Risk factors predict increased likelihood of problem behaviors like drug use and delinquency. These include characteristics of environments like schools, communities, families, and peer groups. Protective factors reduce the influence of risk and likelihood of problem behaviors through bonding, beliefs, standards, and individual characteristics. Research on risk and protective factors informs prevention programs, which address elevated risks and increase protections to promote positive youth development.
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and Dependence (Lesso...Jewel Jem
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and Dependence
Lesson for Grade 9 (Health) MAPEH
Contents:
> Risk & Protective Factors (meaning)
> Factors composed of influences in Life Domains
- Personal
- Family
- Peer and Friends
- School
- Community
Long Term and Short Term Effects of Drug Use, Abuse and Misuse (Grade 9 Lesso...Jewel Jem
Includes the Long term and Short Term Effects of the following classifications of drugs:
> Gateway Drugs
> Narcotics
> Stimulants
> Depressants
> Hallucinogens
> Inhalants
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, CBBS, Florida approved continuing education series in mental health, substance abuse and dual disorders counseling for nurses, counselors, therapists, social workers and addictions professionals.
DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES
*COMMON CONCEPTS IN DRUG EDUCATION
The following are the usual words you will encounter in studying substance use and abuse:
DRUGS
DRUGS OF ABUSE
DRUG DEPENDENCE
DRUG MISUSE
DRUG ABUSE
DRUG TOLERANCE
PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS
(Facility Based)
CY 2018
• AGE : Mean age of 32 years old
• SEX : Ratio of Male to Female (9:1)
• CIVIL STATUS : Single (51.20%)
• STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT : Unemployed (50.06%)
• EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : High School Level (28.14%)
• ECONOMIC STATUS : Average Family Income Php 11,265.10
• PLACE OF RESIDENCE : Urban (specifically NCR (4.81%)
• DURATION OF DRUG USE : More than six (6) years
• NATURE OF DRUG TAKING : Mono drug use (abuse of 1 drug only)
• DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE :
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Contact Cement (Rugby)
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and Dependence (Lesso...Jewel Jem
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and Dependence
Lesson for Grade 9 (Health) MAPEH
Contents:
> Risk & Protective Factors (meaning)
> Factors composed of influences in Life Domains
- Personal
- Family
- Peer and Friends
- School
- Community
Long Term and Short Term Effects of Drug Use, Abuse and Misuse (Grade 9 Lesso...Jewel Jem
Includes the Long term and Short Term Effects of the following classifications of drugs:
> Gateway Drugs
> Narcotics
> Stimulants
> Depressants
> Hallucinogens
> Inhalants
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, CBBS, Florida approved continuing education series in mental health, substance abuse and dual disorders counseling for nurses, counselors, therapists, social workers and addictions professionals.
DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES
*COMMON CONCEPTS IN DRUG EDUCATION
The following are the usual words you will encounter in studying substance use and abuse:
DRUGS
DRUGS OF ABUSE
DRUG DEPENDENCE
DRUG MISUSE
DRUG ABUSE
DRUG TOLERANCE
PROFILE OF DRUG ABUSERS
(Facility Based)
CY 2018
• AGE : Mean age of 32 years old
• SEX : Ratio of Male to Female (9:1)
• CIVIL STATUS : Single (51.20%)
• STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT : Unemployed (50.06%)
• EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : High School Level (28.14%)
• ECONOMIC STATUS : Average Family Income Php 11,265.10
• PLACE OF RESIDENCE : Urban (specifically NCR (4.81%)
• DURATION OF DRUG USE : More than six (6) years
• NATURE OF DRUG TAKING : Mono drug use (abuse of 1 drug only)
• DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE :
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Contact Cement (Rugby)
The Dangers of Alcohol - MAPEH 8 (Health 4th Quarter)Carlo Luna
HEALTH Unit 4: Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse
Lesson 2: The Dangers of Alcohol
This material is designed to inform your students about the dangers of alcohol and teach them the various strategies to prevent substance use and abuse.
