This document summarizes a study that examined the role of estradiol and luteinizing hormones in breast tumor incidence in women in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The study involved 120 women divided into control, benign, and malignant groups. Results showed benign tumors were more common in women aged 31-40, while malignant tumors were more common in women aged 41-50. Menopausal status, but not age at menarche, was associated with increased breast cancer risk. Estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels were significantly higher in women with breast cancer and reduced after tumor excision, indicating a role for these hormones in breast cancer initiation or promotion. The study concluded that breast cancer risk increases with age
Survival Analysis of Determinants of Breast Cancer Patients at Hossana Queen ...Premier Publishers
Breast cancer is one of the most severe diseases in the world and become the public’s ever day’s agenda in both developed and developing countries. The primary goal of this study was to identify the determinants of survival time of breast cancer patients at Hossana hospital, south Ethiopia. Kaplan-Meier estimation method and a new two-parameter probability distribution called hypertabastic are introduced to model the survival time of the data. A simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the hypertabastic distribution in comparison with popular distribution with the help of R and SAS statistical software Packages. One-fourth (25%) of the total patients survived for only 2 days. 31(35.2%) were censored, and 55(62.5%) were died. Hypertabastic survival model was found to be best fitting to the breast cancer data and age, level of education, family history, breast problem before, High fat diet, child late age, early menarche, late menopause were significant risk factors for the death of breast cancer patients. Awareness has to be given for the society on causes of breast cancer and screening test and early detection policies for most risky groups has to be established.
Association between variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene an...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
It is clear that genetic variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene affect body mass index and the risk of obesity. Given the mounting evidence showing a positive association between obesity and pancreatic cancer, this study aimed to investigate the relation between variants in the FTO gene, obesity and pancreatic cancer risk.
EORTC QLQ-OES 18 module strategy for assessment of quality of life in esophag...IOSRJPBS
Esophageal cancer ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. Advances in medical research have led to improved prognosis and quality of life (QOL) and increased survival rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnicity-wise risk factors and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients from Jammu region. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted from Oct’ 2007- July’ 2013. Study population was divided into three ethnicity groups- Kashmiri, Pahadi and Dogri. Information on sociodemographic profile, medical and family history was collected using standard questionnaires. The details of the patients required by European Organization for Research and Training in Cancer, the OESophageal module OES18 were collected within 1 month prior to treatment and 6 months and 3 years post treatment. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis with maximum likelihood estimation of parameters values. Results: The study population consisted of 200 cases and 200 controls. Incidence rates were higher for males as compared to females. Alcohol intake, physical functioning and appetite loss were significantly associated with the survival of esophageal cancer patients belonging to all the three ethnicity groups. Dysphagia, gastrointestinal reflux, pain and emotional problem were found to be significant in governing pre- and postoperative QOL. Conclusions- The results of epidemiologic, observational and dietary information of the population groups of Jammu region concur with the notion that life-style habits like alcohol consumption do play a role in cancer onset and progression. Though the risk factors differed with respect to the ethnicity, we found almost similar results for QOL parameters. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using both a core and a disease-specific module for a reliable psychometric analysis of clinical significance.
Current Status and Prospective Of Cancer Disease in Bangladesh: A Cross-Secti...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Survival Analysis of Determinants of Breast Cancer Patients at Hossana Queen ...Premier Publishers
Breast cancer is one of the most severe diseases in the world and become the public’s ever day’s agenda in both developed and developing countries. The primary goal of this study was to identify the determinants of survival time of breast cancer patients at Hossana hospital, south Ethiopia. Kaplan-Meier estimation method and a new two-parameter probability distribution called hypertabastic are introduced to model the survival time of the data. A simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the hypertabastic distribution in comparison with popular distribution with the help of R and SAS statistical software Packages. One-fourth (25%) of the total patients survived for only 2 days. 31(35.2%) were censored, and 55(62.5%) were died. Hypertabastic survival model was found to be best fitting to the breast cancer data and age, level of education, family history, breast problem before, High fat diet, child late age, early menarche, late menopause were significant risk factors for the death of breast cancer patients. Awareness has to be given for the society on causes of breast cancer and screening test and early detection policies for most risky groups has to be established.
Association between variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene an...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
It is clear that genetic variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene affect body mass index and the risk of obesity. Given the mounting evidence showing a positive association between obesity and pancreatic cancer, this study aimed to investigate the relation between variants in the FTO gene, obesity and pancreatic cancer risk.
