1) Adolescent substance abuse is common, with half of high school seniors reporting illicit drug use. Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly abused substances.
2) Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse include early experimentation with drugs and alcohol, affiliation with deviant peers, poor family and community environments, and personality traits like novelty seeking and low harm avoidance.
3) Protective factors against substance abuse include strong family support systems, cultural values like family obligation, and positive traits like self-strength and aversion to parental substance abuse. Having these social and emotional supports can compensate for risks like substance-abusing parents.
This document discusses prevention and treatment of drug abuse as it relates to child welfare. It finds that while parental substance abuse is strongly associated with child neglect, other co-occurring risk factors like depression, isolation, homelessness or domestic violence may be more directly responsible for maltreatment. Prevention programs have had mixed results in reducing drug abuse or improving parenting. Effective programs must address all risk factors, not just substance abuse alone. The document also notes that substance abusing parents may not pose greater risks to children than other parents involved in the child welfare system. It suggests allowing parents 12-18 months to make progress in treatment before pursuing permanency plans to place children with relatives or for adoption.
The relationship between types ofchildhood victimisation andojas18
This study examined the relationship between different types of childhood victimization (such as physical abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) and criminal behavior in young adulthood. The researchers analyzed data on over 2,000 young Swedish adults who reported experiencing at least one form of childhood victimization. They found that experiences of physical assault, neglect, and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with criminal behavior in young adulthood, even after accounting for gender, substance use, and psychopathy. However, experiences of property crimes, verbal abuse, or sexual abuse were not significantly linked to later criminal behavior. This suggests that childhood experiences involving direct violence or witnessing violence carry the greatest risk for criminal behavior in adulthood.
This document discusses youth who are considered "at-risk" and the factors that contribute to being at-risk. It defines what at-risk means and identifies behaviors, school policies, current trends, and trauma that can make youth at-risk. Predictors of delinquency are discussed for different age groups. Key protective factors are also mentioned. Statistics are provided on graduation and suspension rates as well as living arrangements and poverty rates for youth. Gang involvement, teen pregnancy, substance abuse trends, and crime rates are examined in relation to at-risk youth. The link between abuse, trauma, and criminal or at-risk behavior is explored.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
This document summarizes a study examining substance use differences between Puerto Rican youth who remained in the New York City area versus those who moved out of the area. The study found significant demographic differences between the two groups, with those who moved out of the area more likely to be older, married, employed, and less reliant on welfare. However, the study found no statistically significant differences in substance use, binge drinking, substance use disorders, or number of delinquent peers between the two groups. Limitations of the study included a small sample size of those who moved out of the area.
This document examines the relationship between marijuana use and academic achievement in adolescents. It summarizes several studies that found marijuana use starting before high school increases the chances of not completing high school. Chronic marijuana use can impair short-term memory, verbal skills, and judgment, which can negatively impact school performance. Factors like lack of motivation, deviant behavior, and low self-esteem that precede drug use also influence academics. While marijuana may improve achievement for some by reducing stress, overall its use is associated with fewer years of education and lower-paying jobs later in life due to poorer performance and increased dropout rates. Preventing drug use through family support, extracurricular activities, and education programs can help promote academic success.
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing how religion, education level, and political ideology influence views on same-sex marriage. The paper uses survey data from 900 New Jersey adults. It finds that education level and political ideology significantly impact views, with more educated and liberal individuals more supportive of same-sex marriage, while religion does not have a significant influence. The paper supports the hypotheses that education exposure and liberal ideology correlate with greater acceptance, but finds only weak-to-moderate associations. It concludes that political and educational factors somewhat predict attitudes, though religion does not.
The document discusses a study that investigated whether exposure to domestic violence during childhood affects the quality of college students' current or most recent romantic relationships. The study found no statistically significant relationship between exposure to domestic violence and relationship quality. However, more research is still needed due to little existing information known about how domestic violence impacts children and their future relationships. The document provides background on domestic violence and discusses other influences on children besides their family, such as peers, media, schooling, which could impact their views on relationships.
This document discusses prevention and treatment of drug abuse as it relates to child welfare. It finds that while parental substance abuse is strongly associated with child neglect, other co-occurring risk factors like depression, isolation, homelessness or domestic violence may be more directly responsible for maltreatment. Prevention programs have had mixed results in reducing drug abuse or improving parenting. Effective programs must address all risk factors, not just substance abuse alone. The document also notes that substance abusing parents may not pose greater risks to children than other parents involved in the child welfare system. It suggests allowing parents 12-18 months to make progress in treatment before pursuing permanency plans to place children with relatives or for adoption.
The relationship between types ofchildhood victimisation andojas18
This study examined the relationship between different types of childhood victimization (such as physical abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) and criminal behavior in young adulthood. The researchers analyzed data on over 2,000 young Swedish adults who reported experiencing at least one form of childhood victimization. They found that experiences of physical assault, neglect, and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with criminal behavior in young adulthood, even after accounting for gender, substance use, and psychopathy. However, experiences of property crimes, verbal abuse, or sexual abuse were not significantly linked to later criminal behavior. This suggests that childhood experiences involving direct violence or witnessing violence carry the greatest risk for criminal behavior in adulthood.
