This document presents a study that uses the one-dimensional MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model to simulate flooding in the lower Nzoia River basin in Kenya. The study area focuses on the Budalangi floodplains. The objectives are to implement the MIKE 11 model for this river reach and investigate the 2008 Budalangi floods. The model is set up using surveyed river cross-section data and boundary conditions. Two scenarios are modeled - an intact dyke case and a breached dyke case. The results show that the 2008 flooding was mainly caused by dyke breach based on the longitudinal water level profiles produced.
IRJET- Water Resources Planning and the Hydrologic CycleIRJET Journal
1) Water is essential for life but only a small percentage of Earth's total water is available freshwater. Sustainable management of water resources is important for development.
2) The hydrologic cycle describes how water circulates between the atmosphere and Earth's surface in different states as it evaporates, condenses, precipitates, and collects or infiltrates into the ground.
3) At the regional scale, river basins are a key unit for studying hydrology as they represent areas where all precipitation and runoff drains to a common point such as a river mouth. Understanding the hydrologic cycle and its processes within river basins is important for water planning.
The document describes an integrated groundwater and surface water modelling study conducted for York Region, Ontario, Canada. Key aspects of the study included:
1) Developing a fully integrated groundwater/surface water model using GSFLOW to simulate the complex hydrogeologic setting and assess wellfield sustainability under future development and drought scenarios.
2) Updating the conceptual geologic model and refining the model layers based on new data.
3) Calibrating the hydrology component (PRMS) to water levels, climate data, and the groundwater component (MODFLOW) to estimated baseflows.
4) Applying the integrated model to assess vulnerable areas and the impacts of future pumping and land use
This document discusses applications of integrated surface water/groundwater modeling techniques using the GSFLOW model. It summarizes three case studies: 1) assessing the hydrologic impacts of a large urban development, 2) evaluating interactions between a municipal wellfield and nearby surface water features, and 3) determining linkages between groundwater recharge and surface water features. The case studies demonstrate how GSFLOW can be used as a practical tool to solve complex water resource management problems through integrated modeling of hydrologic and groundwater systems.
Engineering Hydrology deals with the estimation and analysis of water resources. It involves studying processes like precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration. It also examines hydrologic problems such as floods and droughts. Engineering Hydrology is important for the design and operation of water resources projects like irrigation systems, flood control projects, water supply schemes, and hydropower projects. It is essential for analyzing, designing, and operating hydraulic structures that retain or convey water.
This document discusses integrated surface water and groundwater modeling using GSFLOW. It begins by outlining new conceptual models of groundwater and surface water interaction based on isotope analysis showing that storm event streamflow is primarily composed of "old" or mobilized shallow groundwater. This challenges previous assumptions that overland runoff dominates event response. GSFLOW is then presented as a fully integrated model that represents these interactions through coupling the PRMS hydrologic model and MODFLOW groundwater model. Key capabilities discussed include representation of streams, wetlands, lakes, and reservoir operations.
Modelling of a Coastal Aquifer using FEFLOWC. P. Kumar
This document summarizes a study on modelling coastal aquifer seawater intrusion using FEFLOW software. The study area is along the coast of North Goa, India where increasing groundwater extraction is causing intrusion. The objectives are to simulate intrusion under pumping scenarios, identify sensitive parameters, and suggest remedial measures. Field investigations were conducted to collect data on groundwater levels, quality and resistivity. A 3D finite element model was set up and calibrated. Results show intrusion currently extends 290m inland but could advance farther with lower rainfall or increased pumping. Sensitive parameters include hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and rainfall. Continuous monitoring and groundwater management are recommended.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass and MODFLOWPutika Ashfar Khoiri
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater recharge using the WetSpass and MODFLOW models. WetSpass is a physically based model that uses inputs like land use, soil type, and climate data to calculate spatial patterns of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The recharge output from WetSpass is then used as input for the MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Together, WetSpass and MODFLOW allow for the simulation of spatially variable recharge and groundwater flow.
IRJET- Water Resources Planning and the Hydrologic CycleIRJET Journal
1) Water is essential for life but only a small percentage of Earth's total water is available freshwater. Sustainable management of water resources is important for development.
2) The hydrologic cycle describes how water circulates between the atmosphere and Earth's surface in different states as it evaporates, condenses, precipitates, and collects or infiltrates into the ground.
3) At the regional scale, river basins are a key unit for studying hydrology as they represent areas where all precipitation and runoff drains to a common point such as a river mouth. Understanding the hydrologic cycle and its processes within river basins is important for water planning.
The document describes an integrated groundwater and surface water modelling study conducted for York Region, Ontario, Canada. Key aspects of the study included:
1) Developing a fully integrated groundwater/surface water model using GSFLOW to simulate the complex hydrogeologic setting and assess wellfield sustainability under future development and drought scenarios.
2) Updating the conceptual geologic model and refining the model layers based on new data.
3) Calibrating the hydrology component (PRMS) to water levels, climate data, and the groundwater component (MODFLOW) to estimated baseflows.
4) Applying the integrated model to assess vulnerable areas and the impacts of future pumping and land use
This document discusses applications of integrated surface water/groundwater modeling techniques using the GSFLOW model. It summarizes three case studies: 1) assessing the hydrologic impacts of a large urban development, 2) evaluating interactions between a municipal wellfield and nearby surface water features, and 3) determining linkages between groundwater recharge and surface water features. The case studies demonstrate how GSFLOW can be used as a practical tool to solve complex water resource management problems through integrated modeling of hydrologic and groundwater systems.
Engineering Hydrology deals with the estimation and analysis of water resources. It involves studying processes like precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration. It also examines hydrologic problems such as floods and droughts. Engineering Hydrology is important for the design and operation of water resources projects like irrigation systems, flood control projects, water supply schemes, and hydropower projects. It is essential for analyzing, designing, and operating hydraulic structures that retain or convey water.
This document discusses integrated surface water and groundwater modeling using GSFLOW. It begins by outlining new conceptual models of groundwater and surface water interaction based on isotope analysis showing that storm event streamflow is primarily composed of "old" or mobilized shallow groundwater. This challenges previous assumptions that overland runoff dominates event response. GSFLOW is then presented as a fully integrated model that represents these interactions through coupling the PRMS hydrologic model and MODFLOW groundwater model. Key capabilities discussed include representation of streams, wetlands, lakes, and reservoir operations.
Modelling of a Coastal Aquifer using FEFLOWC. P. Kumar
This document summarizes a study on modelling coastal aquifer seawater intrusion using FEFLOW software. The study area is along the coast of North Goa, India where increasing groundwater extraction is causing intrusion. The objectives are to simulate intrusion under pumping scenarios, identify sensitive parameters, and suggest remedial measures. Field investigations were conducted to collect data on groundwater levels, quality and resistivity. A 3D finite element model was set up and calibrated. Results show intrusion currently extends 290m inland but could advance farther with lower rainfall or increased pumping. Sensitive parameters include hydraulic conductivity, dispersivity and rainfall. Continuous monitoring and groundwater management are recommended.
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selectionRaveen Ramanan
Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass and MODFLOWPutika Ashfar Khoiri
The document discusses methods for estimating groundwater recharge using the WetSpass and MODFLOW models. WetSpass is a physically based model that uses inputs like land use, soil type, and climate data to calculate spatial patterns of evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The recharge output from WetSpass is then used as input for the MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Together, WetSpass and MODFLOW allow for the simulation of spatially variable recharge and groundwater flow.
This document discusses the need to account for spatial heterogeneity in topography when modeling distributed groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. A lumped model assumes homogeneity, while semi-distributed and fully distributed models can account for variability related to factors like topography. The authors argue that considering topographic effects is important when assessing impacts to ecological systems through integrated surface water and groundwater models like GSFLOW, which can predict flows and recharge/discharge at various scales from climate to subsurface processes. Accounting for spatial variability provides greater insight into processes like wetland hydrology and groundwater-surface water interactions.