EORTC QLQ-OES 18 module strategy for assessment of quality of life in esophag...IOSRJPBS
Esophageal cancer ranks sixth among all cancers in mortality. Advances in medical research have led to improved prognosis and quality of life (QOL) and increased survival rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnicity-wise risk factors and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients from Jammu region. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted from Oct’ 2007- July’ 2013. Study population was divided into three ethnicity groups- Kashmiri, Pahadi and Dogri. Information on sociodemographic profile, medical and family history was collected using standard questionnaires. The details of the patients required by European Organization for Research and Training in Cancer, the OESophageal module OES18 were collected within 1 month prior to treatment and 6 months and 3 years post treatment. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis with maximum likelihood estimation of parameters values. Results: The study population consisted of 200 cases and 200 controls. Incidence rates were higher for males as compared to females. Alcohol intake, physical functioning and appetite loss were significantly associated with the survival of esophageal cancer patients belonging to all the three ethnicity groups. Dysphagia, gastrointestinal reflux, pain and emotional problem were found to be significant in governing pre- and postoperative QOL. Conclusions- The results of epidemiologic, observational and dietary information of the population groups of Jammu region concur with the notion that life-style habits like alcohol consumption do play a role in cancer onset and progression. Though the risk factors differed with respect to the ethnicity, we found almost similar results for QOL parameters. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using both a core and a disease-specific module for a reliable psychometric analysis of clinical significance.
Current Status and Prospective Of Cancer Disease in Bangladesh: A Cross-Secti...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Toward Integrated Clinical and Gene Expression Profiles for Breast Cancer Pro...CSCJournals
Breast cancer patients with the same diagnostic and clinical prognostic profile can have markedly different clinical outcome. This difference is possibly caused by the limitation of current breast cancer prognostic indices, which group molecularly distinct patients into similar clinical classes based mainly on morphological of disease. Traditional clinical based prognosis models were discovered contain some restriction to address the heterogeneity of breast cancer. The invention of microarray technology and its ability to simultaneously interrogate thousands genes has changed the paradigm of molecular classification of human cancers as well as it shifted clinical prognosis model to broader prospect. Numerous studies have revealed the potential value of gene expression signatures in examining the risk of disease recurrence. However, currently most of these studies attempted to implement genetic marker based prognostic models to replace the traditional clinical markers, yet neglecting the rich information contain in clinical information. Therefore, this research took an effort to integrate both clinical and microarray data in order to obtain accurate breast cancer prognosis, by taking into account that these data complements each other. This article presents a review of the development of breast cancer prognosis models, concentrating precisely on clinical and gene expression profiles. The literature is reviewed in an explicit machine learning framework, which include the elements of feature selection and classification techniques.
The dyslipidemia-associated SNP on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster predicts post...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Post-surgery therapies are given to early-stage breast cancer patients due to the possibility of residual micrometastasis, and optimized by clincopathological parameters such as tumor stage, and hormone receptor/lymph node status. However, current efficacy of post-surgery therapies is unsatisfactory, and may be varied according to unidentified patient genetic factors. Increases of breast cancer occurrence and recurrence have been associated with dyslipidemia, which can attribute to other known risk factors of breast cancer including obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Thus we reasoned that dyslipidemia-associated nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster may predict breast cancer risk and tumor progression.
Study of the relation between testosterone levels and the severity of acne vu...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Acne vulgaris (AV) is long-lasting inflammatory illness of pilosebaceous unit and is clinically characterized by seborrhea and open and closed comedones, and in the severe cases, papules, pustules, nodules, deep pustules, and pseudocysts. The situation starts after adolescence and is a common skin disorder in adolescents and young grown person. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between testosterone levels and the states of AV among unmarried women. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 52 unmarried women, from which 26 women were with AV and 26 were used as control (age ranges were from 14 to 36 years). The patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of AV (sever, moderate, and mild). Results: Serum testosterone was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in severe and moderate acne patients, while the serum testosterone level shows no significant difference in females with mild acne disease when compared with that of female control group (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of the study found a significant association between serum testosterone and severity of AV, and there was no correlation between the severity of AV and patients ages.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Background- Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent type of cancer in India. It is considered as the most commonly diagnosed cancer and constitutes the leading cause of cancer related mortality. The majority of lung cancer is due to smoking. Tobacco use has been reported to be one of the main causes of lung cancer. It has been observed in previous studies that excess body weight and obesity are protective factors against lung cancer in current and former smokers. Material and Methods- The present study recruited 235 lung cancer patients. BMI was categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5 to <25kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). The study was conducted to establish the association of BMI with gender, smoking status, and histological subtypes of lung cancer. Results- Out of 235 patients enrolled, 55.32% were underweight, 40.43% were normal weight, 3.4% of patients were classified as overweight and 0.85% was obese. This study shows significant association of BMI with smoking status (p<0.0057) while non-significant association with gender (p=0.75) and histological subtypes (p=0.74). Conclusion- We were concluded that significant association was found between BMI and smoking status while non significant association was observed between BMI and gender as well as BMI and histological subtypes of lung cancer patients in the north Indian population in this study. Key-words- Lung Cancer, Mortality, Smoking, BMI, Histological Subtypes
The NSW Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR)Cancer Council NSW
The NSW CLEAR case-control study commenced in 2006.