This document discusses youth who are considered "at-risk" and the factors that contribute to being at-risk. It defines what at-risk means and identifies behaviors, school policies, current trends, and trauma that can make youth at-risk. Predictors of delinquency are discussed for different age groups. Key protective factors are also mentioned. Statistics are provided on graduation and suspension rates as well as living arrangements and poverty rates for youth. Gang involvement, teen pregnancy, substance abuse trends, and crime rates are examined in relation to at-risk youth. The link between abuse, trauma, and criminal or at-risk behavior is explored.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
This document summarizes a study examining substance use differences between Puerto Rican youth who remained in the New York City area versus those who moved out of the area. The study found significant demographic differences between the two groups, with those who moved out of the area more likely to be older, married, employed, and less reliant on welfare. However, the study found no statistically significant differences in substance use, binge drinking, substance use disorders, or number of delinquent peers between the two groups. Limitations of the study included a small sample size of those who moved out of the area.
This document examines the relationship between marijuana use and academic achievement in adolescents. It summarizes several studies that found marijuana use starting before high school increases the chances of not completing high school. Chronic marijuana use can impair short-term memory, verbal skills, and judgment, which can negatively impact school performance. Factors like lack of motivation, deviant behavior, and low self-esteem that precede drug use also influence academics. While marijuana may improve achievement for some by reducing stress, overall its use is associated with fewer years of education and lower-paying jobs later in life due to poorer performance and increased dropout rates. Preventing drug use through family support, extracurricular activities, and education programs can help promote academic success.
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing how religion, education level, and political ideology influence views on same-sex marriage. The paper uses survey data from 900 New Jersey adults. It finds that education level and political ideology significantly impact views, with more educated and liberal individuals more supportive of same-sex marriage, while religion does not have a significant influence. The paper supports the hypotheses that education exposure and liberal ideology correlate with greater acceptance, but finds only weak-to-moderate associations. It concludes that political and educational factors somewhat predict attitudes, though religion does not.
The document discusses a study that investigated whether exposure to domestic violence during childhood affects the quality of college students' current or most recent romantic relationships. The study found no statistically significant relationship between exposure to domestic violence and relationship quality. However, more research is still needed due to little existing information known about how domestic violence impacts children and their future relationships. The document provides background on domestic violence and discusses other influences on children besides their family, such as peers, media, schooling, which could impact their views on relationships.
This document provides a summary of the 2013 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey results. Over 12,000 students in grades 6-12 across Florida completed the anonymous survey in February and March 2013. Key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were the most commonly used substances. However, use of most substances has declined since 2004, with the exception of marijuana use.
- Risk factors like early initiation of drug use and favorable attitudes toward drug use showed reductions from 2004-2013. Protective factors like school and community involvement increased over this period.
- Opportunities for improvement include continued high rates of binge drinking and alcohol/marijuana use before/during school. Nonmedical use of
The document discusses substance abuse in Michigan based on data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. It finds that among Michigan youth:
- Alcohol/substance use is associated with increased violent and risky behaviors like fighting and carrying weapons, as well as greater mental distress. Binge and current drinkers report more of these issues than non-drinkers.
- Alcohol use is also linked to riskier sexual behaviors like unprotected sex and multiple partners. Binge and current drinkers exhibit these behaviors more frequently.
- Drinkers are more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control methods such as fasting, vomiting, laxative use and diet pills compared to non-drinkers.
- Drinkers
This document summarizes a research study that examined how opinions of homosexuality have changed over time and whether preferred news media outlet is related to opinions. The study surveyed 88 people and found that participants reported decreased homophobia from age 14 to their current age. It also found that those viewing a moderate amount (3-4 sources) of news media had higher homophobia than those viewing low or high amounts. There was no relationship between social media use and homophobia. The document provides background on measuring homophobia and past research on media portrayals of homosexuality and their influence on public opinion.
This chapter discusses several special populations within the juvenile justice system, including school shooters, mentally ill juvenile offenders, juvenile drug and sex offenders, chronic juvenile offenders, hackers, violent juvenile offenders, and hate crime offenders. School violence increased in the 1990s with shootings like Columbine but zero tolerance policies have since improved school safety. Mental illness is common among incarcerated youth, with 1 in 5 suffering from a serious disorder like conduct disorder or substance abuse issues. Chronic juvenile offenders begin criminal behavior early and persist into adulthood. Violent juvenile offenders often start young and become chronic violent offenders over time. Hate crimes are committed against individuals due to attributes like race, religion or sexual orientation, and are perpetrated by members of traditional
This document discusses substance abuse issues within the LGBT community and counseling approaches. It notes that LGBT individuals report higher rates of drug and alcohol use due to factors like internalized homophobia, heterosexism, and lack of family and social support. Special issues for LGBT couples dealing with substance abuse include relationship trust, responsibility, abuse, and sexual health concerns. The document recommends counseling approaches like communication skills training, support groups, and focusing on strengthening the relationship to support long-term recovery.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
The document discusses the impact of stigma on family members of individuals with mental illness or drug dependence. It finds that:
1) Family members report experiencing blame, shame, and feeling socially contaminated due to their relation's condition. However, no national survey had assessed how the general public actually views these family members.