This document discusses the use of numerical groundwater modeling to analyze dewatering for the Southeast Collector Trunk Sewer project in York Region. It summarizes how a MODFLOW model was developed using site geology and hydrogeology data to simulate baseline groundwater flow and potential impacts of tunnel construction dewatering. The model was calibrated against water level and streamflow observations and used to assess drawdown, pumping rates, and effects on nearby wells and baseflow to streams under normal and contingency construction scenarios.
An integrated groundwater-surface water model was developed for the proposed Babcock Ranch development site in Lee County, Florida using the GSFLOW code. The model was calibrated to streamflow, groundwater levels, and wetland stage data. Model results showed that the proposed stormwater management system is expected to improve wetland hydroperiods and buffer peak flows compared to current and natural conditions. The calibrated integrated model provides a tool to evaluate the impacts of land development and climate change on the groundwater and surface water system.
This document discusses approaches to assessing cumulative effects through integrated modelling. It summarizes two case studies: 1) assessing cumulative drawdown impacts from multiple quarry excavations on a municipal well using integrated surface water and groundwater modelling, and 2) comparing the drought response of three watersheds on the Oro Moraine using a fully integrated surface water and groundwater model under climate change scenarios. The key conclusions are that cumulative effects analysis requires considering the complete water system and understanding system behavior will enable future management, and integrated modelling is essential for advanced scenario analysis of issues like drought and climate change.
This document presents a new methodology for identifying Ecologically Significant Groundwater Recharge Areas (ESGRAs) using an integrated groundwater-surface water model called GSFLOW. The methodology involves: 1) Building a GSFLOW model to simulate hydrology, groundwater flow, and stream/wetland hydraulics; 2) Using particle tracking to link eco-features to recharge areas; and 3) Using cluster analysis of particle endpoints to delineate ESGRAs. The methodology is demonstrated on an example in the Oro Moraine region, identifying both high-volume and localized ESGRAs that support ecological features.
This document summarizes an assessment of low impact development (LID) strategies using integrated surface water and groundwater models. The assessment evaluated various LID configurations for a proposed new development in Ontario to determine which strategies should be used and where to best preserve wetlands and aquifers. Modeling indicated that unmitigated development could lower aquifer levels but that LIDs like bioswales and infiltration galleries could sustain groundwater recharge and mitigate impacts, helping the municipality and conservation authority evaluate LID scenarios.
This document provides information about hyetographs and hydrographs. It defines a hyetograph as a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing total rainfall. A hydrograph shows variations in river discharge over time at a measurement point. It describes the components of hydrographs, including the rising and falling limbs and peak. It also discusses runoff classifications, the unit hydrograph concept for analyzing surface runoff, and key hydrograph terminology like time to peak, time of concentration, and lag time.
1) The document discusses the historical use of integrated watershed models in Canada from the 1990s to present day. Initially, groundwater models were rarely used but are now commonly applied to answer questions about impacts to municipal wells, drought, development, and climate change.
2) Two case studies are described where integrated watershed models were developed and applied. The first case study looks at the Oro Moraine region to analyze impacts of historical drought and future climate change. The second case study models cumulative impacts of in-situ oil sands development on the MacKay River watershed.
3) For both case studies, the integrated GSFLOW model code is used to couple surface water and groundwater
This document describes the use of an integrated surface water/groundwater model called GSFLOW to simulate hydrologic response to drought and climate change in the Lake Simcoe watershed in Ontario, Canada. The model was developed for three subwatersheds draining the Oro Moraine, a sand and gravel deposit that feeds headwaters. The integrated model accounts for detailed geology, hydrology, groundwater flow, and stream/wetland hydraulics. Simulation of a historical 10-year drought provided insights into watershed and tributary responses. The model was then used to assess potential climate change impacts by forcing it with downscaled outputs from a global climate model, finding changes like increased winter flows but decreased summer flows in
This document discusses using the fully-integrated GSFLOW model to analyze the impact of low impact development (LID) strategies on surface water and groundwater flow. It presents a case study of a proposed urban development and evaluates the ability of LID strategies like green roofs, bioswales, infiltration galleries and permeable pavement to mitigate impacts to groundwater levels and discharge. The results show that with LID implementation, groundwater drawdowns were reduced by 86%, groundwater discharge to streams increased by 42%, and urban runoff generation was reduced by 80% compared to development without LIDs.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
GSFLOW is a modelling framework that integrates surface water and groundwater interactions. It combines the PRMS hydrological model and MODFLOW groundwater model. This allows it to simulate key processes like recharge of groundwater from precipitation and surface water, as well as discharge of groundwater to streams and wetlands. GSFLOW can help evaluate questions like water budgets, low flow conditions, and the role of wetlands in maintaining streamflows. It represents the detailed interactions and feedbacks between hydrological and groundwater systems.
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysisAnkit Patel
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
1) Integrated surface water and groundwater modelling provides benefits like understanding watershed-scale water budgets, drought/flood response, and the impacts of engineering projects on both systems.
2) Common challenges with integrated modelling include ensuring integrated data and knowledge across modelling teams and addressing assumptions made when modelling each system separately.
3) Case studies demonstrate that integrated calibration identifies complex interactions missed by separate models, such as seasonal variations, storm event impacts, and aquifer controls on drought sensitivity. Fully coupled integrated models may require reconceptualization.
This document summarizes an integrated surface water and groundwater model developed for the MacKay River watershed in Alberta, Canada to assess cumulative effects of oil sands operations on water resources. The model was calibrated against streamflow and groundwater level observations over a 38-year period. Key features included a 400m groundwater grid, 200m surface hydrology grid, representation of geology, climate inputs, vegetation/wetlands, and frozen ground processes. The calibrated model will be used to simulate current and future conditions to evaluate sustainability.
IRJET- Hydrological Modeling of Penganga Sub-Basin using Arc-SWATIRJET Journal
This document discusses hydrological modeling of the Penganga sub-basin in India using the ArcSWAT model. It provides background on the hydrological cycle and importance of hydrological modeling. The study aims to simulate stream flow in the Penganga river to help water resource managers. Input data on soil, climate and land use were generated from GIS. The basin was delineated and hydrological response units were defined in ArcSWAT. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated, with results found to satisfactorily represent the hydrological regime of the sub-basin. The calibrated model can be used to inform future water resource management in the area.
Civil v-hydrology and irrigation engineering [10 cv55]-notesSuryenn Edwie Mon
WRE: UNIT–I:
Surface Water Hydrology: Water Resources in India, Hydrology in water Resources Planning –Precipitation – Types,
Measurement of rainfall, Average depth of rainfall over an area, Mean annual rainfall, consistency of rainfall record, Double
mass curve; Infiltration – Factors affecting and its determination, Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration. Runoff – factors
affecting runoff, methods of determination of runoff, stream gauging.
UNIT-II:
Hydrograph analysis: Base flow separation, Unit Hydrograph – Hydrograph of different durations, applications of unit
hydrograph, S-hydrograph, Flood Forecasting Techniques.
Ground Water Hydrology: Mechanics of interstitial flow, definitions, sub surface distribution of water, types of aquifers,
ground water movement, Darcy’s law, Well hydraulics – steady flow into wells in Un-confined and confined aquifers,
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer, pumping test and recuperation test methods for determination of yield of
open well.
UNIT-III:
Reservoir Planning: Types of reservoir investigations for reservoir planning, selection of site for a reservoir, zones of
storage in a reservoir, reservoir yield, mass curve and demand curve, determination of reservoir capacity, yield from a
reservoir of given capacity, operating schedules, guide curve for reservoir operation, apportionment of total cost of a multi
purpose project, reservoir sedimentation, control of reservoir sedimentation, useful life of a reservoir.