It collects lifestyle and demographic information as well as
biospecimens from people with all types of cancer and controls, which are available as an open resource for researchers.
Breast surgery for Metastatic Breast Cancer : Cochrane Analysis Kundan Singh
Breast surgery plus systemic treatment may improve local PFS when compared to systemic treatment alone (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.57; 2 studies; 607 women; I2 = 43%; low quality evidence)
The group receiving breast surgery plus systemic treatment probably had a shorter time
to distant PFS compared to the group receiving systemic treatment alone (HR 1.42, 95%CI 1.08 to 1.86; 1 study; 350 women; moderate-quality evidence)
Study on Histopathological Correlation with ER, PR, and HER 2 Neu Receptor Status in Breast Carcinoma and its Prognostic Importance
Mahendra Singh, Jagdish Kumar*, Anita Omhare, Vandana Mishra, Chayanika Kala
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.1.3
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer S...ijtsrd
BACKGROUND Invasive Cervical Cancer ICC has been identified as the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality compared to other cancers among women in Cameroon. Cervical cancer can be treated e ectively if diagnosed early. Less than half the number of participants presented with good practice.The correlation between participants’ knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association which therefore provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The result obtained in this study indicates how useful it will be to establish health education programs to increase women’s awareness and knowledge about cervical cancer. Fongang Che Landis | Enow-Orock George | Njajou Omer | Ngowe Ngowe Marcelin "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice toward Cervical Cancer and Cervical Cancer Screening and Its Associated Factors among Women in the City of Bamenda, Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43667.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/43667/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-toward-cervical-cancer-and-cervical-cancer-screening-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-in-the-city-of-bamenda-cameroon/fongang-che-landis
Toward Integrated Clinical and Gene Expression Profiles for Breast Cancer Pro...CSCJournals
Breast cancer patients with the same diagnostic and clinical prognostic profile can have markedly different clinical outcome. This difference is possibly caused by the limitation of current breast cancer prognostic indices, which group molecularly distinct patients into similar clinical classes based mainly on morphological of disease. Traditional clinical based prognosis models were discovered contain some restriction to address the heterogeneity of breast cancer. The invention of microarray technology and its ability to simultaneously interrogate thousands genes has changed the paradigm of molecular classification of human cancers as well as it shifted clinical prognosis model to broader prospect. Numerous studies have revealed the potential value of gene expression signatures in examining the risk of disease recurrence. However, currently most of these studies attempted to implement genetic marker based prognostic models to replace the traditional clinical markers, yet neglecting the rich information contain in clinical information. Therefore, this research took an effort to integrate both clinical and microarray data in order to obtain accurate breast cancer prognosis, by taking into account that these data complements each other. This article presents a review of the development of breast cancer prognosis models, concentrating precisely on clinical and gene expression profiles. The literature is reviewed in an explicit machine learning framework, which include the elements of feature selection and classification techniques.
The dyslipidemia-associated SNP on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster predicts post...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Post-surgery therapies are given to early-stage breast cancer patients due to the possibility of residual micrometastasis, and optimized by clincopathological parameters such as tumor stage, and hormone receptor/lymph node status. However, current efficacy of post-surgery therapies is unsatisfactory, and may be varied according to unidentified patient genetic factors. Increases of breast cancer occurrence and recurrence have been associated with dyslipidemia, which can attribute to other known risk factors of breast cancer including obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Thus we reasoned that dyslipidemia-associated nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster may predict breast cancer risk and tumor progression.
