This document examines the relationship between marijuana use and academic achievement in adolescents. It summarizes several studies that found marijuana use starting before high school increases the chances of not completing high school. Chronic marijuana use can impair short-term memory, verbal skills, and judgment, which can negatively impact school performance. Factors like lack of motivation, deviant behavior, and low self-esteem that precede drug use also influence academics. While marijuana may improve achievement for some by reducing stress, overall its use is associated with fewer years of education and lower-paying jobs later in life due to poorer performance and increased dropout rates. Preventing drug use through family support, extracurricular activities, and education programs can help promote academic success.
Did you know that teaching about the dangers of alcohol and drugs is included in the education requirements of 38 states? But what is really happening when alcohol and drug education gets squeezed in with an ever-growing list of requirements in thousands of schools across the country? A total of 3,500 teachers, school administrators, and other educators were surveyed and the findings and recommendations appear in the following 19 page report
Substance Abuses among the Students of Higher Secondary Schools: A Case Studyiosrjce
The present investigator aims to study the contribution of the areas related to the Substance Abuses
among the Adolescence Students of Higher Secondary Schools. This paper attempts to make a thorough,
comprehensive and analytical study by exploring the causes of becoming an individual substance abuse in
relation to psychological factor, peer group pressure, joyfulness, tension remover, rebelliousness, intercultural
influences, curiosity, climatic condition, easy availability, future insecurity and modernization. From the result
of the research the administrator, teachers and parents may help children through early education about
psychoactive substances, open communications, good role modeling, and early recognition if problems are
developing. No single measure would be effective to prevent the use of drugs until and unless home, school and
society all the three collectively and cooperatively tackle the problems of substances abuse from different
angles
Educating students with fasd linking policy, research and practice BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a prevalent
neurodevelopmental disability with significant implications
for learning and behaviour. International research suggests that the prevalence of FASD in school-aged children is 2.3–6.3%. In this paper, we address the questions: (1) what is FASD; (2) what is the prevalence of FASD in schools; (3) what is the impact of FASD; and (4) why develop special FASD education strategies and programmes? We summarise the 18-year history of Winnipeg School Division’s development of its FASD Programme of services, describe the specialised FASD classrooms and then present the results from a consensus generating workshop comprised of 36 FASD education
professionals, with over 209 years of collective FASD education programme experience, who were asked to identify and reach consensus on best strategies and lessons learned in FASD education programmes.
We then suggest that effectively educating children with FASD is critical to get right if positive educational outcomes are to be realised.
Did you know that teaching about the dangers of alcohol and drugs is included in the education requirements of 38 states? But what is really happening when alcohol and drug education gets squeezed in with an ever-growing list of requirements in thousands of schools across the country? A total of 3,500 teachers, school administrators, and other educators were surveyed and the findings and recommendations appear in the following 19 page report
Substance Abuses among the Students of Higher Secondary Schools: A Case Studyiosrjce
The present investigator aims to study the contribution of the areas related to the Substance Abuses
among the Adolescence Students of Higher Secondary Schools. This paper attempts to make a thorough,
comprehensive and analytical study by exploring the causes of becoming an individual substance abuse in
relation to psychological factor, peer group pressure, joyfulness, tension remover, rebelliousness, intercultural
influences, curiosity, climatic condition, easy availability, future insecurity and modernization. From the result
of the research the administrator, teachers and parents may help children through early education about
psychoactive substances, open communications, good role modeling, and early recognition if problems are
developing. No single measure would be effective to prevent the use of drugs until and unless home, school and
society all the three collectively and cooperatively tackle the problems of substances abuse from different
angles
Educating students with fasd linking policy, research and practice BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a prevalent
neurodevelopmental disability with significant implications
for learning and behaviour. International research suggests that the prevalence of FASD in school-aged children is 2.3–6.3%. In this paper, we address the questions: (1) what is FASD; (2) what is the prevalence of FASD in schools; (3) what is the impact of FASD; and (4) why develop special FASD education strategies and programmes? We summarise the 18-year history of Winnipeg School Division’s development of its FASD Programme of services, describe the specialised FASD classrooms and then present the results from a consensus generating workshop comprised of 36 FASD education
professionals, with over 209 years of collective FASD education programme experience, who were asked to identify and reach consensus on best strategies and lessons learned in FASD education programmes.
We then suggest that effectively educating children with FASD is critical to get right if positive educational outcomes are to be realised.