UNIT-IV:
Irrigation: Definition of irrigation, types of irrigation systems – direct and indirect, lift and inundation irrigation system,
methods of irrigation – surface and sprinkler methods, drip irrigation, Soil moisture constants, depth of water held by soil in
root zone. Water requirements of crops, Duty, Delta, Base period and their relationship, crop seasons, factors affecting duty
and methods of improving duty, consumptive use of water, determination of canal capacities for cropping patterns.
UNIT-V:
Canal Systems: Classification of irrigation canals – canal alignment, design of unlined canals, regime theories – Kennedy’s
and lacey’s theories, tractive - force method, design problems – balancing depth of canal.
This document describes SiteFX and VIEWLOG software systems for environmental data management, hydrogeologic modeling, and integrated groundwater/surface water modeling using GSFLOW. The key capabilities mentioned include database management, data analysis and visualization tools, borehole logging, contour mapping, time series analysis, and integrated groundwater/surface water modeling to simulate processes like recharge, discharge, streamflow, and water table fluctuations.
Reflections on the impact of competency based training (cbt) pedagogies on fa...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the impact of competency-based training (CBT) pedagogies implemented in the Fashion Design and Textiles program at Accra Polytechnic in Ghana. Key changes include developing competencies based on industry needs; revising the curriculum; building a new fashion design facility; acquiring new tools and equipment; training staff; and increasing student enrollment. Challenges include short class periods and large class sizes, while students responded positively to new elements like specialized projects and industrial placements. Overall, CBT has improved the program's ability to meet industry demands for skilled graduates.
Strategies for enhancing healthy sexual behaviour among secondary school adol...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated strategies for enhancing healthy sexual behavior among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria. The study found that unhealthy sexual behaviors led to increased rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, deaths, and abortions. Strategies identified to promote healthy behaviors included providing sexual education during school assemblies, encouraging emulation of parents' healthy behaviors, discouraging viewing of pornographic films, and displaying information about the harms of unhealthy behaviors. There was no significant difference found between urban and rural adolescents' perceptions of the consequences of unhealthy sexual behaviors.
This document discusses the need to account for spatial heterogeneity in topography when modeling distributed groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. A lumped model assumes homogeneity, while semi-distributed and fully distributed models can account for variability related to factors like topography. The authors argue that considering topographic effects is important when assessing impacts to ecological systems through integrated surface water and groundwater models like GSFLOW, which can predict flows and recharge/discharge at various scales from climate to subsurface processes. Accounting for spatial variability provides greater insight into processes like wetland hydrology and groundwater-surface water interactions.
This document discusses the use of numerical groundwater modeling to analyze dewatering for the Southeast Collector Trunk Sewer project in York Region. It summarizes how a MODFLOW model was developed using site geology and hydrogeology data to simulate baseline groundwater flow and potential impacts of tunnel construction dewatering. The model was calibrated against water level and streamflow observations and used to assess drawdown, pumping rates, and effects on nearby wells and baseflow to streams under normal and contingency construction scenarios.
An integrated groundwater-surface water model was developed for the proposed Babcock Ranch development site in Lee County, Florida using the GSFLOW code. The model was calibrated to streamflow, groundwater levels, and wetland stage data. Model results showed that the proposed stormwater management system is expected to improve wetland hydroperiods and buffer peak flows compared to current and natural conditions. The calibrated integrated model provides a tool to evaluate the impacts of land development and climate change on the groundwater and surface water system.
This document discusses approaches to assessing cumulative effects through integrated modelling. It summarizes two case studies: 1) assessing cumulative drawdown impacts from multiple quarry excavations on a municipal well using integrated surface water and groundwater modelling, and 2) comparing the drought response of three watersheds on the Oro Moraine using a fully integrated surface water and groundwater model under climate change scenarios. The key conclusions are that cumulative effects analysis requires considering the complete water system and understanding system behavior will enable future management, and integrated modelling is essential for advanced scenario analysis of issues like drought and climate change.
This document presents a new methodology for identifying Ecologically Significant Groundwater Recharge Areas (ESGRAs) using an integrated groundwater-surface water model called GSFLOW. The methodology involves: 1) Building a GSFLOW model to simulate hydrology, groundwater flow, and stream/wetland hydraulics; 2) Using particle tracking to link eco-features to recharge areas; and 3) Using cluster analysis of particle endpoints to delineate ESGRAs. The methodology is demonstrated on an example in the Oro Moraine region, identifying both high-volume and localized ESGRAs that support ecological features.
This document summarizes an assessment of low impact development (LID) strategies using integrated surface water and groundwater models. The assessment evaluated various LID configurations for a proposed new development in Ontario to determine which strategies should be used and where to best preserve wetlands and aquifers. Modeling indicated that unmitigated development could lower aquifer levels but that LIDs like bioswales and infiltration galleries could sustain groundwater recharge and mitigate impacts, helping the municipality and conservation authority evaluate LID scenarios.
This document provides information about hyetographs and hydrographs. It defines a hyetograph as a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing total rainfall. A hydrograph shows variations in river discharge over time at a measurement point. It describes the components of hydrographs, including the rising and falling limbs and peak. It also discusses runoff classifications, the unit hydrograph concept for analyzing surface runoff, and key hydrograph terminology like time to peak, time of concentration, and lag time.
1) The document discusses the historical use of integrated watershed models in Canada from the 1990s to present day. Initially, groundwater models were rarely used but are now commonly applied to answer questions about impacts to municipal wells, drought, development, and climate change.
2) Two case studies are described where integrated watershed models were developed and applied. The first case study looks at the Oro Moraine region to analyze impacts of historical drought and future climate change. The second case study models cumulative impacts of in-situ oil sands development on the MacKay River watershed.
3) For both case studies, the integrated GSFLOW model code is used to couple surface water and groundwater
This document describes the use of an integrated surface water/groundwater model called GSFLOW to simulate hydrologic response to drought and climate change in the Lake Simcoe watershed in Ontario, Canada. The model was developed for three subwatersheds draining the Oro Moraine, a sand and gravel deposit that feeds headwaters. The integrated model accounts for detailed geology, hydrology, groundwater flow, and stream/wetland hydraulics. Simulation of a historical 10-year drought provided insights into watershed and tributary responses. The model was then used to assess potential climate change impacts by forcing it with downscaled outputs from a global climate model, finding changes like increased winter flows but decreased summer flows in
This document discusses using the fully-integrated GSFLOW model to analyze the impact of low impact development (LID) strategies on surface water and groundwater flow. It presents a case study of a proposed urban development and evaluates the ability of LID strategies like green roofs, bioswales, infiltration galleries and permeable pavement to mitigate impacts to groundwater levels and discharge. The results show that with LID implementation, groundwater drawdowns were reduced by 86%, groundwater discharge to streams increased by 42%, and urban runoff generation was reduced by 80% compared to development without LIDs.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
GSFLOW is a modelling framework that integrates surface water and groundwater interactions. It combines the PRMS hydrological model and MODFLOW groundwater model. This allows it to simulate key processes like recharge of groundwater from precipitation and surface water, as well as discharge of groundwater to streams and wetlands. GSFLOW can help evaluate questions like water budgets, low flow conditions, and the role of wetlands in maintaining streamflows. It represents the detailed interactions and feedbacks between hydrological and groundwater systems.
Module 2 ch-1 heytograph and hydrology analysisAnkit Patel
This document discusses hyetographs, hydrographs, runoff, and unit hydrographs. It contains the following key points:
1. A hyetograph is a graphical representation of rainfall intensity over time, showing the relationship between rainfall amount and time. A hydrograph shows stream discharge over time.
2. Runoff is the portion of rainfall that flows into streams and rivers. It is affected by rainfall characteristics and basin properties like soil, vegetation and topography.
3. A unit hydrograph represents the runoff from 1 cm of effective rainfall uniformly distributed over a basin and duration. It can be used to estimate flood hydrographs from storm rainfall amounts and distributions.