Prevention of Substance Use & Abuse (Gateway Drugs - Cigarettes)Jewel Jem
GRADE 9 Lesson on
Prevention of Substance Use & Abuse
and
Gateway Drugs (focusing on Cigarettes)
Cigarettes
Contents of Cigarettes
Risks and Other factors :)
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction counselor training curriculum
The Dangers of Cigarette Smoking - MAPEH 8 (Health 4th Quarter)Carlo Luna
HEALTH Unit 4: Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse
Lesson 1: The Dangers of Cigarette Smoking
This material is designed to inform your students about the dangers of cigarette smoking and teach them the various strategies to prevent substance use and abuse.
The Dangers of Alcohol - MAPEH 8 (Health 4th Quarter)Carlo Luna
HEALTH Unit 4: Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse
Lesson 2: The Dangers of Alcohol
This material is designed to inform your students about the dangers of alcohol and teach them the various strategies to prevent substance use and abuse.
Prevention of Substance Use & Abuse (Gateway Drugs - Cigarettes)Jewel Jem
GRADE 9 Lesson on
Prevention of Substance Use & Abuse
and
Gateway Drugs (focusing on Cigarettes)
Cigarettes
Contents of Cigarettes
Risks and Other factors :)
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction counselor training curriculum
The Dangers of Cigarette Smoking - MAPEH 8 (Health 4th Quarter)Carlo Luna
HEALTH Unit 4: Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse
Lesson 1: The Dangers of Cigarette Smoking
This material is designed to inform your students about the dangers of cigarette smoking and teach them the various strategies to prevent substance use and abuse.
Conduct disorder is a disorder of
childhood and adolescence that involves long-term (chronic) behavior problems,
such as:
Defiant or impulsive behavior
Drug use
Criminal activity
Children with conduct disorder may go on to
develop personality disorders as adults, particularly antisocial personality disorder. As their behaviors worsen, these individuals may
also develop drug and legal problems.
Depression and bipolar disorder may develop
in adolescence and early adulthood. Suicide and violence toward others are also
possible complications of this disorder.
6
Running Head: CHILD BEHAVIORS AND SUBSTANCE USE
Child Behavior and Substance Use
By: Tenasia Campbell
Pamela Auburn
University of Houston- Downtown
Due: 4/26/15
Introduction
The issue of substance use is directly associated with morbidity and mortality that does not only harm the individuals using them put also puts those around them at risk. The problem of substance abuse is most common in young adults and children. The health risks associated with substance use are often ignored by these individuals completely putting them at risks of various other problems such as suicide, car crashes and unintentional injuries. Child behavior and substance abuse is directly linked to the parenting style that the child is exposed to. The choices made by these young adolescents are significantly influenced by the way their parents bring them up. However, the influence of parents is not limited to their upbringing style alone; other factors such as their personal choices might impact the child’s behavior significantly. In this paper the influence of parents on their child’s behavior and substance use shall be explored in detail.
Summary
There are a number of common risk factors that make children prone to substance use include the following:
1. Family History of addiction.
2. Psychiatric disorder.
A family history of addiction and substance use significantly makes a child prone to following down the same path. [Kaplow, Curran, & Dodge. (2002)] Parental substance use directly impacts the psychology of the child’s brain making him more likely to find the entire concept of substance use attractive. This notion is directly supported by the Social Learning Theory that hypothesizes that children model their parent’s behavior. Young children have a tendency of mimic and follow the behaviors of their elders. In order to seek approval they unconsciously tend to adopt the ideology of following in their footsteps. Another theory that can be used to signify this notion is the Social Control Theory that hypothesizes that children who have a strong relationship with their parents are less likely to feel the need to rebel and break the rules. The development of a strong emotional bond between parents and adolescents plays a significant role in determining whether or not children become prone to substance abuse. Hence, family history and parental role and involvement both act as strong factors in determining whether or not a child follows the same course. [Petraitis. Flay & Miller. (1995)]
The two theories discussed above go hand in hand. Parental attitude towards the substance use significantly impacts the child’s perception of how they view that entire concept of using drugs. Other factors such as parental monitoring and control portray a similar correlation. The tolerance level of the parent and the level of provision of freedom that is provided to the children can also influence the child’s choice.