Past nonmedical opioid use could predict future heroin use among teensΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Past nonmedical opioid use could predict future heroin use among teensΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Two studies published yesterday point to predictors of teens using drugs. Researchers in one study found that teens who used opioids when they were not prescribed for medical reasons were more likely to later use heroin. Of the nearly 3,300 high schoolers who were included in the study, those who previously used opioids were about 11% more likely to use heroin, while those who currently used opioids were about 13% more likely to use heroin.
Another study found that there was no increase in teenagers using marijuana if they lived in a state that had laws legalizing the drug. In fact, in states with recreational marijuana laws, the odds of teen marijuana use were about 10% less following legalization.
Running head DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION1DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 1
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 6
Drug Abuse and Addiction
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Public Safety Issue: Drug Abuse and Addiction
Public safety issue refers to any problem which threatens the wellbeing of people and prosperity of communities. A solution to such challenges is crucial in order to ensure that safety of people is protected and safeguarded. The issue of drug abuse and concern among school going teenagers has become a major problem in United States. According to a survey conducted by Monitoring the Future (MTF), on average, 29 percent of the school kids between grades 8, 10, and 12 were found to be using drugs. This has raised a major concern that requires the government to work closely with relevant public safety organizations in order to contain this issue.
Research Topic: The Importance of Introducing Drug Abuse Unit in The Curriculum of the American Education System
Overview
According to findings of Monitoring the Future survey released in 2018, there is a significant increase in number of school going youths engaging in drug abuse activities. Marijuana, opioid abuse, alcohol, synthetic drugs, tobacco, and nicotine are among the top drugs and substances abused by teenagers and school going kids. These statistics are alarming since they present one of the major challenge to the wellbeing and prosperity of the future generation. Many anti-drug abuse and addiction organizations such as National Institutes on Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have been working relentlessly to curb this rising level of drug abuse and addiction among teenagers. Despite all the efforts by these organizations, their programs have failed to achieve any substantial success as far the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is concerned. This research is aimed at exploring the relevant literature from books, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and other academic effort in the effort to present the dire need to integrate drug abuse into the curriculum of the American education system. The findings of the research will be a boost to the government and other public safety organizations in the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers and school going youths.
Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, D. T., Palamar, J. J., & Williams, J. H. (2014). Perceived neighborhood illicit drug selling, peer illicit drug disapproval and illicit drug use among US high school seniors. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 9(1), 35.
The paper explores the problem of marijuana use among the students in U.S. high schools. Notably, more than 45.5 percent of the respondents revealed that they have used marijuana once on their lifetime while the other 36.4 percent revealing that they have used marijuana in the last one year. Additionally, another 22.7 percent of the respondents noting that they have been consta ...
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
FIGHTING THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ZENGEZA 4 ...John1Lorcan
The main objective of the study was to identify the effects of drug use and abuse at Zengeza 4 High School in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design. The study employed a mixed method approach. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The study revealed that poor academic performance, school drop-outs, early marriages, aggressive and violent behaviour are the major effects of drug use/abuse by adolescents in schools. The study recommended that both parents and teachers should strongly educate and encourage adolescents in school to desist from all forms of drug use or abuse for whatever reasons. Adolescents should always seek help from caregivers and parents whenever they face any life threatening situations
Journal Article Review Requirements and FormatEach review shou.docxchristiandean12115
Journal Article Review Requirements and Format
Each review should contain in summary form the following sections: type and underline these section titles in the review.
Section 1: Introduction to the problem and brief literature review (what is the problem/purpose of research effort)
Section 2: Methodologies employed in the study (population and sampling technique should be included as well as all methods/statistical analyses techniques)
Section 3: Data Analysis (what do the data indicate?)
Section 4: Conclusion and Implications? What are your conclusions about the article?
Each review should be 2 pages, but not more than 4 pages, single-spaced, in length.
I expect that each of you will have read, analyzed and summarized the articles you select to review. You should cite the full citation at the top of page 1.
You should use APA citation style only–go to Purdue University Website OWL (online writing lab).
Do not cite the article anywhere else in the review. I already know who you are citing.
10 or 12 point font only and do not include a “title page”.
Type your name in the upper right hand corner of page 1.
Correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar are required.
Section headings should be bold faced and underlined for example—see below how to do this and how to start writing the review. Recall, no first or second person language should be used:
Introduction and Literature Review
This research study focused on the drug usage of high schools in the United States…..