This document discusses methods for estimating groundwater potential and balance. It provides an overview of key concepts like the hydrologic cycle, national water policy regarding groundwater, and the groundwater balance equation. The document also outlines data requirements, methodology, and methods for estimating individual components of the groundwater balance like recharge from rainfall, recharge from canals, and evapotranspiration from groundwater. Empirical formulas and norms from expert committees are presented for calculating various recharge coefficients.
1) Integrated surface water and groundwater modelling provides benefits like understanding watershed-scale water budgets, drought/flood response, and the impacts of engineering projects on both systems.
2) Common challenges with integrated modelling include ensuring integrated data and knowledge across modelling teams and addressing assumptions made when modelling each system separately.
3) Case studies demonstrate that integrated calibration identifies complex interactions missed by separate models, such as seasonal variations, storm event impacts, and aquifer controls on drought sensitivity. Fully coupled integrated models may require reconceptualization.
This document summarizes an integrated surface water and groundwater model developed for the MacKay River watershed in Alberta, Canada to assess cumulative effects of oil sands operations on water resources. The model was calibrated against streamflow and groundwater level observations over a 38-year period. Key features included a 400m groundwater grid, 200m surface hydrology grid, representation of geology, climate inputs, vegetation/wetlands, and frozen ground processes. The calibrated model will be used to simulate current and future conditions to evaluate sustainability.
IRJET- Hydrological Modeling of Penganga Sub-Basin using Arc-SWATIRJET Journal
This document discusses hydrological modeling of the Penganga sub-basin in India using the ArcSWAT model. It provides background on the hydrological cycle and importance of hydrological modeling. The study aims to simulate stream flow in the Penganga river to help water resource managers. Input data on soil, climate and land use were generated from GIS. The basin was delineated and hydrological response units were defined in ArcSWAT. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated, with results found to satisfactorily represent the hydrological regime of the sub-basin. The calibrated model can be used to inform future water resource management in the area.
Civil v-hydrology and irrigation engineering [10 cv55]-notesSuryenn Edwie Mon
WRE: UNIT–I:
Surface Water Hydrology: Water Resources in India, Hydrology in water Resources Planning –Precipitation – Types,
Measurement of rainfall, Average depth of rainfall over an area, Mean annual rainfall, consistency of rainfall record, Double
mass curve; Infiltration – Factors affecting and its determination, Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration. Runoff – factors
affecting runoff, methods of determination of runoff, stream gauging.
UNIT-II:
Hydrograph analysis: Base flow separation, Unit Hydrograph – Hydrograph of different durations, applications of unit
hydrograph, S-hydrograph, Flood Forecasting Techniques.
Ground Water Hydrology: Mechanics of interstitial flow, definitions, sub surface distribution of water, types of aquifers,
ground water movement, Darcy’s law, Well hydraulics – steady flow into wells in Un-confined and confined aquifers,
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer, pumping test and recuperation test methods for determination of yield of
open well.
UNIT-III:
Reservoir Planning: Types of reservoir investigations for reservoir planning, selection of site for a reservoir, zones of
storage in a reservoir, reservoir yield, mass curve and demand curve, determination of reservoir capacity, yield from a
reservoir of given capacity, operating schedules, guide curve for reservoir operation, apportionment of total cost of a multi
purpose project, reservoir sedimentation, control of reservoir sedimentation, useful life of a reservoir.
UNIT-IV:
Irrigation: Definition of irrigation, types of irrigation systems – direct and indirect, lift and inundation irrigation system,
methods of irrigation – surface and sprinkler methods, drip irrigation, Soil moisture constants, depth of water held by soil in
root zone. Water requirements of crops, Duty, Delta, Base period and their relationship, crop seasons, factors affecting duty
and methods of improving duty, consumptive use of water, determination of canal capacities for cropping patterns.
UNIT-V:
Canal Systems: Classification of irrigation canals – canal alignment, design of unlined canals, regime theories – Kennedy’s
and lacey’s theories, tractive - force method, design problems – balancing depth of canal.
This document describes SiteFX and VIEWLOG software systems for environmental data management, hydrogeologic modeling, and integrated groundwater/surface water modeling using GSFLOW. The key capabilities mentioned include database management, data analysis and visualization tools, borehole logging, contour mapping, time series analysis, and integrated groundwater/surface water modeling to simulate processes like recharge, discharge, streamflow, and water table fluctuations.
Reflections on the impact of competency based training (cbt) pedagogies on fa...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the impact of competency-based training (CBT) pedagogies implemented in the Fashion Design and Textiles program at Accra Polytechnic in Ghana. Key changes include developing competencies based on industry needs; revising the curriculum; building a new fashion design facility; acquiring new tools and equipment; training staff; and increasing student enrollment. Challenges include short class periods and large class sizes, while students responded positively to new elements like specialized projects and industrial placements. Overall, CBT has improved the program's ability to meet industry demands for skilled graduates.
Strategies for enhancing healthy sexual behaviour among secondary school adol...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated strategies for enhancing healthy sexual behavior among secondary school adolescents in Nigeria. The study found that unhealthy sexual behaviors led to increased rates of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, deaths, and abortions. Strategies identified to promote healthy behaviors included providing sexual education during school assemblies, encouraging emulation of parents' healthy behaviors, discouraging viewing of pornographic films, and displaying information about the harms of unhealthy behaviors. There was no significant difference found between urban and rural adolescents' perceptions of the consequences of unhealthy sexual behaviors.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Solid waste management practices of households in the university of eastern p...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on solid waste management practices of households in the University of Eastern Philippines. The study found that the types of waste generated differed between households, with plastics being the primary waste in one zone and kitchen waste predominant in two other zones. Waste collection was generally regular but with varying schedules between zones. Identified problems included insufficient waste collection equipment, lack of proper disposal practices and government support. Recommendations included improving waste separation and collection, educating communities, and exploring composting and recycling options.
Searching for appropriate crude oil price benchmarking method in the nigerian...Alexander Decker
The document examines crude oil price benchmarking methods used in Nigeria's budgeting process. It finds that the Moving Average Method currently used has limitations in predicting short-term oil price dynamics. The study tests alternative forecasting models and finds that the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model provides the best forecasts of Nigeria's crude oil price benchmarks. Based on the ARIMA model, the study estimates that $80 could be an appropriate crude oil price benchmark for Nigeria's 2013 fiscal year budget. The document recommends that Nigeria's oil price benchmarks be based on fundamentals of the crude oil market to improve policy predictability and macroeconomic stability.
Supply chain cost identification as a means of cost reduction strategy. a ca...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that examines the supply chain processes of Ghana Supply Company Limited (GSCL) with the aim of identifying non-value adding activities to offer cost reduction strategies. The study used questionnaires and interviews with GSCL procurement, warehousing, and shipping personnel. Findings showed GSCL's supply chain operations are well-coordinated under the director of operations. Activities like procurement, shipping, warehousing and fleet management are integrated. The study also found GSCL uses strategies like proper procurement planning and effective lead time management to reduce supply chain costs.
Sun as a clean energy source for lighting buildings case studyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a case study on daylighting design in buildings in Tehran, Iran. It discusses how daylighting can substantially reduce energy use by lowering needs for electric lighting. However, excessive daylighting can also increase heating and cooling loads. The study evaluates daylight factors and glazing factors to determine feasibility of daylighting for a building in Tehran. It also discusses strategies for passive solar shading to control glare and heat gain, including recommendations for different building orientations. Calculations are provided to optimize passive shading designs using sun path diagrams specific to Tehran's latitude.
Small scale enterprises, poverty alleviation and job creation in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of small-scale enterprises, specifically burnt bricklaying, on poverty alleviation and job creation in Nigeria. Some key findings:
1) Burnt bricklaying has a significant positive impact on poverty alleviation, job creation, and income generation in Nigeria based on the study results.
