2. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Loss of Employment: Gina has
recently been laid off from her job as
a sales clerk. This poses an immediate
financial risk as she may struggle to
meet her basic needs without a stable
source of income.
3. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Limited Resources: Gina and her
siblings are already struggling to
survive with limited resources. The loss
of income exacerbates their financial
vulnerability, making it difficult to
afford basic necessities.
4. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Natural Disaster (Typhoon Yolanda):
The typhoon has resulted in the loss of
Gina's home and tragically, the lives
of her two younger sisters. The
destruction caused by the storm surge adds a
layer of complexity, leaving them homeless and
potentially without essential belongings.
5. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Emotional Trauma: Gina has
experienced significant personal loss
due to the typhoon, including the
death of her sisters, childhood friends,
and playmates. This can lead to emotional
trauma, impacting her mental well-being and
ability to cope with the challenges she faces.
6. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Community Impact: The scenario
highlights the broader impact of the typhoon on
the community, with a significant loss of life
(2000 residents) and infrastructure. This can
result in a lack of support systems and resources
within the community, making recovery more
challenging for individuals like Gina.
7. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Grief and Bereavement: Gina is
dealing with the grief of losing her
sisters and the emotional toll of losing
childhood friends. Grieving is a
complex process that can affect
mental health and well-being.
8. Risks that are reflected from the text.
Displacement: The destruction of
Gina's home adds the risk of
displacement. She may not have a
stable living situation, which can
further complicate her ability to
rebuild her life.
10. Risk Factors are processes or
conditions, often development-
related, that influence the level of
disaster risk by increasing levels of
exposure and vulnerability
or reducing capacity.
11. Disaster risk as defined in the first module,
has three important elements such as:
1. Exposure - the “elements at risk
from a natural or man-made
hazard event (Quebral, 2016).
12. 2. Hazard-a potentially dangerous
physical occurrence, phenomenon or
human activity that may result in loss of
life or injury, property damage, social
and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation.
13. 3. Vulnerability - the condition
determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental factors or
processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the
impact of hazard (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United nation, FAO 2008).
14. When risk factors for
disasters are involved,
the following are also
taken into account:
15. ➢Severity of exposure - which measures those
who experience disaster firsthand which has the
highest risk of developing future mental
problems, followed by those in contact with the
victims such as rescue workers and health care
practitioners and the lowest risk are those most
distant like those who have awareness of the
disaster only through news.
16. ➢Gender and Family - the female gender suffers
more adverse effects. This worsens when
children are present at home. Marital
relationships are placed under strain.
➢Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are
more stressed after disasters but in general,
children exhibit more stress after disasters than
adults do.
17. ➢ Economic status of country - evidence indicates
that severe mental problems resulting from
disasters are more prevalent in developing
countries like the Philippines.
Furthermore, it has been observed that natural disasters
tend to have more adverse effects in developing
countries than do man caused disasters in developed
countries.
19. 1. Climate Change - For most people, the
expression “climate change” means the
alteration of the world’s climate that we
humans are causing such as burning of
fossil fuels, deforestation and other
practices that increase the carbon footprint
and concentration of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
20. This is in line with the official definition by the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) that climate change is the change that can
be attributed “directly or indirectly to human activity
that alters the composition of the global atmosphere
and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods”
21. 2. Environmental Degradation -
changes to the environment can
influence the frequency and intensity
of hazards, as well as our exposure
and vulnerability to these hazards.
22. 3. Globalized Economic Development
-refers to the increasing integration of
national economies around the world,
particularly through trade and financial
flows. It is the process of increased
interconnectedness among countries usually a result
in a better standard living and an overall improved
quality of life.
23. 4. Poverty and Inequality –
are two related concepts that measure
the distribution of wellbeing in a
society.
24. 4. Poverty and Inequality –
The lack of access to insurance and
social protection means that people in
poverty are often forced to use their
already limited assets to buffer
disaster losses, which drives them
into further poverty.
25. 5. Poorly planned and
Managed Urban Development -
can lead to congestion, higher
crime rates, pollution, increased
levels of inequality and social
exclusion.
26. 6. Weak governance refers to investment
environments in which public sector actors
are unable or unwilling to assume their roles
and responsibilities in protecting rights,
providing basic services, public services,
and ensuring that public sector management
is efficient and effective.