2) The study finds that family stigma related to drug dependence is viewed more harshly than other health conditions, with family members being blamed for both the onset and worsening of the relative's disorder and likely to face social shunning.
3) In contrast, family stigma related to mental illnesses like schizophrenia is not highly endorsed by the public according to the survey results.
This literature review examines research on the prevalence and effects of heroin use among women. The percentage of heroin users who are women has increased from 20% in the 1960s to over 50% today. Heroin use is associated with a variety of negative physical, emotional, and social consequences. Research suggests women may be more vulnerable to heroin addiction due to common experiences of trauma, mental health issues, and involvement in prostitution. More research is still needed to better understand the biological and psychological effects of heroin on women, as well as the relationships between heroin use, prostitution, and human trafficking. Treatment approaches need to consider gender differences and underlying issues like trauma that influence women's heroin use.
Smoking and Cessation Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Baltimore (Prier 2014)Kyle Prier
This document summarizes a study on smoking and cessation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Baltimore in 2011. Some key findings include:
- 60.4% of MSM in Baltimore were current smokers, while 24.6% had never smoked and 14.9% were former smokers.
- Current smoking was associated with factors like being African American, younger age, lower education, history of homelessness, and arrest.
- A multinomial logistic regression found significant effects of race, age, education, homelessness, arrest, and number of male sex partners on smoking status.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
The Importance of Understanding Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) from a Cultur...Mohena Moreno
Presented at the American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences (AABSS), Las Vegas, NV. (2016). Understanding Latino perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence.
This document summarizes research on the effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental health and behaviors in adulthood. It discusses how childhood sexual abuse can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also explores how abuse survivors are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like substance abuse, unprotected sex, and prostitution. The document examines several studies that found links between childhood abuse and poor physical health and obesity in adulthood. It suggests that early intervention and counseling for abuse survivors could help alleviate medical issues stemming from their trauma.
1) Children whose parents smoke or use drugs/alcohol are more likely to engage in pretend smoking play and associate dinner with smoking.
2) The quality of parental communication about smoking and agreements to not smoke are related to adolescents' smoking trajectories, with constructive communication linked to less smoking.
3) Parental smoking cessation may lower adolescent smoking risk, except if the other parent currently smokes, while antismoking parenting mediates this relationship.
4) Both parental alcohol and drug dependence increase offspring's risk for externalizing disorders like ADHD by ages 17-18.
School victimization study glbtq implications for adjustmentChristian Spuler
The document summarizes a research article that examines the association between LGBT-related school victimization during adolescence and young adult health and adjustment outcomes. The study found that LGBT school victimization is strongly associated with elevated levels of depression, suicidal ideation, risk of STDs and HIV in young adulthood. In particular, it explains the high rates of depression and suicidal thoughts among young adult males by their experiences of LGBT victimization during middle and high school. The conclusions suggest that reducing LGBT-related victimization in schools would likely lead to significant long-term health benefits and reductions in health disparities for LGBT individuals.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on translating the science on marijuana into effective public health messages. The presentation aimed to understand the latest science on marijuana use and how to frame prevention messages. It identifies concerns related to marijuana use and legalization such as addiction, impaired driving, and negative impacts on adolescent brain development and academic achievement. The presentation argues for using strong evidence from research to change the discussion on marijuana from complicated to simple and from negative to positive. It provides sample messages focused on how marijuana use could negatively impact things people care about like education, employment, and highway safety.
The document examines evidence that LGBT youth are more likely to be bullied than heterosexual youth. It finds that LGBT youth are three times more likely to be bullied, with 54% reporting cyberbullying. Bullying of LGBT youth is linked to higher rates of depression, suicidal thoughts, and physical harm. Further research is still needed to better understand the issues and their societal impacts.
Tiffany Thomas wrote a review paper on suicide ideation in college populations. The paper discusses research finding that around 11% of college students think about or plan suicide each year, though less than 2% die by suicide. Studies have found traits like high stress, hopelessness, poor problem-solving skills, and depressive symptoms are associated with greater suicide ideation in college students. Additionally, students with suicide thoughts are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like not wearing seatbelts, fighting, and binge drinking. While suicide ideation is prevalent on campuses, factors like optimism may help protect some students' mental health following negative life events.
Tyler York conducted a study using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the relationship between tattoo acquisition and criminal or deviant behaviors among adolescents. The results found moderate associations between having tattoos and violent crime, non-violent crime, and drug use. Controlling for personality traits and parental income had little effect on the strength of the associations. This suggests tattoos may be a marker for criminal and deviant behaviors among adolescents. However, the validity of the results is limited by the young age of most respondents. Further research is needed to better understand how tattoos may influence behavior in younger populations.
This document provides a summary of the 2014 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, cigarette, and other drug use among Florida youth has declined significantly over the past decade.
- However, high-risk drinking behaviors such as binge drinking and riding with drunk drivers remain problems.