2) The study identified major challenges faced by burnt bricklayers, including poor infrastructure, low brick prices, low demand for bricks, and lack of operating capital.
3) The study recommends that governments and financial institutions address these challenges to support small enterprises as a means of creating jobs and reducing poverty in Nigeria.
Screening and characterization of biosurfactants producing microorganism form...Alexander Decker
This study isolated 10 bacterial strains from whey spilled soil samples that were able to produce biosurfactants. Four strains - APCCS1a, APCCS1b, APCCS3b, and APCCS5a - showed ability to produce extracellular biosurfactants via oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. Thin layer chromatography identified the biosurfactants as glycolipids from strains APCCS1a, APCCS3b, and APCCS5a, and a lipopeptide from strain APCCS1b. Emulsification tests measured biosurfactant activity of the extracted compounds. The isolated strains were identified as Pseudomonas, Lactobac
Quantitative analysis of a forest fragment in olokemeji forest reserve, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This summary analyzes a quantitative study of a forest fragment in Olokemeji Forest Reserve in Nigeria. 80 trees from 19 species were sampled using the point-centered quarter method. The three most dominant species based on importance values were Manilkara obovata, Senna siamea, and Anogeissus lieocarpus. The dominance of just a few species indicates the forest fragment has an early successional status due to human disturbance within the reserve.
This document discusses a Linux driver practice session in Korean. It covers:
- An overview of the kernel's role in resource management and security
- Code flow for a reader and writer program using system calls like open, read, write, and close
- How to build and insert a sample "echo" kernel module driver that implements character device functionality
- Using wait queues and sleep functions like msleep to add delays to driver operations
This document provides a simplified proof of Kruskal's tree theorem. It begins with preliminaries that define concepts like well-founded orders, homeomorphic embedding, and well-partial orders. It then states Kruskal's theorem for finite terms and the general version. The main part of the document proves the general version of Kruskal's theorem by constructing a minimal bad sequence and reaching a contradiction. It concludes that every simplification order over a finite signature is well-founded, which has applications in proving termination of term rewriting systems.
This document provides information about using technology to connect students globally through information communication and collaboration. It discusses how new literacies like blogs, wikis, and video sharing can be used to have students communicate, collaborate, create, and contribute. Several specific global collaborative learning projects are described that partner students, educators, and community members around the world. The document emphasizes that technologies should be used to foster meaningful communication and collaboration, and to prepare students to become responsible global citizens.
Sociological analysis of the changing patterns of inheritance and succession ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on changing patterns of inheritance and succession in traditional African societies. It discusses how traditionally, inheritance was tied to patrilineal or matrilineal kinship systems and rules of marriage and residence. However, colonial laws introduced contradictions that obfuscated customary inheritance rights. Today, multiple legal systems co-exist in African countries, compounding the issue. Additionally, factors like urbanization, education, religion, land privatization, population growth, and the nuclear family have driven further changes to inheritance patterns in African societies over time. Women's rights and ability to inherit property have particularly been weakened due to these traditional, colonial, and modern influences.
Este documento presenta la Unidad 1 de Tecnologías de Información para la Administración de Negocios. Explica que un proyecto de sistemas comienza con la detección de problemas y oportunidades de mejora, y que el analista trabaja para determinar la factibilidad del proyecto. Si es aprobado, se calendarizan las actividades del proyecto usando herramientas como diagramas de Gantt y PERT para asegurar su finalización a tiempo.
Este documento describe diferentes instrumentos de evaluación para medir el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en geometría. Explica que la guía de observación permite al docente observar aspectos específicos del proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes a lo largo del tiempo. También describe el cuaderno del estudiante como un instrumento que permite al docente revisar las producciones de los estudiantes para evaluar su comprensión. Por último, explica que las pruebas escritas consisten en preguntas claras que miden el conocimiento de los estudiant
Relationship between body mass index and in hospital outcomes of acute myocar...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and in-hospital outcomes among 60 acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Egypt. The majority of patients were overweight or obese, with a mean BMI of 31.52. Around two-thirds of patients experienced adverse in-hospital outcomes like recurrent heart attacks, cardiogenic shock, or death. A high statistically significant relationship was found between higher BMI and worse in-hospital outcomes. The study concluded that most patients had above-normal BMI that was significantly related to their adverse clinical outcomes during hospitalization.
Review of green building demand factors for malaysiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that reviews factors influencing demand for green buildings in Malaysia. It discusses Malaysia's Green Building Index certification system and tax incentives for green buildings. While interest in green buildings is growing, uncertainties remain around investing in them. The review identifies seven main factors that could enhance green building demand in Malaysia: environmental sustainability, increased productivity, improved indoor conditions, higher building value, cost savings, lower risks, and branding/prestige. However, challenges and barriers like limitations of tax incentives may moderate the relationships between these demand factors.
Study the role of estradiol and luteinizing hormones in breast tumors inciden...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the role of estradiol and luteinizing hormones in breast tumor incidence in women in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The study involved 120 women divided into control, benign, and malignant groups. Results showed benign tumors were more common in women aged 31-40, while malignant tumors were more common in women aged 41-50. Menopausal status, but not age at menarche, was associated with increased breast cancer risk. Estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels were significantly higher in women with breast cancer and reduced after tumor excision, indicating a role for these hormones in breast cancer initiation or promotion. The study concluded that breast cancer risk increases with age
Sorption kinetics and equilibrium studies on the removal of toxic cr(vi) ions...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using modified Indian almond nut shells to remove toxic chromium (CrVI) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the nut shells showed they have good surface area and pore properties for adsorption. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various parameters on CrVI removal, including nut shell particle size, contact time, initial concentration, sorbent dose, and pH. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were analyzed using common isotherm models. The modified nut shells were found to effectively remove CrVI from solutions, with optimized parameters being a particle size of 0.18mm, sorbent dose of 200mg, initial concentration of 11mg/L, contact time of 30 minutes
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
Development of a hydrodynamic model for river sosianiAlexander Decker
- The document describes the development of a hydrodynamic model for River Sosiani in Kenya using MIKE 11 software.
- The river's catchment was delineated and subdivided according to land use. Cross sections of the river were surveyed and input into the MIKE 11 HD module.
- The model was calibrated using measured streamflow data over multiple years and validated within acceptable error thresholds. The model can be used for watershed management purposes including water quality modeling.
2011 liongson-modeling studies flood control dams-professorial chair lectureleony1948
The document summarizes hydrological modeling studies conducted to evaluate flood control dams in the Marikina River Basin in the Philippines. The studies used the SWATCH rainfall-runoff model to simulate floods from Tropical Storm Ondoy and other return periods. Flood routing studies then analyzed single dams and cascades of dams at various locations. Results showed dams could attenuate flood peaks and volumes, with the cascade alternative providing the most reduction in downstream flooding.
This document describes a numerical study of hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport in the Cua Lo and Cua Hoi estuaries in Vietnam. A two-dimensional model was developed, calibrated, and verified to investigate hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological changes under the influence of tides, river discharge, and seasonal monsoon winds and waves. Model results show opposite nearshore currents between the northeast and southeast monsoons and indicate wave climate is the main control of sediment transport. Sediment transport patterns between the two estuaries are influenced by an island and headland between them.
This document presents a case study of coupling surface water and groundwater models in the Netravathi river basin located in southern India. It summarizes the data collected and methodology used. Key data included a digital elevation model, soil data, land use/land cover maps, rainfall and weather data, hydrological data including streamflow, and groundwater levels. The methodology involved using SWAT to model surface water hydrology and estimate groundwater recharge, then coupling the SWAT outputs to a MODFLOW groundwater model to allow a more complete analysis of the regional hydrological system.