Study of the relation between testosterone levels and the severity of acne vu...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Acne vulgaris (AV) is long-lasting inflammatory illness of pilosebaceous unit and is clinically characterized by seborrhea and open and closed comedones, and in the severe cases, papules, pustules, nodules, deep pustules, and pseudocysts. The situation starts after adolescence and is a common skin disorder in adolescents and young grown person. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between testosterone levels and the states of AV among unmarried women. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 52 unmarried women, from which 26 women were with AV and 26 were used as control (age ranges were from 14 to 36 years). The patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of AV (sever, moderate, and mild). Results: Serum testosterone was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in severe and moderate acne patients, while the serum testosterone level shows no significant difference in females with mild acne disease when compared with that of female control group (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: The conclusion of the study found a significant association between serum testosterone and severity of AV, and there was no correlation between the severity of AV and patients ages.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Background- Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent type of cancer in India. It is considered as the most commonly diagnosed cancer and constitutes the leading cause of cancer related mortality. The majority of lung cancer is due to smoking. Tobacco use has been reported to be one of the main causes of lung cancer. It has been observed in previous studies that excess body weight and obesity are protective factors against lung cancer in current and former smokers. Material and Methods- The present study recruited 235 lung cancer patients. BMI was categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5 to <25kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). The study was conducted to establish the association of BMI with gender, smoking status, and histological subtypes of lung cancer. Results- Out of 235 patients enrolled, 55.32% were underweight, 40.43% were normal weight, 3.4% of patients were classified as overweight and 0.85% was obese. This study shows significant association of BMI with smoking status (p<0.0057) while non-significant association with gender (p=0.75) and histological subtypes (p=0.74). Conclusion- We were concluded that significant association was found between BMI and smoking status while non significant association was observed between BMI and gender as well as BMI and histological subtypes of lung cancer patients in the north Indian population in this study. Key-words- Lung Cancer, Mortality, Smoking, BMI, Histological Subtypes
The NSW Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR)Cancer Council NSW
The NSW CLEAR case-control study commenced in 2006.
It collects lifestyle and demographic information as well as
biospecimens from people with all types of cancer and controls, which are available as an open resource for researchers.
Breast surgery for Metastatic Breast Cancer : Cochrane Analysis Kundan Singh
Breast surgery plus systemic treatment may improve local PFS when compared to systemic treatment alone (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.57; 2 studies; 607 women; I2 = 43%; low quality evidence)
The group receiving breast surgery plus systemic treatment probably had a shorter time
to distant PFS compared to the group receiving systemic treatment alone (HR 1.42, 95%CI 1.08 to 1.86; 1 study; 350 women; moderate-quality evidence)
Study on Histopathological Correlation with ER, PR, and HER 2 Neu Receptor Status in Breast Carcinoma and its Prognostic Importance
Mahendra Singh, Jagdish Kumar*, Anita Omhare, Vandana Mishra, Chayanika Kala
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.1.3
SUO_HCM4004_W2_A2_Estevez_Maria.docxby Maria Estevez.docxpicklesvalery
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ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to EDMC
St udent Paper
A. Clements. "Diagnosed with breast cancer
while on a f amily history screening programme:
an exploratory qualitative study.", European
Journal of Cancer Care/09615423, 20080501
Publicat ion
Submitted to Walden University
St udent Paper
P Hopwood. "Surviving breast cancer: can
women expect to 'get back to normal'?", Breast
Cancer Research, 2008
Publicat ion
orca.cf .ac.uk
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SUO_HCM4004_W2_A2_Estevez_Maria.docxby Maria EstevezSUO_HCM4004_W2_A2_Estevez_Maria.docxORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Diagnosed with breast cancer while on a family history
screening programme: an exploratory qualitative study
A. CLEMENTS, bsc, senior research nurse, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group,
University of Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, B.J. HENDERSON, phd, research psycholo-
gist, Institute of Medical & Social Care Research, Ardudwy, Normal Site, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd,
S. TYNDEL, ba, research officer, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group, University of
Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, G. EVANS, md frcp, consultant in medical genetics,
Department of Clinical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, K. BRAIN, phd, senior research fellow,
Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, J. AUSTOKER, phd,
director, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group, University of Oxford, Department of
Primary Health Care, Oxford, & E. WATSON, phd, deputy director, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Educa-
tion Research Group, University of Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, UK for the PIMMS Study
Management Group*
CLEMENTS A., HENDERSON B.J., TYNDEL S., EVANS G., BRAIN K., AUSTOKER J. & WATSON E. FOR
THE PIMMS STUDY MANAGEMENT GROUP (2008) European Journal of Cancer Care 17, 245–252
Diagnosed with breast cancer while on a family history screening programme: an exploratory qualitative study
Mammographic screening is offered to many women under 50 in the UK who are at moderate or high risk of
developing breast cancer because of their family history of the disease. Little is understood about the impact
of screening on the emotional well-being of women with a family history of breast cancer. This qualitative
study explores the value that women at increased risk placed on screening, both pre- and post-cancer diagnosis
and the impact of the diagnosis. In-depth inte ...
The LANCET Oncology is the world-leading clinical oncology research journal globally (2021 Journal Citation Reports®, Clarivate 2022) With an Impact Factor of 54·433.
Publisher: Elsevier's Oncology Journal Network
Total Indexing – 11
Some Indexing sites are – Scopus , MEDLINE ,PubMed , Chemical Abstracts , Essential Science Indicators ,etc .