Methodologies
This research study distributed survey questionnaires to 405 high school students located in three U.S. cities. The total population of students was 5,609. Using random selection, 405 students were selected to participate in the study. The researchers also interviewed school principals and counselors to confirm and validate student responses…..
Data Analysis
The results of the survey questionnaire indicated that……
Conclusions and Implications
This study confirmed that over seventy-five percent of American high school students have experimented with illegal drug use. However…..
Tips and Pointers to Remember:
No first or second person language is to be used in formal writing. Students can state their views in the third person. For example, it is not necessary to say “I believe that high school students are using drugs too frequently today”. The same message can be conveyed by stating it this way:
“high school students are using drugs too frequently today”.
Use correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling in all formal writing assignments. Use the grammar and spell check functions on the word processor. Proof read all written work carefully before submission.
Only Micro Soft Word should be used for type-written assignments. No other word processing program should be used in this class. If the instructor cannot open your document to read and grade it, then the student will earn a zero for the assignment.
Students are to access the jo.
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chil ...
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...
Parental Care and Academic Stress: Implications on Adolescents Substance Abus...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study investigated parental care and academic stress as predictors of adolescent substance abuse in Rivers State Nigeria .Using random sampling technique, 250 participants were selected from 4 secondary schools in the state. The participants comprised of 130 males and 120 females with age range of 12-18 years with a mean age of 14.8 years. Participants were administered with 3 instruments which include Parental Care Scale developed by Baumrind (1971), Student Academic Stress Scale developed by Busari (2011) and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) developed by Skinner (1982). A cross sectional survey was employed and A Multiple Regression analysis was used for data analyses. Result indicates that parenting style and academic stress do not predict adolescent substance abuse in Rivers State Nigeria. The significance of the study borders on the need for parents to watch out for other significant environmental factors like peer pressure as the inducing factors to substance abuse as they do their best to train their children
Keywords: Parental care, academic stress, adolescent, substance abuse.
Title: Parental Care and Academic Stress: Implications on Adolescents Substance Abuse in Rivers State Nigeria
Author: Njoku Ethelbert Chinaka, Leonard Onwukwe, Vivian Chizoma Njemanze
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Parental Care and Academic Stress: Implications on Adolescents Substance Abus...
Au Psy492 M6 A2 Beacham L.Doc
1. Examining the effect of marijuana on adolescence academic achievements<br />Linda Beacham<br />April 15, 2010<br />Advance Psychology 492<br />Dr. Jennifer Rawley<br />Argosy University<br />Abstracts<br />The use of marijuana in adolescents has been associated with academic decline. Marijuana use that begins before a child reaches high school will increase their chances of not completing high school. The study will examine the relationship between academic achievement and the use of marijuana. Data was collected from several studies previously conducted with student ages 12 to 18 years. Surveys, parallel questionnaires and face to face interviews were conducted and student test scores were evaluated before use and after beginning to use marijuana. The studies also included parents both single and married. The race was a combination of Caucasian, African American and Hispanics. Male and female participant were used. Research suggests that the lack of motivation for school, general deviance, self esteem, peers and relationship with parents to have a more profound effect on academics. Marijuana was introduced because of these confounding factors. In some cases marijuana was also found to improve or have no ill effect on adolescence achievement.<br />Keywords: Academics, marijuana, education, adolescence.<br />Marijuana use is on the rise for adolescent in grades 8th, 10th and 12th grade. NHSDA (1997). An estimated 13 million youths aged 12 to 17 become involved with alcohol, tobacco and other drugs annually (Lennox, Cecchini). Marijuana use is more common among males than female students, and used more by Caucasians than African American or Hispanics male and female. Marijuana can effect short term memory, verbal skills and impair judgment. Long term marijuana use can cause amotivational syndrome which is associated with neurophysiological effects on the limbic system-cortical connection. (Miller, 1979). Lack of motivation, not caring about their life, fatigue and no desire to work. This type of behavior amongst adolescent can affect the school work and performance. Family support and early interventions seem to be the key to deterring marijuana use and success in academics. The purpose of this paper is to exam the empirical relationship between marijuana use and adolescence academic achievement. <br />Using marijuana usually begins for student during secondary school grade. Illicit drug use among teens was on