A Gaming Exercise To Explore Problem-Solving Versus Relational Activities For...Faith Brown
This gaming exercise explores problem-solving and relational activities for river floodplain manage-
ment. The Floodplain Management Game was developed using a system dynamics model to simulate
floodplain agriculture. The game allows players like water managers and farmers to test new policies
for floods and droughts. It facilitates both technical problem-solving and social learning about stakeholder decision-making. In trials, the game proved useful for participants to experience challenges of
floodplain policymaking and for scientists to study decision-making.
Landslides of any type, and particularly soil slips, pose a great threat in mountainous and steep terrain environ- ments. One of the major triggering mechanisms for slope failures in shallow soils is the build-up of soil pore water pressure resulting in a decrease of effective stress. However, infiltration may have other effects both before and after slope failure. Especially, on steep slopes in shallow soils, soil slips can be triggered by a rapid drop in the apparent cohesion following a decrease in matric suction when a wetting front penetrates into the soil without generating positive pore pressures. These types of failures are very frequent in pre-alpine and alpine landscapes. The key factor for a realistic prediction of rainfall-induced landslides are the interdependence of shear strength and suction and the monitoring of suction changes during the cyclic wetting (due to infiltration) and drying (due to percolation and evaporation) processes. The non-unique relationship between suction and water content, expressed by the Soil Water Retention Curve, results in different values of suction and, therefore, of soil shear strength for the same water content, depending on whether the soil is being wetted (during storms) or dried (during inter-storm periods). We developed a physically based distributed in space and continuous in time model for the simulation of the hydrological triggering of shallow landslides at scales larger than a single slope. In this modeling effort particular weight is given to the modeling of hydrological processes in order to investigate the role of hydrologi- cal triggering mechanisms on soil changes leading to slip occurrences. Specifically, the 3D flow of water and the resulting water balance in the unsaturated and saturated zone is modeled using a Cellular Automata framework. The infinite slope analysis is coupled to the hydrological component of the model for the computation of slope stability. For the computation of the Factor of Safety a unified concept for effective stress under both saturated and unsaturated conditions has been used (Lu Ning and Godt Jonathan, WRR, 2010). A test case of a serious landslide event in Switzerland is investigated to assess the plausibility of the model and to verify its perfomance.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
This document presents a method for stochastic hydroelastic analysis of pontoon-type very large floating structures (VLFS) considering directional wave spectra. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain using modal expansion to represent the floating structure's motion and the water's velocity potential. Response spectra are computed using random vibration analysis assuming the directional wave spectrum can be described as a Gaussian process. The distribution of extremes is estimated to obtain mean extreme response values relevant for design. The method is demonstrated on an example VLFS to investigate the effect of mean wave angle on the stochastic response.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) The study evaluates the impacts of implementing low impact development (LID) techniques on peak discharge and runoff volume in an urban watershed in Washington D.C. using the Storm Water Management Model.
2) Three stormwater models (Rational Method, HEC-HMS, and SWMM) were used to simulate rainfall-runoff processes and estimate peak flows and volumes in the watershed.
3) The results found that LIDs can significantly reduce runoff volume by over 30% but have a negligible impact on peak discharge reduction. Integrating LIDs provides both environmental and economic benefits through reduced flooding and infrastructure costs.
Accounting for Wetlands Loss in a Changing Climate in the Estimation of Long...Sergey Gulbin
The document summarizes a study that used the SWAT model to simulate streamflow in the Devils Lake watershed under different wetlands scenarios and future climate scenarios from 2011-2040. The model was calibrated and validated against observed streamflow and lake level data. Simulations showed that increased wetlands area reduced future lake level rises and flooding risks. Specifically:
1) Simulations of wetlands loss scenarios found higher lake levels compared to scenarios with increased wetlands, demonstrating wetlands help regulate flooding.
2) Under current wetlands coverage, the lake was projected to overflow in 29 of 68 climate scenarios; with 50% more wetlands, only 20 scenarios resulted in overflow.
3) Restoring wetlands to
The document discusses mathematical modeling approaches for flood management using MIKE 11 software. It summarizes the hydrodynamic module of MIKE 11 which solves the Saint Venant equations of continuity and momentum for simulating unsteady river flows. The study developed a flood forecasting model for the Godavari River basin in India using MIKE 11. The model was calibrated and validated against field records of flood events, showing reasonable agreement between measured and computed river stages. This allows the model to provide accurate flood forecasts for rivers in the Godavari basin.
Mathematical modeling approach for flood managementprjpublications
This document summarizes the development of a mathematical model for flood management in the Godavari River basin in India using the MIKE 11 software. The model is calibrated using data from 2009-2011 and validated against data from 2012. Real-time validation is also conducted during floods in 2013. Results show good agreement between measured and computed river stages, indicating the model can accurately forecast river levels for flood management.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Overbank Flow Condition in a River SectionIDES Editor
When the flows in natural or man made channel
sections exceed the main channel depth, the adjoining
floodplains become inundated and carry part of the river
discharge. Due to different hydraulic conditions prevailing in
the river and floodplain of a compound channel, the mean
velocity in the main channel and in the floodplain are different.
This leads to the transfer of momentum between the main
channel water and that of the floodplain making the flow
structure more complex. Results of some experiments
concerning the overbank flow distribution in a compound
channel are presented. Flow sharing in river channels is
strongly dependant on the interaction between flow in the
main channel and that in the floodplain. The influence of the
geometry on velocity and flow distribution and different
functional relationships are obtained. Dimensionless
parameters are used to form equations representing the over
bank flow sharing in the subsections. The equations agree
well with experimental discharge data and other published
data. Using the proposed method, the error between the
measured and calculated discharge distribution for the a
compound sections is found to be the minimum when compared
with that using other investigators.
Open channel confluences are where rivers and canals meet. They are complex with variable flow patterns that can cause flooding, scouring, and sediment accumulation. The document presents a conceptual model of a 90-degree asymmetrical confluence with rectangular channels to systematically study key parameters like discharge ratio. Laboratory experiments are conducted using measurement techniques like ADV and LSSPIV to analyze velocities and turbulence. Numerical modeling is also used to efficiently study parameters and provide additional data for validation. The overall aim is to improve understanding of confluence hydrodynamics to help address engineering issues.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on MODFLOW given by Nisha Belbase and Prabin Banstola. It discusses the history and development of MODFLOW as a groundwater flow model developed by the USGS. It then describes key aspects of MODFLOW including its governing equations, inputs, outputs, versions, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, it provides examples of MODFLOW being used for numerical modeling of groundwater in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal.
Similar to River flood modelling with mike 11 case of nzoia river (budalangi) in kenya (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
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River flood modelling with mike 11 case of nzoia river (budalangi) in kenya
1. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
River Flood Modelling with Mike 11: Case of Nzoia River
(Budalangi) in Kenya
Lawrence Omai Muku1* Gilbert Nyandwaro1,2
1. School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Moi University
P.O Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.
2. Laboratory of Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, Leuven, Belgium.
*
Email of the corresponding author: lawrenceomai@gmail.com
The research is financed by VLIR-UOS programme, Moi University.
Abstract
This paper presents a one-dimensional unsteady flow hydraulic model used for the simulation of flow in rivers:
the MIKE 11 model from the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). The approach used for this model leads to
unsteady flow simulations along river channel reach. The study case applied to the model is the lower Nzoia
River, about 25 km in length. The study’s focus was the development of a MIKE 11 river model based on
surveyed river cross-section data. The flooding problem in the lower Nzoia (Budalangi floodplains) in Kenya has
been perennial each time causing a reversal of gains on economic and social development. The main objective of
this study is to implement a one dimensional hydrodynamic model for the lower part of Nzoia river using the
MIKE 11 modelling software. This was done with an aim of investigating the nature of the 2008 Budalangi
floods. Two scenarios were considered, namely; reference case (intact dyke) and the breached dyke case.
