The document outlines the risk factors underlying disasters, including exposure, hazards, and vulnerability, emphasizing their connection to social, economic, and environmental conditions. It discusses how factors such as gender, age, economic status, climate change, and governance contribute to disaster risk, particularly in developing countries like the Philippines. Additionally, it highlights the psychological impact on survivors and the importance of understanding these risk factors to mitigate disaster effects and promote safety.

1. RISK FACTORS
UNDERLYING
DISASTERS
DON BOSCO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE OF VICTORIAS INC.
VICMICO, Victorias City, 6119 Negros Occidental, Philippines
Senior High School Department | School Year 2022–2023
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics 11
Chapter 1: Basic Concept of Disaster & Disaster
Risks
Prepared by: Lord William B. Pacurib

2. COMPETENCY: Differentiate the risk factors
underlying disasters; (DRR11/12-Ia-b-2)
• Identify the risk factors underlying disasters and
describe each of them.
• Utilize the gained knowledge in real life
situations to avoid harm and assure safety
• Appreciate the importance of understanding the
risk factors underlying disasters to mitigate the
effects of disaster and practice mitigation
measures as early as necessary.
OBJECTIVES
Risk Underlying Disasters
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

3. 1. Refrain from talking if the teacher is having his
lecture. Talk only if you are called.
2. Quietly remain on your seats while the class is
ongoing (do not roam around the room).
3. Render appropriate courtesy towards the
teacher.
4. Standard handbook rules apply.
5. Violation of aforementioned rules will be reflected
on the violator’s diary.
RULES
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

4. INTRODUCTION
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Disaster can affect everyone. It does not
discriminate between and among social classes,
gender, creed, race, and nationality.
• But certain risk factors put those affected in
a position where they will have graver or
longer-lasting post-disaster stress reactions.
• These aggravating factors contribute to
evident differences in the stress reactions of
certain individuals with certain
characteristics.

5. Disaster risk has three
important elements.
• Exposure
• Hazard
• Vulnerability
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

6. Exposure are the elements
at risk from a natural or
man-made hazard event.
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

7. Hazards are potentially dangerous
physical occurrences, phenomenon
or human activities that may result
in loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic
disruption, or environmental
degradation.
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

8. Vulnerability is the condition
determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental
factors or processes, which
increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazard.
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

9. Reduction of the level of
vulnerability and exposure is possible by
keeping people and property as distant
as possible from hazards. We can not
avoid natural events from occurring, but
we can concentrate on addressing the
reduction of risk and exposure by
determining the factors causing disasters.
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

10. Risk factors are processes or
conditions, often development-
related, that influence the level of
disaster risk by increasing levels
of exposure and vulnerability or
reducing capacity.
LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE

11. LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Severity of exposure measures those who experience disaster firsthand which has
the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed by those in contact
with the victims such as rescue workers and health care practitioners and the lowest
risk are those most distant like those who have awareness of the disaster only
through news.

12. LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Gender and family: The female
sex suffers more adverse effects.
This worsens when children are
present at home. Marital
relationships are placed under
strain.

13. LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Age: Adults in the age range
of 40-60 are more stressed
after disasters. But in general,
children exhibit more stress
after disasters than adults do.

14. LESSON PROPER
A. Risk Factors
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Economic status of country: Evidence
indicates that severe mental problems
resulting from disasters are more prevalent
in developing countries like the
Philippines. Furthermore, it has been
observed that natural disasters tend to
have more adverse effects in developing
countries than do man-caused disasters in
developed countries.

15. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Climate change can increase
disaster risk in a variety of ways –
by altering the frequency and
intensity of hazards events,
affecting vulnerability to hazards,
and changing exposure patterns.

16. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Environmental degradation, driven by factors like
deforestation and overconsumption of natural
resources, is a dual-sided catalyst for disasters,
influencing hazard frequency and intensity,
exacerbating vulnerability to events like landslides
and storm surges, and compromising the
environment's ability to provide crucial services,
thereby creating a feedback loop of increased
disaster risk and environmental decline.

17. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Globalized economic development
intensifies global wealth disparity, with
heightened exposure of assets in hazard-
prone areas; however, effective risk-
sensitive strategies, including investing in
protective infrastructure and upgrading
settlements, offer an opportunity to
enhance resilience.

18. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Poverty and inequality exacerbates vulnerability to
disasters, as impoverished individuals residing in
hazard-prone areas lack resources for risk reduction,
face difficulties accessing insurance and social
protection, and often spiral further into poverty due to
the financial strain of disaster losses, making poverty
both a cause and consequence of disaster risk.

19. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Rapid and poorly planned urban
development in hazard-exposed
countries poses risks due to the
concentration of people, poverty,
and disaster vulnerability, while
also presenting opportunities for
resilient investment.

20. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
In areas of weak governance,
characterized by the inability or
unwillingness of public sector actors to fulfill
their roles, disaster risk is concentrated,
particularly in lower-income countries, and
disaster risk governance involves specific
societal arrangements for managing risk
within a broader context of overall risk
governance.

21. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
The Philippines, situated in a
geographically precarious position,
faces heightened vulnerability to
natural disasters, including storms,
flooding, mudslides, typhoons,
tsunamis from offshore trenches like
the Manila Trench, and seismic activity
along the Ring of Fire.

22. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
Certain factors related to a survivor’s background and
recovery is hampered if survivors:
• were not functioning well before the disaster;
• have no experience dealing with disasters;
• must deal with other stressors after the disaster;
• have low self-esteem;
• feel uncared for by others;
• think they exercise little control over what happens to
them; and
• unable to manage stress.

23. LESSON PROPER
B. Factors Which Underlie Disaster
DREAM | BUILD | TRANSFORM | INNOVATE
More factors contributory to worse outcomes:
• death of someone close;
• injury to self or family member;
• life threat;
• panic, horror, or similar feelings;
• separation from family;
• massive loss of property; and
• displacement