Discussion and Evaluation
It has already been estab.
Theory Two Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The BeginningOne of .docxssusera34210
Theory Two
Prenatal Exposure to Drugs - The Beginning
One of the largest groups of at-risk children are those who were prenatally exposed to their mother's drug and alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Commonly abused drugs of choice include heroin, crack-cocaine, marijuana, and prescription drugs such as tranquilizers and stimulants. Substance exposed infants experience after-effects that can slow development as well as psychological and behavior problems. In other words, these children are virtually doomed from birth unless proper diagnosis and intervention aid them in their development as children.
Intervention programs for mothers and their babies can be challenging and very expensive. Some of the drug babies are placed in foster care, which is also costly with dwindling resources of foster care families willing to take on these cases. Add to this the costs associated with special education and other family social services, and the aftercare costs for these youths can be astronomical.
Alcohol Abuse
Another group, and by far the most common, of at-risk children headed for negative developmental outcomes are those whose parents abused alcohol. Alcohol is so common in American society these days that it is not considered a drug. Beer, wine, and liquor are all central nervous system depressants and will have lasting effects on a developing fetus. Infants exposed to this dilemma are at a greater risk in developing behavior problems and poor social skills that can persist into childhood.
Children whose parents abuse alcohol are also at a higher risk for family related problems such as incest, child neglect and abuse, and domestic abuse. Children victim to these behaviors are ashamed of their families and tend to keep these behaviors a secret from other adults such as counselors and teachers. Some of the associated behaviors by children affected by family problems may include:
· Truancy
· Failure in school
· Lack of friends and withdrawal from classmates
· Delinquent behavior - acting out with violence
· Abuse of drugs or alcohol themselves
· Depression or suicidal thoughts or behaviors
Again, early intervention to break this cycle of family behaviors can give these children a better chance at life in becoming successful and productive adults.
Theory one
Role of Genetics
One of the biggest questions facing behavioral scientists today is whether genetics plays a role in formulating a propensity for criminal behavior and specifically for juveniles, delinquent behavior. While many studies have shown and even identified specific genes that have a tendency toward aggressive behavior, social scientists believe that social influences can either heighten the effects of these genes or can hinder their effectiveness.
The gene is the basic unit of heredity. Each gene either by itself or in combination with others controls specific characteristics associated with each individual. Sets of genes determine the nature and amount of growth of every portion ...
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 13
Research Proposal
Constance Lingard
Global University of Arizona
Research Proposal
Introduction
The long-term and life-changing effects of parental substance abuse on their children are well-documented. One of these young people's many dangers is a lack of stable housing. A child who does not live with either biological parent is at far greater risk for adverse health and safety outcomes due to parental substance misuse. Even though research shows that these young individuals are more likely to be homeless, little is known about their real living situations. Illicit drug use by parents has a negative impact on all aspects of their lives, including their ability to care for their children (Lloyd, 2018). Parents who use drugs are more likely to break the law and neglect their children, which can lead to the latter becoming homeless and the former needing the assistance of child welfare agencies.
Background
Drug addiction can devastate a person's physical and mental health. Substance abuse inevitably results in dependence on the abused substance to the point where the user is unable to function normally without it. Alcohol and illegal narcotics are two examples of often abused substances. These chemicals are highly addictive, and their suppliers sometimes have difficulty breaking free of their association with their customers' drug use. Limiting their use is challenging because they're always tempted to partake owing to the substances' euphoric effects (Lipari & Van Horn, 2017). A person's health, among other aspects of their existence, often suffers significantly due to their addiction to such substances. Social and environmental consequences are two more examples. Most drug users would rather be tolerant of their drugs' effects than immune to them. The effects of substance misuse are not confined to the person who uses them; instead, they permeate all aspects of society, including homes, schools, and businesses.
Parents are part of the population known to engage in the intake of illicit drugs, which might be contributed by the challenging economic problems and stressful workplaces. Adults that take illicit drugs and even alcohol might be using it as a remedy to the problems they are experiencing in their workplaces and the financial challenges taking them to be addicted to them and become a serious menace. Some workplaces are becoming a problem for most employees, especially those with families, to provide food to them because of the depression and stress experienced in the workplace. Most of them decide to engage in substance and illicit drug abuse instead of resigning. The problem of illicit drug use moves to their families, where some become violent, and some also become ir ...