- Marijuana use has remained fairly constant while use of other drugs is very low.
- Strong school and community participation in the survey provided a highly representative statewide sample.
- Florida youth generally disapprove of substance use and perceive significant health risks from cigarettes.
Managing the delivery of a €20 million library buildingHugh Murphy
The document summarizes a presentation by two senior librarians at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth about managing the design and delivery of a new 20 million euro library building. It describes gathering input from library users through surveys and focus groups to inform the design of the new building. The librarians discuss innovations incorporated into the new building as well as changes to library collections, technology, research support, and pedagogy. They also address communication strategies used during the project and changes to the staff structure and ways of working necessitated by the new building. The librarians conclude that the new building was worth the wait but requires motivated staff and that good space combined with good staff leads to good services for users.
Sustaining research software at the Apache Software Foundation
Presented at BOSC 2015, Dublin on 2015-07-11. http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2015
Source: http://slides.com/soilandreyes/20150611-bosc2015-apache
This document provides a summary of the 2013 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey results. Over 12,000 students in grades 6-12 across Florida completed the anonymous survey in February and March 2013. Key findings include:
- Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were the most commonly used substances. However, use of most substances has declined since 2004, with the exception of marijuana use.
- Risk factors like early initiation of drug use and favorable attitudes toward drug use showed reductions from 2004-2013. Protective factors like school and community involvement increased over this period.
- Opportunities for improvement include continued high rates of binge drinking and alcohol/marijuana use before/during school. Nonmedical use of
The document discusses substance abuse in Michigan based on data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. It finds that among Michigan youth:
- Alcohol/substance use is associated with increased violent and risky behaviors like fighting and carrying weapons, as well as greater mental distress. Binge and current drinkers report more of these issues than non-drinkers.
- Alcohol use is also linked to riskier sexual behaviors like unprotected sex and multiple partners. Binge and current drinkers exhibit these behaviors more frequently.
- Drinkers are more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control methods such as fasting, vomiting, laxative use and diet pills compared to non-drinkers.
- Drinkers
This document summarizes a research study that examined how opinions of homosexuality have changed over time and whether preferred news media outlet is related to opinions. The study surveyed 88 people and found that participants reported decreased homophobia from age 14 to their current age. It also found that those viewing a moderate amount (3-4 sources) of news media had higher homophobia than those viewing low or high amounts. There was no relationship between social media use and homophobia. The document provides background on measuring homophobia and past research on media portrayals of homosexuality and their influence on public opinion.
This chapter discusses several special populations within the juvenile justice system, including school shooters, mentally ill juvenile offenders, juvenile drug and sex offenders, chronic juvenile offenders, hackers, violent juvenile offenders, and hate crime offenders. School violence increased in the 1990s with shootings like Columbine but zero tolerance policies have since improved school safety. Mental illness is common among incarcerated youth, with 1 in 5 suffering from a serious disorder like conduct disorder or substance abuse issues. Chronic juvenile offenders begin criminal behavior early and persist into adulthood. Violent juvenile offenders often start young and become chronic violent offenders over time. Hate crimes are committed against individuals due to attributes like race, religion or sexual orientation, and are perpetrated by members of traditional
This document discusses substance abuse issues within the LGBT community and counseling approaches. It notes that LGBT individuals report higher rates of drug and alcohol use due to factors like internalized homophobia, heterosexism, and lack of family and social support. Special issues for LGBT couples dealing with substance abuse include relationship trust, responsibility, abuse, and sexual health concerns. The document recommends counseling approaches like communication skills training, support groups, and focusing on strengthening the relationship to support long-term recovery.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
The document discusses the impact of stigma on family members of individuals with mental illness or drug dependence. It finds that:
1) Family members report experiencing blame, shame, and feeling socially contaminated due to their relation's condition. However, no national survey had assessed how the general public actually views these family members.
2) The study finds that family stigma related to drug dependence is viewed more harshly than other health conditions, with family members being blamed for both the onset and worsening of the relative's disorder and likely to face social shunning.
3) In contrast, family stigma related to mental illnesses like schizophrenia is not highly endorsed by the public according to the survey results.
This literature review examines research on the prevalence and effects of heroin use among women. The percentage of heroin users who are women has increased from 20% in the 1960s to over 50% today. Heroin use is associated with a variety of negative physical, emotional, and social consequences. Research suggests women may be more vulnerable to heroin addiction due to common experiences of trauma, mental health issues, and involvement in prostitution. More research is still needed to better understand the biological and psychological effects of heroin on women, as well as the relationships between heroin use, prostitution, and human trafficking. Treatment approaches need to consider gender differences and underlying issues like trauma that influence women's heroin use.
Smoking and Cessation Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Baltimore (Prier 2014)Kyle Prier
This document summarizes a study on smoking and cessation among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Baltimore in 2011. Some key findings include:
- 60.4% of MSM in Baltimore were current smokers, while 24.6% had never smoked and 14.9% were former smokers.
- Current smoking was associated with factors like being African American, younger age, lower education, history of homelessness, and arrest.