Editor :David Collingridge, Editor-in-Chief , gained a PhD in Tumour Biology from the Gray Cancer Institute/University College London (UK) and held research posts in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University (USA) and in the PET Oncology Group, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital (UK)
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among women, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of cancer deaths in 2008. As dietary fat is thought to be one of the main risk factors, this webinar will focus on the opposing effects of the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) and the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on factors related to breast cancer risk, development and prognosis, including their influence on cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin production, the impact of inflammation within the tissue microenvironment, impact on aromatase and oestrogen production and impact on genetic aspects of breast cancer such as modulation of BRAC1 and BRAC2 genes.
Knowledge Discovery from Breast Cancer Databaseiosrjce
In this paper, we study various factors leading to breast cancer and also a few symptoms that act as
biomarkers for the occurrence of breast cancer in women. Totally 18 factors are taken for study. Statistical
techniques are used to analyze the influence of various factors towards the disease and test for significance of
factors is also done. Besides association rule mining is attempted to generate possible factors that may lead to
breast cancer. An attempt to classify the given dataset using information gain techniques and CHAID
techniques was done. Clustering was also done to predict the occurrence of breast cancer. The results show
that there is more possibility of developing breast cancer among married working women who have breast fed less than 2.5 years in total.
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...Premier Publishers
Serum levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) of breast cancer patients and controls were compared with a view to determining association between exposure of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and breast cancer. Fifty breast cancer patients and fifty age-matched control women were recruited from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demography and essential breast cancer risk factors. Five millilitres of blood was collected from each participant and the serum was analysed for DDT and HCH using Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that almost all case women had no identifiable risk factors for breast cancer. The median DDT levels among case and control women were 11.87 ppb and 6.395 ppb, respectively. The levels of δ-HCH among case and control women were 5.82 ppb and 0.00 ppb while that of γ-HCH were 10.84 ppb and 0.00 ppb, respectively. This study confirmed exposure to OCPs among the studied population and revealed significantly higher levels (p≤0.05) in case women than controls, thereby, suggesting that exposure to OCPs may be a significant risk factor for breast cancer in Nigeria.
— Female genital tuberculosis is one of the major etiological factors of female infertility. Diagnosis of genital tuberculosis is very important in such cases. So this comparative observational type of study was carried out on infertile women to compare the diagnostic effectively of ultrasonograpgy (USG), genital tuberculosis, Tuberculin test, Nucleic acid amplification test (PCR), histopathology and hysteroscopy & laparoscopy (DHL) assuming culture as gold standard. It was observed that the 28% of infertile cases were found positive for genital tuberculosis on culture. Sensitivity of PCR 64.28%, DHL 92.85%, USG 42.85%, Histopathology 60.71% and Tuberculin Test 64.28%. So sensitivity was found with significant variation ranging from 42.85% with ultrasonography (USG) to 92.85% with DHL. Specificity of PCR 52.77%, DHL 55.55%, USG 98.61%, Histopathology 91.66% and Tuberculin Test 36.11%. So specificity was also found with significant variation being found maximum with USG (98.61%) and minimum with tuberculin test (36.11%). Positive predictive value (PPV) was found maximum (92.3%) with USG and minimum (28.12%) with tuberculin test and negative predictive value (NPV) was found maximum (95.23%) with DHL and minimum (72.22%) with tuberculin test. Diagnostic effectively of diagnosing GTB with various studied modalities vary with significant variation.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
Study the role of estradiol and luteinizing hormones in breast tumors incidence in the women in al najaf governorate- iraq
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol 14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Study the role of Estradiol and Luteinizing hormones in breast
tumors incidence in the women in Al-Najaf Governorate- Iraq
Ali H.Al-Saadi 1 , Ezzate H.Ajeena 2 , Haider K.Zaidan 1 , Mufeed Ewadh*3
1 . Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon- Iraq
2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kufa- Iraq
3. Department of clinical biochemistry,college of medicine ,university of Babylon,Iraq
*
E-mail ; mewadh@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study aims to illustration the role of some important risk factors which including age, age at menarche
, menopausal status, the levels of estradiol(E2) and luteinizing hormones(LH) in the increasing breast tumors
incidence by using 120 women, divided into three groups; control group including forty healthy women, benign
group containing forty women with breast benign tumor and malignant group of forty women with malignant
breast tumor, this last group subdivided into; malignant presurgery and malignant post surgery groups each one
contain twenty women.
The results showed that benign breast tumors are more common in women with
interval age 31-40 years whereas malignant breast tumors were more common in women with interval age 41-50
years. Early age at menarche wasn’t significantly associated with increasing breast cancer incidence,
contrariwise menopausal status which was significantly associated with increasing this disease . The results
revealed a significant elevation P≤ 0.05 in the levels of estradiol E2, and Luteinizing hormones in the women
with breast cancer before tumor excision and reduction in the levels of these hormones in the women after tumor
excision indicating the role of these hormones in the initiation or promotion breast cancer.