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chil ...
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...
Drug consumption rates are high among the students especially teenagers. Often, this involves experimenting and testing their boundaries. To fit in or get relief from stress and deepration, teenagers abuse drugs. They often find drugs to be a solution to all these things.
Consequently, they are drowned into the depth of darkness.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
Albert Einstein indeed stands like a giant amid the pantheon of scientific figures of the twentieth century. His ideas unleashed a revolution whose changes are still being felt into the new century.
This day and age we’re living in Give cause for apprehension With speed and new invention And things like fourth dimension Yet we get a trifle weary With Mr. Einstein’s theory So we must get down to earth at times Relax, relieve the tension And no matter what the progress Or what may yet be proved The simple facts of life are such They cannot be removed You must remember this A kiss is just a kiss A sigh is just a sigh The fundamental things apply As time goes by. . .
FORUM ON INVESTING IN YOUNG
CHILDREN GLOBALLY OVERVIEW
In January 2014, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC), in
collaboration with the IOM Board on Global Health, launched the Forum
on Investing in Young Children Globally (forum). At this meeting, the
participants agreed to focus on creating and sustaining, over 3 years, an
evidence-driven community of stakeholders that aims to explore existing,
new, and innovative science and research from around the world and
translate this evidence into sound and strategic investments in policies
and practices that will make a difference in the lives of children and their
caregivers.
Abstract
Approximately 20 percent of Americans are affected by mental health and substance use
disorders, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While the evidence
base for the effectiveness of interventions to treat these disorders is sizable, a considerable gap
exists between what is known to be effective and interventions that are actually delivered in
clinical care. Addressing this quality chasm in mental health and substance use care is
particularly critical given the recent passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(ACA) and Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act, which are changing the delivery of
care and access to treatments for mental health and substance use disorders. Increasing
emphasis on accountability and performance measurement, moreover, will require strategies to
promote and measure the quality of psychosocial interventions.
In this report, the study committee develops a framework that can be used to chart a path
toward the ultimate goal of improving the outcomes of psychosocial interventions for those with
mental health and substance use disorders. This framework identifies the key steps entailed in
successfully bringing an evidence-based psychosocial intervention into clinical practice. It
highlights the need to (1) support research to strengthen the evidence base on the efficacy and
effectiveness of psychosocial interventions; (2) based on this evidence, identify the key elements
that drive an intervention’s effect; (3) conduct systematic reviews to inform clinical guidelines
that incorporate these key elements; (4) using the findings of these systematic reviews, develop
quality measures—measures of the structure, process, and outcomes of interventions; and
(5) establish methods for successfully implementing and sustaining these interventions in regular
practice including the training of providers of these interventions. The committee intends for this
framework to be an iterative one, with the results of the process being fed back into the evidence
base and the cycle beginning anew. Central to the framework is the importance of using the
consumer perspective to inform the process.
The recommendations offered in this report are intended to assist policy makers, health
care organizations, and payers that are organizing and overseeing the provision of care for
mental health and substance use disorders while navigating a new health care landscape. The
recommendations also target providers, professional societies, funding agencies, consumers, and
researchers, all of whom have a stake in ensuring that evidence-based, high-quality care is
provided to individuals receiving mental health and substance use services.
Bullying—long tolerated as just a part of growing up—finally has been recognized as a substantial and preventable health problem. Bullying is associated with anxiety, depression, poor school performance, and future
delinquent behavior among its targets, and reports regularly surface of youth who have committed suicide at least in part because of intolerable bullying. Bullying can also have harmful effects on children who bully, on
bystanders, on school climates, and on society at large. Bullying can occur at all ages, from before elementary school to after high school. It can take the form of physical violence, verbal attacks, social isolation, spreading
rumors, or cyber bullying.
Increased concern about bullying has led 49 states and the District of Columbia to enact anti-bullying legislation since 1999. In addition, researchon the causes, consequences, and prevention of bullying has expanded greatly in recent decades. However, major gaps still exist in the understanding of bullying and of interventions that can prevent or mitigate the effectsof bullying.