- A multinomial logistic regression found significant effects of race, age, education, homelessness, arrest, and number of male sex partners on smoking status.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
The Importance of Understanding Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) from a Cultur...Mohena Moreno
Presented at the American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences (AABSS), Las Vegas, NV. (2016). Understanding Latino perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence.
This document summarizes research on the effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental health and behaviors in adulthood. It discusses how childhood sexual abuse can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also explores how abuse survivors are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like substance abuse, unprotected sex, and prostitution. The document examines several studies that found links between childhood abuse and poor physical health and obesity in adulthood. It suggests that early intervention and counseling for abuse survivors could help alleviate medical issues stemming from their trauma.
1) Children whose parents smoke or use drugs/alcohol are more likely to engage in pretend smoking play and associate dinner with smoking.
2) The quality of parental communication about smoking and agreements to not smoke are related to adolescents' smoking trajectories, with constructive communication linked to less smoking.
3) Parental smoking cessation may lower adolescent smoking risk, except if the other parent currently smokes, while antismoking parenting mediates this relationship.
4) Both parental alcohol and drug dependence increase offspring's risk for externalizing disorders like ADHD by ages 17-18.
School victimization study glbtq implications for adjustmentChristian Spuler
The document summarizes a research article that examines the association between LGBT-related school victimization during adolescence and young adult health and adjustment outcomes. The study found that LGBT school victimization is strongly associated with elevated levels of depression, suicidal ideation, risk of STDs and HIV in young adulthood. In particular, it explains the high rates of depression and suicidal thoughts among young adult males by their experiences of LGBT victimization during middle and high school. The conclusions suggest that reducing LGBT-related victimization in schools would likely lead to significant long-term health benefits and reductions in health disparities for LGBT individuals.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on translating the science on marijuana into effective public health messages. The presentation aimed to understand the latest science on marijuana use and how to frame prevention messages. It identifies concerns related to marijuana use and legalization such as addiction, impaired driving, and negative impacts on adolescent brain development and academic achievement. The presentation argues for using strong evidence from research to change the discussion on marijuana from complicated to simple and from negative to positive. It provides sample messages focused on how marijuana use could negatively impact things people care about like education, employment, and highway safety.
The document examines evidence that LGBT youth are more likely to be bullied than heterosexual youth. It finds that LGBT youth are three times more likely to be bullied, with 54% reporting cyberbullying. Bullying of LGBT youth is linked to higher rates of depression, suicidal thoughts, and physical harm. Further research is still needed to better understand the issues and their societal impacts.
Tiffany Thomas wrote a review paper on suicide ideation in college populations. The paper discusses research finding that around 11% of college students think about or plan suicide each year, though less than 2% die by suicide. Studies have found traits like high stress, hopelessness, poor problem-solving skills, and depressive symptoms are associated with greater suicide ideation in college students. Additionally, students with suicide thoughts are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like not wearing seatbelts, fighting, and binge drinking. While suicide ideation is prevalent on campuses, factors like optimism may help protect some students' mental health following negative life events.
Tyler York conducted a study using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the relationship between tattoo acquisition and criminal or deviant behaviors among adolescents. The results found moderate associations between having tattoos and violent crime, non-violent crime, and drug use. Controlling for personality traits and parental income had little effect on the strength of the associations. This suggests tattoos may be a marker for criminal and deviant behaviors among adolescents. However, the validity of the results is limited by the young age of most respondents. Further research is needed to better understand how tattoos may influence behavior in younger populations.
This document provides a summary of the 2014 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey. Some key findings include:
- Alcohol, cigarette, and other drug use among Florida youth has declined significantly over the past decade.
- However, high-risk drinking behaviors such as binge drinking and riding with drunk drivers remain problems.
- Marijuana use has remained fairly constant while use of other drugs is very low.
- Strong school and community participation in the survey provided a highly representative statewide sample.
- Florida youth generally disapprove of substance use and perceive significant health risks from cigarettes.
Managing the delivery of a €20 million library buildingHugh Murphy
The document summarizes a presentation by two senior librarians at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth about managing the design and delivery of a new 20 million euro library building. It describes gathering input from library users through surveys and focus groups to inform the design of the new building. The librarians discuss innovations incorporated into the new building as well as changes to library collections, technology, research support, and pedagogy. They also address communication strategies used during the project and changes to the staff structure and ways of working necessitated by the new building. The librarians conclude that the new building was worth the wait but requires motivated staff and that good space combined with good staff leads to good services for users.
Sustaining research software at the Apache Software Foundation
Presented at BOSC 2015, Dublin on 2015-07-11. http://www.open-bio.org/wiki/BOSC_2015
Source: http://slides.com/soilandreyes/20150611-bosc2015-apache
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Alberto A. Yepez seeks a position as a professional engineer where he can utilize his education and experience. He has a Master's in Systems Engineering from UTEP with a 3.5 GPA and Bachelor's in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering from UTEP with a 3.22 GPA. His experience includes tutoring student athletes at UTEP and working security at special events. He has skills in engineering software, materials analysis tools, and languages. He aims to enhance analytical and reasoning abilities through independent and innovative thinking.