In conclusion, this study revealed that breast cancer incidence increased in women in forties and fifties of age
and increasing the levels of endogenous hormones such as Estradiol, and luteinizing hormones can increased risk
of developing breast cancer especially in postmenopausal women.
Key word : Brest cancer , Risk factor , Estradiol(E2) , luteinizing hormones
1. Introduction
All cancers start as a single cell that loses control of its normal growth and replication processes and
they affect many different tissues and types of cells. About 85%of adult cancers which develop from the
epithelial cells of the inner and outer lining of the body are called carcinomas (American Institute for Cancer
Research,2007). Generally breast cancer is the second most common cancer after lung cancer
(WHO,2003).Moreover ,it is the commonest malignancy in females as it constitutes about 3 folds more common
than all gynecological malignancies put together, and it has become a major health problem in the developed
world (Horner et al.,2008).Breast cancer a heterogeneous disease that encompasses several distinct entities with
different biological characteristics and clinical behavior (Carey et al.,2007;Dent et al.,2007). The 2003 world
health organization (WHO) classification of breast tumor which includes benign (harmless) tumors and
malignant (cancerous )tumors(Peter et al.,2003).
Breast cancer is influenced by multiple risk factors which can be classified into four groups (Abulkhair et al.,
2010). These groups are: first reproductive factor such as age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first
pregnancy and lactation (Veronesi et al., 2005). Second is genetic and family history (Raicevic and Radulovic,
2000). Third is a history of benign proliferative breast diseases (Wang et al., 2004) . Fourth include obesity, diet,
al-cohol intake and smoking (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002).
2. Materials and methods:
2.1 Sampling of cases.
(a) Study group : forty cases of female patients with breast carcinoma were included in this study ,their
ages ranging from 25 to 70 years .Twenty cases of these patients were in early detection of breast cancer .The
other twenty cases were post-excision tumor patients .
(b) Comparative group: forty cases of female patients with benign breast tumor were included in this
study, their ages ranging from 15 to 50 years to compare them with malignant and normal breast patients.
(c) Control group : forty cases of normal females which were healthy and don’t undergo from any
breast diseases or other diseases .these cases were of the same age of malignant group
2.2 Collection of blood samples.
Blood samples were collected from healthy control, benign and malignant patients according to the method
which used by (Dorgan et al.,2010)
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Vol 14, 2013
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2.3 Measurement of hormones
Reagents of estradiol hormone (E2) according to estradiol hormone kit , DRG, Germany. Reagents of
luteinizing hormone (LH) according to luteinizing hormone kit , Monobind, USA.
3. Results
3.1 Age
The highest percentage of malignant patients in this study was recorded in (41-50 years) with 12 cases (30%)
followed by 11 cases (27.5%) were seen (31-40 y), 9 cases (22.5%) were seen in (51-60 y),and 7 cases (17.5%)
were seen in (61-70 y),while only one case (2.5%) was noted in (21-30) and there was no cases recorded in ≤20
years .In benign tumor patients the highest percentage was noted in (31-40 y) with 13 cases (32.5%) ,while the
lowest percentage in (41-50 y) with 6 cases (15%). The interval age ≤20 years recorded 11 cases (27.5%) which
revealed increasing in compared with 10 cases (25%) in (21-30y). While there was no case recorded in age (5160 y),(61-70 y) respectively which reflect the tendency of benign tumor incidence in younger age . As shown in
figure (1)
3.2 Age at menarche.
Table (1) shows the percentage of women who begin menarche at age more than 12 years in malignant(80%)
,benign(92.5%) breast tumor and control (85%) groups recorded prevalence ,while women of the same groups
above who begin menarche at age less than 12 years have little percentage(20%,7.5%,15%)respectively.
3.3 Menopausal status .
The results of table (2) showed that the women who are premenopause in malignant group have less percentage
14(35%) in comparing with control 18(45%) and benign groups 37(92.5),while postmenopausal women in
malignant group recorded higher percentage 26(65%) than those of control 22(55%)and benign groups 3(7.5%).
Benign group showed a significant difference P≤0.05 when being compared with control group, malignant group
showed a significant difference P≤0.05 as compared with benign group .