This publication examines reviewed research on bullying
prevention and intervention efforts as well as efforts in related areas of research and practice, implemented in a range of contexts and settings, including
• Schools
• Peers
• Families
• Communities
• Laws and Public Policies
• Technology
Despite spending far more on medical care than any other nation and despite having seen a century of unparalleled improvement in population health and longevity, the United States has fallen behind many of its global counterparts and competitors in such health outcomes as overall life expectancy and rates of preventable diseases and
injuries.
A fundamental but often overlooked driver of the imbalance
between spending and outcomes is the nation’s inadequate investment in nonclinical strategies that promote health and prevent disease and injury population-wide, strategies that fall under the rubric of “population
health.
Businesses across the nation are involved in every aspect of their communities and the economy and can be powerful partners in terms of improving the health of the nation, said George Isham, a senior advisor at HealthPartners, Inc., a senior fellow at the HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, and a co-chair of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Roundtable on Population Health Improvement. On July 30, 2014, the IOM roundtable held a workshop at the New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM) in New York City to consider the role of business in improving population health beyond the usual worksite wellness and health promotion activities.
In welcoming participants to NYAM, the academy’s president, Jo Ivey Boufford, said that economic development is a crucial factor in achieving population health and that there are many opportunities to create win–win situations for business to promote population health in the communities where they live and serve. She added that in New York State business has been a fundamental
part of a large, multi-stakeholder group that is implementing a prevention agenda for the state and helping communities to identify and address priority needs.
Combined with the more traditional employer occupational safety and health protection activities are newer employment-based programs to promote better health through helping workers quit smoking, lose weight, reduce stress, or exercise more regularly. In support of these efforts, some employers have made changes in their policies and facilities to support physical activity and healthier eating, and some employers connect with ommunity resources for health education, health fairs, and
other services. From company to company, the interest in, resources for, and ability to do more for employee health and well-being vary. Employees’ interest in, needs for, and priorities for these types of programs also vary.
Description
Next Generation Science Standards identifies the science all K-12 students should know. These new standards are based on the National Research Council's A Framework for K-12 Science Education. The National Research Council, the National Science Teachers Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Achieve have partnered to create standards through a collaborative state-led process. The standards are rich in content and practice and arranged in a coherent manner across disciplines and grades to provide all students an internationally benchmarked science education.
1 Introduction and Overview 1
PART I
UNDERSTANDING BULLYING
2 Overview of Bullying and Victimization 9
3 Targets of Bullying and Bullying Behavior 19
PART II
CONTEXTS FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION
4 School-Based Interventions 35
5 Family-Focused Interventions 49
6 Technology-Based Interventions 57
7 Community-Based Interventions 65
8 Peer-Led and Peer-Focused Programs 73
9 Laws and Public Policies 81
PART III
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND OVERALL THEMES
10 Translating Bullying Research into Policy and Practice 91
11 Reflections of School Personnel and Student Perspectives 103
12 Final Thoughts 113
APPENDIXES
A References 121
B Workshop Agenda 131
C Workshop Statement of Task 139
Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative
Preventing Suicide, A Global ImperativeFor World Suicide Prevention Day, September 10th, 2014, the World Health Organization is issuing its first global report on suicide, Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative.
Suicide is a serious global public health problem. More than 800,000 people worldwide die from suicide every year.
Research shows suicides are preventable. Multiple sectors — public and private, health and non-health sectors, such as education, labor, agriculture, business and the media — have a role to play in prevention.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
1. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention
Risk factors are characteristics of school, community, and family environments, as well
as characteristics of students and their peer groups that are known to predict increased likelihood
of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy, and violent behavior among youth.
Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano and their colleagues at the University of
Washington, Social Development Research Group have investigated the relationship between
risk and protective factors and youth problem behavior. For example, they have found that
children who live in families with high levels of conflict are more likely to become involved in
problem behaviors such as delinquency and drug use than children who live in families with low
levels of family conflict.