Longitudinal river stretch profiles were produced for the two cases and it was conclusive that the 2008 flooding
was mainly necessitated by dyke breach. Further, the optimal computational spatial step (∆x) and time step (∆t)
for the model were found to be 500m and 1 minute respectively. For this condition no instability of the model
simulation was observed.
Key words: Nzoia River, MIKE 11 hydrodynamic model, Budalangi, floodplains, river hydraulics, unsteady
flow
1. Introduction
The study area chosen in this research is lower Nzoia river basin, specifically in Budalangi floodplains in Kenya.
The basin is a typical of a flood disaster prone basin experiencing increasing flood related disaster.
According to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), flooding is the most common natural disasters;
it causes more in damages in terms of loss of life, property and economic activity than any other natural disaster
(2008).
This study restricts itself to the simulation of hydraulic conditions (water level and discharge) along the lower
reach of Nzoia River using the one dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic river software, MIKE 11. MIKE 11
computes one-dimensional unsteady flow by solving the Saint-Venant equations for shallow water waves in
open channels using a finite-difference scheme. It requires the setup of a network file using topographical map, a
cross-section file (river geometry), stream bed resistance (Manning coefficient) and boundary conditions
(discharge or water level or downstream rating curve). After setting up of the model, the simulation has to be
carried out for a selected time period specifying the optimal time step and improving the stability of the model.
Then results can be visualized as time series of discharges and water levels at specific calculation nodes along
the river branch, and as longitudinal profiles of water levels along each branch of the river network.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
The overall objective of this study is to implement a one dimensional hydrodynamic model for the lower part of
Nzoia river (Budalangi), using the MIKE 11 modelling software.
1.1.1 Specific objectives
a) Implement the following elements in the 1D hydrodynamic MIKE 11 river model and ensure its stability:
(i) The river network
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(ii) The cross‐sections along the river course
(iii)The boundary conditions imposed to the model
(iv) The hydrodynamic parameters of the model
b) To investigate the nature of the 2008 Budalangi flood by use of the developed MIKE 11
model.
1.2 Study Area
The study area is the Budalangi floodplains located in the Bunyala District of Busia County in Kenya. The
floodplain is situated at the lower reaches of Nzoia River just before it enters into Lake Victoria. The flood zone
extends about 25 kilometers from the lake and covers approximately an area of 128,000 hectares (NWCPC
2008). Figure 1 shows the study area with locations of upstream and downstream boundary conditions depicted.
The Budalangi Floodplain area extends between longitudes 33º56'30" to 34º10'30"E and latitudes 0º30"S to
0º11'30"N. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soils bulletin, the floodplain lies in between
agro-ecological zones LM3 and LM4 which can be described as Livestock-Millet zone (1996). The mean annual
rainfall varies from a minimum of about 1070 mm to a maximum of 2200 mm (Githui F et al (2007).
Figure 1. Study Area
The major physical features within the study area and its neighbourhood are the undulating plain landscape,
which is interrupted in a few places by low hills for instance the Masoso hill. Most of the terrain has gentle
slopes. The land generally slopes southwestwards as is depicted by the general direction of the Nzoia River. The
river meanders greatly between river gauging station, 1EF01 and the lake forming a meandering plan. This
creates an extensive floodplain characterized by wetlands (NWCPC 2008).
The prevailing soil types are vertisols (the black cotton). The moisture content when wet is as high as 40% on
volume basis. The vertisols crack when dry and have low infiltration and hydraulic conductivity rate when wet.
This contributes significantly to the problem in that stagnating water from the floods takes long to disappear.
River bank erosion is the most significant form of soil erosion within the floodplain. The vertisols are highly
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susceptible to all form of erosion even on slopes of less than 5%. These develop deep gullies in a very short
period (NWCPC 2008).
2. Model Description and Concepts
The MIKE 11 is an implicit finite difference model for one dimensional unsteady flow computation and can be
applied to looped networks and quasi-two dimensional flow simulation on floodplains. The model has been
designed to perform detailed modelling of rivers, including special treatment of floodplains, road overtopping,
culverts, gate openings and weirs.
MIKE 11 is capable of using kinematic, diffusive or fully dynamic, vertically integrated mass and momentum
equations (the “Saint Venant” equations). The solution of the continuity and momentum equations is based on an
implicit finite difference scheme. This scheme is structured so as to be independent of the wave description
specified (i.e. Kinematic, Diffusive or dynamic). Boundary types include water level (h), Discharge (Q), Q/h
relation, wind field, dambreak, and resistance factor. The water level boundary must be applied to either the
upstream or downstream boundary condition in the model. The discharge boundary can be applied to either the
upstream or downstream boundary condition, and can also be applied to the side tributary flow (lateral inflow).
The lateral inflow is used to depict runoff. The Q/h relation boundary can only be applied to the downstream
boundary. MIKE 11 is a modelling package for the simulation of surface runoff, flow, sediment transport, and
water quality in rivers, channels, estuaries, and floodplains. The most commonly applied hydrodynamic (HD)
model is a flood management tool simulating the unsteady flows in branched and looped river networks and
quasi two-dimensional flows in floodplains. When using a fully dynamic wave description, MIKE 11 HD solves
the equations of conservation of continuity and momentum (the ‘Saint Venant’ equations). The solutions to the
equations are based on the following assumptions (DHI 2008a).
(i) The water is incompressible and homogeneous (i.e. negligible variation in density)
(ii) The bottom slope is small, thus the cosine of the angle it makes with the horizontal may be taken as 1.0.
(iii)The wave lengths are large compared to the water depth, assuming that the flow everywhere can be
assumed to flow parallel to the bottom (i.e. vertical accelerations can be ignored, and a hydrostatic
pressure variation in the vertical direction can be assumed)
(iv) The flow is sub-critical (a super-critical flow is modelled in MIKE 11; however, more restrictive
conditions are applied)
2.1 Governing equations
MIKE 11 is based on the 1D Saint-Venant equations:
Continuity equation:
抖
Q
+
抖
x
A
= q - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [1]
t
Momentum equation:
骣 Q2 ÷
ç
÷
¶ ça
ç
÷
抖
Q
h gQ Q
桫 A÷
+
+ gA
+
= 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [2]
抖
t
x
? x C 2 AR
Where:
Q – discharge, (m3/s)
A – flow area, (m2)
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q – lateral inflow, (m2/s)
h – stage above datum, (m)
C – Chezy resistance coefficient, (m1/2/s)
R – hydraulic or resistance radius, (m)
α – momentum distribution coefficient
The four terms in the momentum equation are local acceleration, convective acceleration, pressure, and friction.
In MIKE 11, a network configuration depicts the rivers and floodplains as a system of interconnected branches.
Water levels and discharges (h and Q) are calculated at alternating points along the river branches as a function
of time (Figure 2). It operates on basic information from the river and floodplain topography to include manmade features and boundary conditions.
The Discretization of the MIKE 11 equations is based on an implicit, finite difference 6-point Abbott numerical
scheme (DHI 2008b).
Figure 2. Channel section with computational grid
2.2 Solution Scheme in MIKE 11
The solution of the equations of continuity and momentum is based on an implicit finite
difference scheme developed by Abbott and Ionescu (1967). The finite difference scheme
used in MIKE11 (6-point Abbott scheme), allows Courant numbers up to 10-20 if the flow is
clearly sub-critical (Froude number less than 1). A graphical view of this method showed
as below [Figure 3]:
Figure 3. Centered 6-point Abbott Scheme
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As we can see at n+1/2 step the model bring data from steps n and n+1, so unknowns will obtain simultaneously
for each time step. MIKE11 model is fully implicit method to solve the problems and usually there is no
limitation about computational steps.
3. Methodology for Model Set up
MIKE 11 includes multiple editors each operating on different types of data. Where Data from these editors must
be saved in separate editors, the integration and exchange of information between each of the individual data
editors is achieved by use of the MIKE 11 Simulation editor. The Simulation Editor contains simulation and
computation control parameters and is used to start the simulation as it provides a linkage between the graphical
view of the network editor and the other MIKE 11 editors.