3.4 Estradiol hormone (E2).
The results of figure (2) showed a highly significant difference P≤0.000 in the levels of estradiol hormone E2 as
compared with the studied groups ,the levels of this hormone in malignant presurgery group(98.30±75.10) was
the highest followed by benign group (63.32±31.99) then control group(41.57±30.33) and finally malignant
postsurgery group(29.60±20.33).Table (3) explains multiple comparisons in serum estradiol hormone levels
among study population .When the comparison was set between control and benign groups ,the result records a
significant difference P≤0.017 ,there was highly significant difference P≤0.000 between control and malignant
presurgery groups and the results show no a significant difference P≤0.281 between malignant postsurgery and
control groups .The results record high significant difference (P≤0.002 and P≤0.003)respectively in comparison
between benign versus malignant presurgery and benign versus malignant postsurgery groups. Finally the
comparison between malignant presurgery and postsurgery was highly significant P≤0.000.
3.5 Luteinizing hormone .
The results of figure (3) proves that a highly significant difference P≤0.001 in the level of luteinizing hormone
as compared among studied groups .This table explains that the level of luteinizing hormone when measured in
forty healthy women was 1.56±0.80 ,while when being measured in forty benign breast tumor women there was
slight increasing 2.87±2.08 ,whereas the level of the same hormone revealed marked increasing 4.78±2.12 as
measured in twenty women with breast cancer before surgery then recorded decreasing in it's level 3.64±1.46 in
twenty women with breast cancer after surgery. Table (4) shows multiple comparisons among studied groups
,first studied group reveals highly significant difference P≤0.001 as compared with malignant presurgery group
while in the same first group there was no a significant difference (P≤0.615, P≤0.247) respectively between
control versus benign and control versus malignant postsurgery groups .With regard to second group in which
there were two comparisons the first was with significant difference P≤0.000 between benign and malignant
presurgery groups. The second comparison was without significant difference P≤0.118 between benign versus
malignant postsurgery. Last comparison was between malignant presurgery and malignant postsurgery exhibits
no a significant difference P≤0.042.
4. Discussion
4.1 Age
In the present study maximum number of women with malignant breast cancer were observed in 41-50
years (12 cases) followed by 51-60 years (11 cases) .The average age was 49.1 years .These results agreed with
previous studies in Iraq (Waheda, 1998 ; Madhoor ,2002),(figure 1). Age is the single most important risk factor
in breast cancer. Compared with women in their twenties, women are 10 times as likely to develop breast cancer
in their thirties ,40 times as likely in their forties ,60 times as likely in their fifties and 90 times as likely after
sixties (Forbes, 1997).
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Vol 14, 2013
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4.2 Age at menarche
The association between breast cancer risk and the age at menarche is consistent with the hypothesis; breast
cancer risk is related to the total extent of breast mitotic activity which driven by estrogen exposure during the
luteal phase of menstrual cycle which will determine the probability of tumorigenic somatic events (Pike et
al.,1993). The results of this study showed only 20% of women in malignant group and 7.5% women in benign
group whose age at menarche began before 12 years while the remaining women in malignant and benign groups
their age at menarche began after 12 years, table (1) .Our results supported by (Chang-Claude et al.,2007 ;
Barnett et al.,2008) who showed that no association between breast cancer risk and age at menarche.
4.3 Menopausal status
The results of the present study show among study population there were 92.5% of women in benign group were
premenopause as compared with 35% with same feature in malignant group, table (2) .This result indicates that
benign breast diseases were more often found in premenopausal women as (Ernster,1981;Bodian et al.,1993) did
. The rate of fibroadenoma (which was included the most important condition in breast benign diseases) rises to
75% for biopsies in women under age twenty years (Greenberg et al.,1998) . On other hand the results of this
study revealed that postmenopausal women in malignant group recorded high prevalence (65%) in comparing
with benign group which recorded only (7.5%), table (2) , this result was in parallel with(National Breast Cancer
Coalition (NBCC),1999) which appeared that breast cancer occurs more often in postmenopausal women about
75% of cases. The increasing in the risk which associated with this menopausal status may be explained possibly
due to the increased levels of circulating estradiol hormone and reduced level of sex hormone binding globulin
by the conversion of androgens to estradiol in adipose tissues (Calle and Kaaks,2004).
4.4 Estradiol hormone (E2)
The present study demonstrated that there was a significant increasing in the levels of serum estradiol hormone
in malignant presurgery women, figure (2) and this result was supported by Blair (2010) who explained that the
postmenopausal women with elevated plasma or serum estrogen hormone are at increased risk of developing
breast cancer. Estrogen can cause cancer by stimulating cell proliferation(promotion) and causing genotoxic
damage(initiation), estrogen are highly mitogenic in hormone sensitive tissues such as breast ,prolonged
exposure of target tissues and cells to excessive mitogenic stimulation by estrogens has been considered an
important etiological factor for induction breast cancer (Hiraku et al.,2001).The result of this study was revealed
a significant difference P≤0.017 when comparison made between control and benign groups, table(3) ,these
result was supported by Khanna et al. (2012) who found that serum estradiol hormone significantly higher in
women with breast benign diseases than in normal control. It has been postulated that both benign and malignant
breast tumor have a hormonal origin because of estradiol hormone profound stimulatory influence on breast
ductal epithelium and it was thought that it must play a central role in this disease (Wu et al.,1999).