Sandra Afanador has over 21 years of experience in administration, human resources, and training. As an HR Generalist, she implemented a new automated recruitment system and onboarding process for new employees. She also developed the Domestic Violence Protocol and received an Employee of the Year award. Previously she worked as an Administrative Assistant, handling various office tasks and training employees. She has a Bachelor's degree in Secretarial Sciences.
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chil ...
1. The document discusses substance use and abuse among adolescents, noting that millions experiment with drugs or alcohol each year. It explores factors that influence adolescent substance use like peer pressure and parental modeling, as well as physiological differences in the adolescent brain that increase risk-taking.
2. Animal studies have provided insights into how drugs affect the developing adolescent brain. Surveys find that alcohol and marijuana are most commonly abused, though e-cigarette use is rising. The document outlines stages of addiction and barriers to preventing and treating adolescent substance abuse.
3. Effective treatment requires addressing adolescents' motivations for use and incorporating parents, while maintaining adolescent engagement. Studies find parent-focused and intensive family involvement interventions show higher retention rates
Risk factors predict increased likelihood of problem behaviors like drug use and delinquency. These include characteristics of environments like schools, communities, families, and peer groups. Protective factors reduce the influence of risk and likelihood of problem behaviors through bonding, beliefs, standards, and individual characteristics. Research on risk and protective factors informs prevention programs, which address elevated risks and increase protections to promote positive youth development.
Does Cannabis Use Cause Psychological Disordersraygoodsell
The document summarizes research from multiple studies on the relationship between cannabis use and psychological disorders. It finds that while cannabis use is linked to increased risks of substance abuse and depression, the causal relationship is unclear. Heavy cannabis use is associated with higher rates of psychotic symptoms and suicide ideation/attempts in young adults. However, more research is still needed to determine whether cannabis use causes mental health issues or vice versa.
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
This document discusses juvenile drug use and proposes alternatives to address the issue. It begins by outlining reasons why teens use drugs such as depression, stress, bullying, peer pressure, boredom, and rebellion. It then discusses the negative impacts of teen drug use including poor school performance, loss of friends, and health issues. Three policy alternatives are proposed: 1) creating recreation centers for teens, 2) drug rehabilitation programs, and 3) after-school programs about the dangers of drugs. The benefits and disadvantages of each alternative are described. The document argues that a recreation center would be the best approach and outlines an action plan to implement this policy, including gathering support from government officials and community organizations.
Term Paper Assignment CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Assignment
CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods
9 Pages
Introduction
In the American Criminal Justice System, many young adults commit delinquency acts. In this paper, the goal of this research is to find out if the use of any controlled substance or any illegal drug incite male juveniles in high school delinquency. I hypothesize that if male juveniles that attend high school consume any controlled substances or illegal drug, then their crime commission or delinquency rates will increase. If male juveniles that attend high school commit crime or delinquency acts, and they do not consume controlled substances or illegal drugs, their crime rates will go down or remain the same.
Population of Interest
For this research, the population of interest will be male juveniles of American nationality who attend a public high school in Chicago, Illinois.
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis proposed to analyze for this research will be individuals. Individual students who get studied in a research can be less likely to be influenced by peers or any outside source.
Variables of Interest
Attributes of the variables are important in this research. The male juveniles chosen will be between the ages of 12 to 17. The ethnicity or race of the juveniles are not important to this research, because it is not quantitative. It might be important for a research that is looking to know how many juveniles from certain race commit delinquent acts, but in this research, the goal is to find out if the consumption of any controlled substance or illegal drug alter juvenile delinquency rates. A controlled substance is any substance or medication that people use to get high. An illegal drug, is any substance that cannot be used under a certain age, or that cannot be used at all in the United States. These definitions bring us to the meaning of juvenile delinquency, which is any deviant behavior or delinquent act that juveniles commit during the course of adolescence or at a certain age that is between twelve and seventeen. This definition relates to the questions in the survey that ask about the juvenile committing any delinquent acts or deviant behaviors. The independent variable in this research is the drug or illegal substance that the juvenile consumes before the commission of a delinquent act. The dependent variable is the delinquent act itself depending on the consumption of illegal drugs or controlled substances. It is the dependent variable because as we hypothesized, if the juvenile does not take drugs or if he does not use controlled substances then the delinquency rate will probably go down. The control variable is the situations that happen to the juvenile when he is outside of school. Problems at home, child abuse, child neglect, being a victim of bullying, parents that abuse illegal substances, parents or family members that abuse alcohol in front of the juvenile amongst other, are examples of what could be considered the control variab.
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Running head DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION1DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 1
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 6
Drug Abuse and Addiction
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Public Safety Issue: Drug Abuse and Addiction
Public safety issue refers to any problem which threatens the wellbeing of people and prosperity of communities. A solution to such challenges is crucial in order to ensure that safety of people is protected and safeguarded. The issue of drug abuse and concern among school going teenagers has become a major problem in United States. According to a survey conducted by Monitoring the Future (MTF), on average, 29 percent of the school kids between grades 8, 10, and 12 were found to be using drugs. This has raised a major concern that requires the government to work closely with relevant public safety organizations in order to contain this issue.