The following steps were followed in order to setup the one-dimensional, MIKE 11 model for the river network
of the Lower Nzoia River.
3.1 Defining the River Network
The MIKE 11 model’s River Network file is the common link to the various MIKE 11 files. It also has an XY
coordinate system, allowing the model to import and export data to and from other software. The River Network
file allows the modeller to 1) define the river network and reference cross-sections and control structures to the
network; and 2) graphically obtains an overview of model information in the current simulation. Figure 3 shows
the river network file that was digitized and defined graphically in MIKE 11 network platform.
The network file was saved as Nzoia River and thus the stretch is referred here as by the same name.
Untitled
15000
14000
13000
Nzoia River 0-25
065.7
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
606000
608000
610000
612000
614000
616000
618000
620000
622000
Figure 3. River network defined by XY coordinate data points
3.2 Inserting River Cross-sections
The geometry of cross-sections was obtained from field-surveyed data. The raw data was entered into a MIKE
11 cross-section file and the graphical display of the cross-section could be visualized. See Figure 4.
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Figure 4. Raw data view of the cross sections in MIKE 11
3.3 Boundary Conditions
Two boundary conditions were defined for the river reach in question. For the upstream boundary conditions, it
consisted time-series of daily river flows at river gauging station code, 1EF01. This was obtained for a period of
1 year i.e. January – December 2008.
The downstream boundary condition consisted of a time-series of lake levels for the Lake Victoria for the
corresponding period as for the river flow.
3.4 Hydrodynamic (HD) Parameters
The final data required to run a simulation is the HD parameters. In this study, the river bed resistance value and
the initial conditions of discharge and water level/depth are specified. The global values of discharge of 80 m3/s
and water depth of 0 m were specified.
The Manning’s (n) resistance formula is adopted and a resistance number (n) of 0.033 was specified as an overall
resistance for the whole stretch of the river under study.
3.5 Simulation of the MIKE 11 model
Once all information was inputted into the file editors described above, the Simulation file identifies any errors
with the established conditions before running a simulation. After trying several computation time steps higher
than 1 minute in conjunction with a fixed spatial step (∆x) of 500 m normally specified in the network file, it was
realized the model was unstable and it kept on crushing. Finally, the model became stable at time step (∆t) equal
to 1 minute and at ∆x equal to 500 m. Thus the model’s optimal ∆x and ∆t were found to be 500 m and 1 minute
respectively.
4. Results and Discussions
The results of MIKE 11 simulations were visualized using the MIKE View software. MIKE View displays
longitudinal profile animations of both stage height and discharge resulting from a MIKE 11 unsteady
simulation. It also can display stage height at any given cross-section, as well as provide rating curves at a
specified location along the river network.
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MIKE View can also aid the visualization of time-series results of stage heights at cross-section locations and
time-series results of discharge at midpoints between two cross-section locations. The water level profiles for
the two scenarios as pointed out earlier are given in figures 5 and 6.
[meter]
1-1-2008 00:00:00
1147.0
25066
23671
22024
22500
20878
1136.0
21477
1137.0
20080
17941
1138.0
18848
19185
15767
1139.0
16655
1140.0
15270
13238
1141.0
14058
11459
1142.0
9452
6262
1143.0
8849
1144.0
7157
2082
1145.0
3517
0
1146.0
1135.0
1134.0
1133.0
1132.0
1131.0
1130.0
1129.0
NZOIA RIVER 0 - 25066
1128.0
0.0
2000.0
4000.0
6000.0
8000.0
10000.0
12000.0
14000.0
16000.0
18000.0
20000.0
22000.0
24000.0
[m]
Figure 5. Water level profile for the river network (Scenario I: Intact dyke)
[meter]
1-1-2008 00:00:00
20878
25066
23671
22024
22500
1136.0
21477
1137.0
20080
1138.0
18848
19185
17941
1139.0
16655
15767
1140.0
15270
13238
1141.0
14058
11459
1142.0
9452
6262
1143.0
8849
1144.0
7157
2082
1145.0
3517
1146.0
0
1147.0
1135.0
1134.0
1133.0
1132.0
1131.0
1130.0
1129.0
NZOIA RIVER 0 - 25066
1128.0
0.0
2000.0
4000.0
6000.0
8000.0
10000.0
12000.0
14000.0
16000.0
18000.0
20000.0
22000.0
24000.0
[m]
Figure 6. Water level profile for the river network (Scenario II: Breached dyke)
The blue-coloured section represents water in the river channel. The red dotted line denotes the maximum water
level simulated during the period. The dark continuous line represents the right river bank, while the dark broken
represents the left one.
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4.1 Scenario I: Intact dykes (reference situation)
This plot, explicitly communicates that for the year 2008, no flooding event could have been experienced if all
the dykes were intact. This is due to the fact that the maximum water simulated (red dotted line) does not rise
above the river banks. The flooding experienced at the area near the mouth of Lake Victoria is attributed to
backwater effect and the effect of the marshy conditions.
4.2 Scenario II: Breached dykes
The results indicate that the water level at the breached section of the dyke was above the dyke level after the
dyke failure at the shown section (figure 6). It is also explicit that the right-hand side (northern) dyke is the one
that breached during the flood event. This was the main cause of the 2008 Budalangi flooding event and not
overtopping.
According to the Government of Kenya (GOK), Flood Mitigation Strategy document, the total number of people
affected during this flood event were 12,123 (2009). This is quite a high number of people to be affected.
5. Conclusions
From the MIKE 11 River hydrodynamic modelling and results, the following conclusions can be enumerated:
a) The 1D hydrodynamic MIKE 11 model has been implemented for the lower part of the Nzoia river, the
b)
c)
d)
last 25,067m. The network file, cross‐section file, boundary conditions file, and model parameter file
has been created for this river.
The components of MIKE 11 river hydrodynamic model were implemented efficiently for Nzoia River.
For the MIKE 11 river model to be stable, specification of optimal time step (∆t) and space step (∆x)
are required. The inappropriate selection of the time step normally leads to instabilities, depicted
as warning and error reports after the simulation, which compromises the computed water levels in the
river channel. This was noted especially when water level was calculated at a value less than the
streambed elevation, the flow simulation crashes. The optimal ∆x and ∆t for the model was established
to be 500m and 1 minute respectively.
Results from the scenarios investigations indicate that dykes breaching was the major cause of the 2008
Budalangi flood event. At the breached dykes, the water level was above the river embankment.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge the VLIR-UOS programme, Moi University for the support accorded through
research funding, without which little would have been achieved. Thanks are due to the staff of Lake Victoria
North-Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) and the Lake Victoria South-WRMA for their
dedicated support in the course of data collection.
References
FEMA (2000). National Flood Insurance Programme 2000, Stakeholder’s Report.
NWCPC (2008). Status Report on the Floods Problem at Budalangi-Bunyala District, National Water
Corporation and Pipeline Conservation, unpublished.
FAO (1996). Guidelines: Agro-ecological zoning. FAO Soils Bulletin 76, Rome, FAO.
Githui F. W, W. Bauwens, & F. Mutua (2007). Assessment of impacts of climate change on runoff: River
Nzoia catchment, Kenya. The 4th International SWAT Conference, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands.
DHI (2008a). MIKE 11- A Modelling system for Rivers and Channels, User’s Manual, Danish Hydraulic
Institute, Horsholm, Denmark.
DHI, (2008b). MIKE 11: A modelling system for Rivers and Channels, Reference Manual, Danish Hydraulic
Institute, Horsholm, Denmark.
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Abbott, M.B., & Ionescu, F. (1967). On the numerical computation of nearly-horizontal flows. J.Hyd.Res., 5,
pp. 97-117.
GOK (2009). Flood Mitigation Strategy, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Government Printer, Nairobi.
111
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