4.5 Luteinizing hormone (LH) .
The results show a significant increasing in the levels of serum luteinizing hormone in the women in malignant
presurgery group, figure (3) ,this result was confirmed by a study explaining the presence of direct effects of LH
on breast cells themselves (Guo et al.,2004) , there was elevation in the levels of serum LH among
postmenopausal women with breast cancer as Krishnamoorthy et al.(1994) found. How luteinizing hormone and
it's receptors exert their effects on breast cancer cells is unclear ,however, one possibility may explain these
effects which refer to that effects take place through luteinizing hormone receptors which present in the ovaries
thereby influencing steroid hormone production , another possibility is that effects happen through luteinizing
hormone receptors present in malignant tumor cells as some studies have detected these receptors in both normal
and neoplastic breast tissues and in breast cancer cell lines (Kuijper et al.,2009). As luteinizing hormone (LH)
and luteinizing hormone receptors (LHR) are both involved in estradiol hormone synthesis , functionally
important polymorphisms in these genes could alter the levels of estrogen exposure and thereby contribute to
breast cancer risk determination (Powell et al.,2003).
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Wang,J.; Costantino,J.P.; Tan-Chiu,E.; Wickerham,D.L.; Paik,S. and Wolmark, N.(2004). Lower-category
benign breast disease and the risk of invasive breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.,96:616-20.
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO) .(2003). World Cancer
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Wu,A.H.; Pike,M.C.; and Stram,D.O.(1999). Meta-analysis dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels and the risk
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Table (1) Distribution of control, benign and malignant breast tumor groups according to age at
menarche
Control group
Benign group
Malignant group
Age at
χ2
%
%
%
menarche(year)
No.
No.
No.
≤12
6
15
3
7.5
8
20
≥ 12
34
85
37
92.5
32
80
Total
40
100
40
100.0
40
100.0
2.583
Table (2) Distribution of control, benign and malignant breast tumor groups according to menopausal
status .
Control group
Benign group
Malignant group
Menopausal status
χ2
No .
%
No .
%
No.
%
Premenopause
18
45
37
92.5
14
35
Postmenopause
22
55
3
7.5
26
65
Total
40
100
40
100.0
40
100.0
a= significant differences when comparing benign with control group at P<0.05
significant differences when comparing malignant with benign group at P<0.05
95
30.638 a c
c=
6. Advances in Life Science and Technology
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol 14, 2013
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Table (3) Result of multiple comparisons of estradiol hormone among control, benign and malignant (pre
and postsurgery) groups
Studied group
Control
Groups
P. value
Sig .
Significant at <0.05
0.000
Highly significant at <0.05
Malignant postsurgery
0.281
Non significant at<0.05
Malignant presurgery
0.002
Highly significant at<0.05
Malignant postsurgery
Malignant presurgery
0.017
Malignant presurgery
Benign
Benign
0.003
Highly significant at <0.05
Malignant postsurgery
0.000
Highly significant at <0.05
Table (4) Result of multiple comparisons of luteinizing hormone among control, benign and malignant
(pre and postsurgery)groups
Studied group
Groups
P. value
Sig .
Control
Non significant at<0.05
0.001
Highly significant at<0.05
Malignant postsurgery
0.247
Non significant at<0.05
Malignant presurgery
0.000
Highly significant at<0.05
Malignant postsurgery
Malignant presurgery
0.615
Malignant presurgery
Benign
Benign
0.118
Non significant at<0.05
Malignant postsurgery
0.042
Significant at<0.05
96
7. Advances in Life Science and Technology
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol 14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Figure (1): Distribution of age of malignant and benign breast cancer patients .
*
Estradiol hormone (E2) pg/ml
120
98.3
100
80
63.32
60
41.57
40
25.57
20
0
control group
benign group
malignant
malignant
presurgery group postsurgery group
Cases groups
*= Significant difference at P≤0.05
Figure (2): Serum estradiol hormone levels (E2) (pg/ml) in control, benign and malignant (pre and
postsurgery) groups .
*
Luteinizing hormone (mIU/ml)
6
4.78
5
3.64
4
2.87
3
2
1.56
1
0
control group
benign group
malignant presurgery
group
malignant postsurgery
group
Cases groups
*= Significant difference at P≤0.05
Figure (3): Serum luteinizing hormone levels (µIU/ml) in control, benign and malignant (pre and
postsurgery)groups.
97
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