Protective factors exert a positive influence or buffer against the negative influence of
risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective
factors identified through research reviewed by Drs. Hawkins and Catalano include social
bonding to family, school, community and peers; healthy beliefs and clear standards for
behavior; and individual characteristics. For bonding to serve as a protective influence, it must
occur through involvement with peers and adults who communicate healthy values and set clear
standards for behavior.
Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for prevention efforts.
The premise of the risk and protective factor model is that in order to promote positive youth
development and prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address those factors that predict
the problem behaviors. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, prevention
programs can be implemented that will reduce the elevated risk factors and increase the
protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated risk factor in a
community, then mentoring, tutoring and increased opportunities and rewards for classroom
participation can be provided to improve academic performance.
Louisiana Office of Addictive Disorders Communities That Care Survey 2004( pp.3-4.)
2. Table 2. Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions
Community Domain Risk Factors
Community and Neighborhoods with high rates of residential mobility have been shown to have higher rates of
Personal Transitions & juvenile crime and drug selling, while children who experience frequent residential moves and
Mobility stressful life transitions have been shown to have higher risk for school failure, delinquency,
and drug use.
Community Research has shown that neighborhoods with high population density, lack of natural
Disorganization surveillance of public places, physical deterioration, and high rates of adult crime also have
higher rates of juvenile crime and drug selling.
Low Neighborhood A low level of bonding to the neighborhood is related to higher levels of juvenile crime and drug
Attachment selling.
Laws and Norms Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the
Favorable Toward Drug legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been
Use followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have
shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence
of use.
Perceived Availability The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the
of Drugs and use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a
Handguns higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents.
Community Domain Protective Factors
Opportunities for When opportunities are available in a community for positive participation, children are less
Prosocial Involvement likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors.
Rewards for Prosocial Rewards for positive participation in activities helps children bond to the community, thus
Involvement lowering their risk for substance use.
Family Domain Risk Factors
Family History of When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or
Antisocial Behavior ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors.
Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the
conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use.
Parental Attitudes In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of
Favorable Toward children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk
Antisocial Behavior & is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for
Drugs example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the
refrigerator.
Poor Family Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children
Management places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, Parents’ failure
to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that
they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems.
Family Domain Protective Factors
Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in
substance use and other problem behaviors.
Opportunities for Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the
Prosocial Involvement responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other
problem behaviors.
Rewards for Prosocial When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things
Involvement done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem
behaviors.
School Domain Risk Factors
Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both
drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever
reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors.
3. Table 2. Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions (Continued)
Low Commitment to Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin,
School stimulants, and sedatives or non-medically prescribed tranquilizers is significantly lower among
students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking
school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also
negatively related to drug use.
School Domain Protective Factors
Opportunities for When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important
Prosocial Involvement activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors.
Rewards for Prosocial When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less
Involvement likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors
Peer-Individual Risk Factors
Attitudes Favorable Initiation of use of any substance is preceded by values favorable to its use. During the
Toward Antisocial elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes
Behavior and Drug Use and have difficulty imagining why people use drugs. However, in middle school, as more youth
are exposed to others who use drugs, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of
these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use are at higher risk for
subsequent drug use. Young people who accept or condone antisocial behavior are more likely
to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use.
Early Initiation of Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the
Problem Behavior greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use
prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug
use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of
discontinuation of use.
Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much
more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be
among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come
from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends
who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing.
Interaction with Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for
Antisocial Peers engaging in antisocial behavior themselves.
Perceived Risk of Drug Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug
Use use.
Rewards for Antisocial Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging
Behavior further in antisocial behavior and substance use.
Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to
be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at
higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for
independence, and normlessness have all been linked with drug use.
Sensation Seeking Young people who seek out opportunities for dangerous, risky behavior in general are at higher
risk for participating in drug use and other problem behaviors.
Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use.
Peer-Individual Protective Factors
Religiosity Young people who regularly attend religious services are less likely to engage in problem
behaviors.
Social Skills Young people who are socially competent and engage in positive interpersonal relations with
their peers are less likely to use drugs and engage in other problem behaviors.
Belief in the Moral Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs.
Order