This document discusses key concepts for designing experiments, including defining variables, manipulating the independent variable, choosing dependent variables, and controlling for extraneous variables. It provides examples of how to operationalize conceptual variables in an experiment testing if eating peanut M&Ms improves memory performance. The independent variable would be candy type (peanut vs. plain M&Ms vs. bottlecaps), and the dependent variable would be accuracy on a word recall test administered 1 hour after candy consumption. The document also covers considerations for controlling participant expectations and experimenter bias.
This slide show was created by the group ENHT 07 of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka (Generation 08 students) and some of the contents were taken through internet and the ENHT 07 group kindly give their permission to anyone to reproduce this in any media.
dha.dissanayake@gmail.com (for inquiries)
This slide show was created by the group ENHT 07 of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka (Generation 08 students) and some of the contents were taken through internet and the ENHT 07 group kindly give their permission to anyone to reproduce this in any media.
dha.dissanayake@gmail.com (for inquiries)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Example
• Hypothesis: Eating candy with peanuts
improve memory performance
• How might we test this with an
experiment?
3. Constants vs. Variables
• Characteristics of the psychological
situations
– Constants: have the same value for all individuals in
the situation
– Variables: have potentially different values for each
individual in the situation
Constants:
• M&Ms are eaten
Variables:
• Type of M&M: peanut vs plain
• Memory performance
4. Variables
• Conceptual vs. Operational
– Conceptual variables (constructs) are abstract
theoretical entities
– Operational variables are defined in terms within
the experiment. They are concrete so that they
can be measured or manipulated
Conceptual
Peanut candies
Memory
Operational
Peanut M&Ms
Memory test
Underlying
assumptions
5. Manipulating the IV
• Straightforward manipulations
– Stimulus manipulation - different conditions use
different stimuli
– Instructional manipulation – different groups are
given different instructions
• Staged manipulations
– Event manipulation – manipulate characteristics of
the context, setting, etc
8. Strength of Manipulation
• The strength of a manipulation can effect how
results are interpreted
– Maximizes difference between groups
– Increases likelihood IV will effect the DV
9. Cost of Manipulation
• Funding limitations
– Staged is usually more costly than straightforward
10. Choosing your dependent
variable
• How to measure your construct:
–Can the participant provide self-report?
–Is the dependent variable directly
observable?
• Choice/decision
–Is the dependent variable indirectly
observable?
• Physiological measures
• Behavioral measures
11. Self-Report Measures
• Used to measure aspects of human
thought and behavior:
–Attitudes
–Judgments about oneself or another
–Emotional states
–Confidence
Rating Scale:
Strongly Disagree --------- Strongly Agree
15. Sensitivity
• The dependent variable should be
sensitive enough to detect differences.
• Floor Effect
– A value below which a response cannot be made
• Ceiling Effect
– When the dependent variable reaches a level that
cannot be exceeded
16. Choosing your dependent
variable
• Conceptual level: Memory
Operational level: Form of
memory test
e.g.: Memorize a list of words
while eating the candy
Then 1 hour after study time,
recall the list of words
Measure the accuracy of recall
17. Extraneous Variables
• Control variables
–Holding things constant
• Controls for excessive random variability
•Number of M&Ms consumed
•Time of day test taken
18. Extraneous Variables
• Random variables
–Desire equal variability across all
experimental conditions
–Randomization
What your participants ate
before the experiment.
19. Control Considerations
• Participant Expectations
–Demand Characteristics
• Cues may allow participants to figure out
experiment
• Influences how they behave
23. Additional Considerations
• Write thorough Research Proposal
• Pilot Study
– Trial run
• Manipulation Checks
– Measures if the IV effects DV
• Debriefing
– meeting with the participants after the conclusion
of the study to discuss