the decline according to statistics from 2005. Marijuana was the most commonly used drug for among adolescent age 16 and 17 years old. Marijuana use is preceded by the initiation of cigarette smoking and alcohol use in most cases. Reasons for initiation vary from attachment to parents and peers, developmental changes, and exposure to drug-related attitudes of parents and peers (Bailey, 1990; Hubbard, 1990). For the youngest adolescents family relationships have an important role in deterring marijuana usage. Adolescents who have an A and B grade averages are less likely to use illicit drugs. Student who have D average are more likely to begin using drugs. A lack of motivation in school and limited involvement outside of academics allow for deviant behavior and association with drug use can ensue. <br /> Chronic Marijuana use can begin to affect the cognitive function (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1982). Cognitive development affects the learning process and in turn affects academic motivation (Newcomb and Bentler, 1986). Chronic use of marijuana can produce small significant impairment of verbal skills, vocabulary and reading comprehension, mathematical abilities or general abilities (Block, Farnham, Braveman, Noyes, Ghoniem). These results of these statistics were based on a study in Iowa schools test scores from the ITBS test from 4 graders and 12th graders. The student we tested before the use of marijuana and again after the onset of marijuana use. When adolescents drug usage increases, it reduces the educational attainment by about 1 year (Register, Williams, Grimes 2001). Adolescents will usually be suspended or expelled from school due to truancy which can result in failing grades causes the student not to return to school. Usage of marijuana can also lead to criminal behavior which can limit the amount of scholarships a student may be able to obtain (Blackmore & Low 1983). The adolescent who begins drug use will then limit opportunity for better paying jobs by decreasing the amount of education they may be able to afford. Student who lack motivation in academics because of drug use increase the probability of not completing high school or college involvement (Andrew & Duncan 1997). Marijuana use has also been linked to an increase in self reflection which can lead to new levels of mastery or inhibit mastery (Dweck & Elliot). Marijuana use has also been hypothesized to “increase educational attainment if the consumption of drugs reduces stress and anxiety” (Register, Williams, & Grimes). “Drug use can be used as a ‘coping mechanism’ that leads to higher completion rates” (Windle & Tutzauer). The results were taken from a study using national samples of young adults who self reported drug use. These results still do not negate the fact the more cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana or other drugs used, the more likely the students will perform poorly in school, drop out or not continue on to higher education (Lennox & Cecchini 2008). <br />Preventing the use of marijuana or other illicit drugs is crucial in the outcome of adolescent academic success. Parents, student, school officials, families and peers must all be active participant in the prevention of drug use. Schools should provide programs that target underachievers to help with progress in academic courses. Pro-social role models can assist by provided positive influences in young student lives. Family connection/good mother relationship and reduction of family conflict have been shown to make a significant difference in preventing initiation of marijuana or alcohol and other drugs (Dishion et al., 1995). Participation in two or more youth activities provide adolescents with stimulant that deters drug use. NARCONON™ A drug education curriculum for high school student conducted a non-randomized trial where a student completed a 6 month program that successfully showed a reduction in drug use among youths (Lennox & Cecchini 2008). <br />The conclusion of the finding from the research and studies found that there is a significant reduction in the academic success of adolescents who are chronic user of marijuana. Drug use is associated with fewer years of formal education, resulting fewer and lower paying job. Marijuana use is found to be used widely by whites, African Americans and Hispanic adolescents. Although marijuana does cause cognitive impairment, most issues with adolescent under achievement is a result of deviant behavior, low self esteem and low academic motivation with lead to illicit drug use. <br />References<br />Lennox, Richard D., Cecchini, Marie A. (2008). The NARCONON ™ drug education curriculum for high school students: A non-randomized, controlled prevention trial <br />Andrews, Judy A., Duncan, Susan C. (1997) Examining the reciprocal relation between academic motivation and substance use: Effects of family relationships, self-esteem, and general deviance. Journal of behavioral medicine, Vol. 20. No. 6<br />Register, Charles A., Williams, Donald R., Grimes, Paul W. (2001), Adolescent drug use and educational attainment. Education economics, Vol. 9, No 1, 2001.<br />Zimmerman, Marc. A., Cone-Schmeelk, Karen H. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of adolescent substance use and school motivation among African American youth. Journal of research in adolescence 13(2) p. 185-210.<br />Block, Robert I., Farnham, Sara, Braveman, Kathleen, Noyes Jr., Russell, Ghoneim, M. M. (2003). Long-term marijuana use and subsequent effects on learning and cognitive functions related to school achievement: preliminary study. <br /> <br />