Research Topic: The Importance of Introducing Drug Abuse Unit in The Curriculum of the American Education System
Overview
According to findings of Monitoring the Future survey released in 2018, there is a significant increase in number of school going youths engaging in drug abuse activities. Marijuana, opioid abuse, alcohol, synthetic drugs, tobacco, and nicotine are among the top drugs and substances abused by teenagers and school going kids. These statistics are alarming since they present one of the major challenge to the wellbeing and prosperity of the future generation. Many anti-drug abuse and addiction organizations such as National Institutes on Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have been working relentlessly to curb this rising level of drug abuse and addiction among teenagers. Despite all the efforts by these organizations, their programs have failed to achieve any substantial success as far the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is concerned. This research is aimed at exploring the relevant literature from books, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and other academic effort in the effort to present the dire need to integrate drug abuse into the curriculum of the American education system. The findings of the research will be a boost to the government and other public safety organizations in the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers and school going youths.
Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, D. T., Palamar, J. J., & Williams, J. H. (2014). Perceived neighborhood illicit drug selling, peer illicit drug disapproval and illicit drug use among US high school seniors. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 9(1), 35.
The paper explores the problem of marijuana use among the students in U.S. high schools. Notably, more than 45.5 percent of the respondents revealed that they have used marijuana once on their lifetime while the other 36.4 percent revealing that they have used marijuana in the last one year. Additionally, another 22.7 percent of the respondents noting that they have been consta ...
Abuse and mistreatment in the adolescent period - by Dr. Bozzi Domenico (Mast...dott. Domenico Bozzi
UNICEF has highlighted how children suffer violence throughout all stages of childhood and adolescence, in different contexts, and often at the hands of people they trust and interact with on a daily basis.
Violent corporal punishment, 300 million children between 2 and 4 years old in the world regularly suffer violence from their family/guardians (about 3 out of 4), 250 million of these are punished physically (about 6 out of 10).
Sexual violence, Sexual violence occurs against children of all ages: 15 million girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced incidents of sexual violence in their lives, and 2.5 million young women in 28 European countries report having suffered episodes of sexual violence before the age of 15.
The document summarizes key data from the Marijuana Prevention Initiative regarding youth marijuana use in San Diego County. It finds that marijuana use among 9th and 11th graders has increased over time, with 26% of 9th graders and 39% of 11th graders reporting lifetime use in 2011. Additionally, 20% of high school juniors reported using marijuana in the past 30 days. Perceptions of harm have also declined among youth. The data aims to inform prevention efforts in San Diego County.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
This document discusses teen substance abuse from anthropological, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Sociologically, peer pressure is a major risk factor as teens seek to fit in and conform. Family members who abuse substances also increase risk. Psychologically, traumatic events and mental health disorders like ADHD may lead teens to self-medicate, while their brains' reward systems are more active than their self-control. Culturally, beliefs that normalize substance use in certain communities or countries can increase risk for teens in those groups. Overall, a variety of social, psychological, and cultural factors may intersect to influence substance abuse behaviors in teens.
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This document discusses proactively ending child abuse in the United States. It notes that organizations like the Parent Enhancement Program in Oregon seek to cure child abuse and neglect by addressing its underlying causes or symptoms. The document provides statistics on the high rates of child abuse and neglect in the U.S., especially among young children, and discusses the negative long-term health, behavioral, and relationship consequences of experiencing abuse as a child. Risk factors for abuse, like teenage parenthood, premature or difficult infants, lack of parenting knowledge, and negative attitudes towards childrearing are also examined. The document concludes by advocating for educating youth on childcare, development, and stress reduction to help reduce instances of abuse stemming from a
This document discusses juvenile delinquency, particularly female juvenile delinquency. It notes that while juvenile delinquency rates are declining, girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system. There is a lack of appropriate programs and services for female juvenile offenders, especially pregnant teens, as the system was designed for males. Child abuse and family dysfunction are discussed as factors that can contribute to female juvenile delinquency.
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abouAMMY30
This document discusses research on reducing drug abuse among teenagers. It recommends focusing the research on how to reduce rather than just describe the problem. The literature review discusses consequences of drug abuse to help identify affected teenagers, and factors like parenting, poverty and peer pressure that contribute to abuse. Potential solutions proposed are encouraging good parenting, advising at-risk youth, and enforcing laws against drug availability to teenagers.
Discuss following topic. minimum 250 words. when thinking abou
Adolescent Substance Abuse
1. Running head: ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1
Adolescent Substance Abuse
Isabella Just
San Jose State University
2. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2
Adolescent Substance Abuse
Introduction
The United States Department of Health and Human Services found that half of
adolescents have abused illicit drugs at last once by the time they are in the twelfth grade (U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services, 2015). Illicit drug use is “the abuse of illegal drugs
and/or the misuse of prescription medications or household substances” (U.S. Department of
Health & Human Services, 2015). More adolescents have reported drinking alcohol than
smoking cigarettes or using marijuana (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).
