to explain certain facts or observations that can be tested. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, limited in scope, and logically consistent. The sources of hypotheses include theories, observations, past experiences, and case studies. The document outlines different types of hypotheses and gives an example of a research hypothesis. It also describes common hypothesis tests like t-tests, z-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests and notes that good decisions come from effective research.
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The document defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. Several authors contribute definitions stating that a hypothesis makes a specific, testable prediction and must be falsifiable. Key aspects of a hypothesis include identifying variables, having explanatory power, and being testable, quantifiable, and generalizable. The document also distinguishes between statistical hypotheses about population parameters, null hypotheses being tested, and critical regions for rejecting null hypotheses based on sample data.
Research hypothesis
This document discusses the formulation, testing, and importance of research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative assumption or predictive statement that can be tested scientifically. The key points covered include: how to properly formulate a hypothesis by ensuring it has conceptual clarity, is testable, and relates independent and dependent variables; the importance of hypotheses in providing direction for research and advancing knowledge; methods for testing hypotheses, including checking logical consistency and agreement with facts; and defining the process of rejecting or modifying a hypothesis based on testing results.
Hypothesis PPT
Increasing apple consumption in over-60s has no effect on frequency of doctor's visits.
Does social media use affect
teenagers' mental health?
Teenagers who spend more than 2 hours per day on
social media will report higher levels of anxiety and
depression than those who spend less time.
Teenagers' time spent on social media has no effect on reported levels of anxiety and depression.
Does exercise improve cognitive
function in older adults?
Older adults who engage in regular exercise will
perform better on cognitive tests than those who do
not exercise regularly.
Regular exercise has no effect on cognitive test performance in older adults.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, which are statements predicting the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses allow theories to be tested, guide research design and data analysis, and provide context for study results. They are typically derived from prior research, theoretical frameworks, or a researcher's experiences. Constructing hypotheses brings focus and clarity to an investigation and can have outcomes of being right, partially right, or wrong based on data collection and analysis. Hypotheses are classified as simple, involving one independent and dependent variable, or complex, involving multiple variables. Guidelines for critiquing hypotheses include assessing clarity, direct ties to the research problem, inclusion of variables, and precision of research questions.
Hypothesis in educational research
This document discusses hypothesis in educational research. It defines a hypothesis as an assumption made to solve a problem or predict the relationship between variables, which is then tested. It outlines the characteristics of a good hypothesis, including that it can be tested and proven true or false. The document also explains the importance of hypotheses in focusing research and deriving findings. It identifies three main types of hypotheses: declarative/research hypotheses made based on expectations, question hypotheses, and null hypotheses which assume no relationship or difference.
Sources of Research Questions and Formulation of Hypothesis
This document discusses developing good research questions and formulating hypotheses. It provides guidelines for creating clear, focused research questions, including making them relevant, manageable, substantial and original. It also discusses sources of research questions, such as observations, preliminary research, and literature. The document outlines steps for developing a research question, including choosing a topic, evaluating potential questions, and considering the audience. It then covers characteristics of a good hypothesis, such as being testable, parsimonious, and related to existing theory. The hypothesis should be stated as a one-sentence prediction to be tested through research.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement that explains certain facts or phenomena and can be tested. There are different types of hypotheses, including research hypotheses, directional hypotheses, non-directional hypotheses, and null hypotheses. Hypotheses are important as they provide focus and guidance for a study. Good hypotheses are clear, testable, and consistent with existing knowledge. Hypotheses can come from various sources, including prior research, data analysis, and discussions with experts. Formulating strong hypotheses requires background knowledge and creative/critical thinking.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, including:
1. A hypothesis is a prediction about possible outcomes of a study used to direct research. An example hypothesis predicts staff trained in change management will cope better with organizational changes.
2. Hypotheses should explain facts, direct relevant data collection, and prevent blind searches. They clarify research goals.
3. For a hypothesis to be good, it must be clear, testable, consistent with facts, and better than alternative hypotheses.
Hypotheses
This document discusses hypotheses and assumptions in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables, while an assumption is a statement taken as true without proof. The document outlines different types of hypotheses, including simple/complex, associative/causal, directional/non-directional, null/research hypotheses. It also discusses different types of assumptions like universal, theory-based, empirical, and methodological assumptions. The importance of clearly outlining assumptions and hypotheses in research is emphasized.
