Experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable to test its effect on a dependent variable. Key aspects of experimental design include assigning participants randomly to conditions, using control groups, counterbalancing order effects, and blinding participants and researchers to reduce bias. Well-designed experiments allow researchers to draw causal conclusions about the impact of an intervention.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
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Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
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3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
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Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
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2. Uses of
Experimental Research
Test hypotheses derived from
theories
Test the effectiveness of a
treatment or program
Examine the causes of behavior
3. Conducting Experimental Research
Manipulate independent variable to see
effect on dependent variable
Compare groups in terms of their
scores on the dependent variable
All other variables kept constant
through direct experimental control
and/or randomization
4. Independent Variable
This variable is manipulated
(controlled) by the experimenter and
has at least two different levels
(conditions)
1000 mg
0 mg=placebo
5. Manipulating the Independent Variable
Straightforward manipulations
Amount of substance administered
Written instructions
Verbal material
Visual material
Staged manipulations
Often employ confederates
Events are staged or manipulated to:
Create some psychological state
Simulate some situation that occurs in the real world
6. Dependent Variable
This variable is measured by the
experimenter and is used to determine the
effect of the independent variable
no pain mild moderate severe
7. Measuring the Dependent Variable
Types of measures
• Self-report measures
• Behavioral measures
• Physiological measures
8. Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable
The independent variable can appear to
have no effect on the dependent variable
when there is a
• Ceiling effect—participants quickly reach
the maximum performance level
• Floor effect—a task is so difficult that
hardly anyone can perform well
9. Posttest-only Design
Obtain two equivalent groups of
participants (R=random assignment)
Introduce the independent variable
Measure the effect of the independent
variable on the dependent variable
11. Random assignment
A method for placing subjects in conditions prior
to implementing the independent variable
Every individual has the same chance of being
placed in a given condition
12. Pretest-posttest design
Same as a posttest-only design but adds a
pretest before the experimental manipulation
Allows the researcher to ascertain if the
groups are equivalent at the beginning of the
experiment
Example: Are kids healthier
on some dimension (weight,
stamina) after going through
an athletics program?
13. 1. Assess equivalency with small
sample size
2. Assess mortality (attrition or
dropout factor)
Advantages of the pretest-posttest design
14. Mortality
Mechanical subject loss: equipment
failure or experimenter error leads to
loss
Selective subject loss: some
characteristic of participant is
responsible for loss
15. Disadvantages of the pretest-posttest design
• Time consuming
• Awkward to administer
• Sensitizes participants to what is being studied
Demand characteristics:
Cues and information a
participant uses to guide
their behavior in a
psychological study
16. Demand characteristics
o Possible solutions:
• disguise pretest
• embed the pretest in another measure
(filler questions)
• concealed observation
Placebo control group —used to assess
whether participants’ expectancies contribute
to the outcome of an experiment
17. Internal validity
Occurs when we are able to
confidently state that the independent
variable caused the differences we
observe
Causal inferences can be made when
internal validity is present
18. Confounding
This occurs when the variable of
interest and a different potential
independent variable are allowed to
covary
Represents an alternative explanation
for a study’s findings
Threatens internal validity
19. Other Threats to Internal
Validity
Intact groups
Extraneous variables
Experimenter effects
20. Intact groups
This occurs when groups are formed
prior to the start of an experiment
Selection differences: systematic
ways in which people can differ
21. Selection differences
Characteristics of people that differ or vary:
Physical characteristics: sex, race
Social characteristics: ethnicity, religion,
marital status
Personality characteristics: extraversion,
emotional stability
Mental health characteristics: depression,
anxiety
23. Experimenter effects
Biases that occur when
experimenters’
expectancies regarding
the outcome of the
experiment influence
their behavior toward
participants in different
conditions
Control by automating
procedures as much as
possible
24. Double-blind experiment
A procedure in
which both the
participants and the
experimenters are
unaware of which
condition is being
administered
Controls for both
demand
characteristics and
experimenter
effects
26. Assigning Participants to
Experimental Conditions
Independent groups design
• Participants randomly assigned to conditions
• Participants are in only one group
Low-
meaningful
High-
meaningful
15 randomly
assigned
participants
Another 15
randomly
assigned
participants
Meaningfulness
27. Assigning Participants to
Experimental Conditions
Repeated measures design
• The same participants are in all of the groups
Low-
meaningful
High-
meaningful
15 participants The SAME 15
participants
Meaningfulness
28. Repeated Measures Design
Advantages
Fewer participants
Extremely sensitive to statistical differences (more
likely to detect an effect of the IV on the DV)
Disadvantages
Order effects
Practice effects
Fatigue effects
Contrast effects
29. Minimizing order effects
Counterbalancing
1. Complete counterbalancing—all possible
orders of presentation are included in the
experiment
30. Matched pairs design
Ensures groups are
equivalent on the matching
variable prior to the IV
Match participants on a
particular characteristic
After matching, randomly
assign to experimental
conditions