Formulating a Hypothesis
The document discusses the scientific method and variables. It explains that variables are the building blocks of hypotheses and can have different definitions, functions, and measurement scales. The key types of variables are independent, dependent, and control, and variables should be operationally defined whenever possible to make constructs measurable.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis,its characteristice,types,principle,difference of null and alternate hypotheis,its functions,advantages and limitations
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This document discusses research hypotheses. It begins by defining a research hypothesis as a single sentence that specifies what an investigator expects to find. It then provides several definitions and characteristics of hypotheses, including that they should be clear, precise, testable, and consistent with established facts. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding research and preventing blind studies. It also distinguishes between descriptive, null, and alternative hypotheses. Finally, it lists criteria for good hypotheses such as being compatible with current knowledge and being logical, consistent, succinct, and testable.
Rmm ppt
This document defines and explains key concepts related to research hypotheses. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a testable statement that attempts to explain facts or phenomena. The document then outlines characteristics, functions, types (including scientific, working, null, and alternative hypotheses), parameters for a good hypothesis, and how hypotheses compare to laws and theories. It concludes by emphasizing that hypotheses are derived from theories and express conjectured relationships between variables in testable statements.
Developing hypothesis report
1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
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This document discusses different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research studies. It defines what a hypothesis is and lists characteristics of a good hypothesis. The document then describes different types of hypotheses including simple vs complex, associative vs causal, directional vs non-directional, and null vs research hypotheses. It provides examples of each type of hypothesis. The document also discusses formulation, components, evaluation criteria for research hypotheses and provides an example research question and hypotheses related to anemia in pregnancy and low birth weight.
6 constructing hypothesis
This document discusses hypothesis construction and testing in statistical analysis. It defines key terms like the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis states that there is no effect or difference, while the alternative explores the research question. Hypotheses must be clear, testable, specify variable relationships, be limited in scope, stated simply, and consistent with known facts. The process of hypothesis testing involves setting up the hypotheses and significance level, determining a suitable test, identifying the critical region, performing computations, and making a decision. Hypotheses are not always necessary but can add clarity to research findings. The document also contrasts inductive and deductive approaches to research.
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Grounded theory is a systematic, qualitative research method used to generate theories through data analysis of a process or phenomenon. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling to collect data to develop concepts, constant comparison analysis to categorize data and identify relationships between concepts, and memo writing to document analytical ideas. The goal is to develop a core category and explanatory theoretical model grounded in the data that explains relationships between concepts. Strengths include theory emergence from data and flexibility, while weaknesses include extensive data requirements and lack of prescriptiveness.
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- 1. Part One INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCH 2-1
- 2. Chapter Two APPLYING SCIENTIFIC THINKING TO MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS 2-2
- 3. Sources of Knowledge • Empiricists attempt to describe, explain, and make predictions through observation • Rationalists believe all knowledge can be deduced from known laws or basic truths of nature • Authorities serve as important sources of knowledge, but should be judged on integrity and willingness to present a balanced case 2-3
- 4. The Essential Tenets of Science • Direct observation of phenomena • Clearly defined variables, methods, and procedures • Empirically testable hypotheses • Ability to rule out rival hypotheses • Statistical justification of conclusions • Self-correcting process 2-4
- 5. Ways to Communicate • Exposition – descriptive statements that merely state and do not give reason • Argument – allows us to explain, interpret, defend, challenge, and explore meaning 2-5
- 6. Important Arguments in Research • Deduction is a form of inference that purports to be conclusive • Induction draws conclusions from one or more particular facts 2-6
- 7. The Building Blocks of Theory • Concepts • Constructs • Definitions • Variables • Propositions and Hypotheses • Theories • Models 2-7
- 8. Understanding Concepts • A concept is a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors • Concepts have been developed over time through shared usage 2-8
- 9. Understanding Concepts • The success of research hinges on: – how clearly we conceptualize – how well others understand the concepts we use 2-9
- 10. What is a Construct? • A construct is an image or idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory- building purpose. 2-10
- 11. Types of Variables • Independent • Dependent • Moderating • Extraneous • Intervening 2-11
- 12. The Role of the Hypothesis • Guides the direction of the study • Identifies facts that are relevant • Suggests which form of research design is appropriate • Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions that result 2-12
- 13. What is a Good Hypothesis? • A good hypothesis should fulfill three conditions: – Must be adequate for its purpose – Must be testable – Must be better than its rivals 2-13
- 14. The Value of a Theory • Narrows the range of facts we need to study • Suggests which research approaches will yield the greatest meaning • Suggests a data classification system • Summarizes what is known about an object of study • Predicts further facts that should be found 2-14