Four in every ten high schools students have had alcohol in the last month, and two and ten have
participated in binge drinking within two weeks (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 2015). Adolescents can be characterized as being strongly influenced by peers, and
likely to take risks. In 2009, 10 percent of youth ages 12 to 17 reported currently using illicit
drugs, such as marijuana (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2014). Among the youth who
reported illicit drugs: 6.5% were Asian, 10.6% African American, 11.9% American Indian or
Alaskan Native, 15.2% Hispanic/Latino, 16.1% white, and 16.7% multi-racial youth (National
Center for Children in Poverty, 2014).
Risks for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Adolescence is a period where many youth being to experiment with alcohol, tobacco,
and marijuana (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). 998 adolescents and their families were studied in
a controlled family-based intervention to determine how early substance abuse can predict later
substance use disorders (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). Predictors of substance use disorders
include alcohol use, tobacco use, and marijuana use (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). Outcomes of
substance use included nicotine and marijuana dependence, deviant peer affiliation, poor school
3. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 3
functioning, and elevated substance use (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). Van Ryzin and Dishion
(2014) found that by the time an adolescent reached the eight grade 36.5% have experimented
with alcohol, 15.7% have tried marijuana. It was found that early substance use was a predictor
of the later use of nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana through deviant peer affiliation (Van Ryzin &
Dishion, 2014). Substance use in mid-adolescence is also statistically significant for later
dependence (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). Van Ryzin and Dishion (2014) findings indicate that
the social domain is affected at the social level when adolescents chose to partake in drug use
through deviant peer affiliations.
Steen (2010) also indicated that the social domain is affected when adolescents use
substances. Steen (2010) conducted a study on 62,934 adolescents in 64 Florida counties to
determine if community based interventions, neighbors, and abandoned building are positively
correlated with the onset of early substance abuse. Steen (2010), found that the belief in, and
actual ease of access, was linked to increased chances of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use
(Steen, 2010). Similarly, the presence of abandoned buildings was associated with increased
odds that an adolescent would consume alcohol, and smoke cigarettes (Steen, 2010). The
findings show that an adolescents’ social domain is affected at the community level. If
adolescents have a social group that allows them to obtain substances easily they are more likely
to use substances. If an adolescent lives in a community that has poor community development
they are more likely to have an environment that fosters substance use.
Richard and colleagues (2010), found that the emotional domain was also affected by
substance abuse. Richard et al. (2010) studied 428 adolescents from two Houston, Texas
suburban high schools to test links between negative appraisal, self-concept, race/ethnicity,
gender and marijuana use. Richard et al. (2010) found that negative appraisal by peer and
4. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 4
teachers was a risk factor for drug use especially for non-Hispanics, but not Hispanics.
Adolescents were more at risk for drug use if they have been negatively appraised by their peers
(Richard et al., 2010). The emotional domain of the adolescent is affected at the social level. If
an adolescent believe that peers see them as substance abusers, they are at higher risk of
becoming a substance abusers.
In addition, Hartman et al. (2013) conducted a study on 777 adolescents from the
Colorado Twin Registry at two points in time to determine if Cloninger’s theory that low harm
avoidance, low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and low persistence predicted early
substance problems. Hartman et al. (2013) found that risk factors that predict cigarette use
include: harm avoidance, novelty seeking, persistence, and sex variables (Hartman et al., 2013).
Lower harm avoidance, higher novelty seeking, and lower persistence increases the risk for early
cigarette use (Hartman et al., 2013). Risk for early alcohol use includes higher levels of novelty
seeking and lower persistence (Hartman et al., 2013). Factors that were not significant for early
alcohol use included harm avoidance, reward dependence, and sex (Hartman et al., 2013). Risk
factors for initiation of illicit substances include lower levels of harm avoidance, higher levels of
novelty seeking, and lower persistence (Hartman et al., 2013). Risk factors for early substance
experimentation include higher levels of novelty seeking, low levels of persistence, and low
levels of harm avoidance (Hartman et al., 2013). Later substance dependence can be predicated
by higher levels of novelty seeking, lower levels of harm avoidance, lower levels of reward
dependence, and lower levels of persistence (Hartman et al., 2013). The risks of early substance
experimentation align with the idea that adolescents have an imaginary audience, and personal
invincibility. Risks of adolescent substance use surround the idea the adolescents believe they
are invincible. As Hartman et al. discuss, adolescents will use substances if they do not believe
5. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 5
they need to avoid harm, and want to participate in novel experiences. Novelty seeking,
persistence, harm avoidance, and reward dependence are apart of the cognitive domain. Before
the age of 25 adolescents brains are not fully developed and their decision-making abilities are
affected.
In general the risk factors for substance abuse fall under the social domain at the social
level. This is because adolescents are making personal choices of who to associate with and what
actions to take part in. An adolescent’s focus on an imaginary audience and the importance they
place on their peers also accounts for the influence of the social domain on substance abuse.
Protective Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Due to the severity of the risks associated with adolescent substance abuse, it is important
to analyze the protective factors. Adolescents who possess a set of protective factors are less
likely to use substances. Ronel and Levy-Cahana (2011) interviewed 19 adolescents who had
either a father or mother or both, who were current substance abusers. The participants were
further divided based on the degree to which their lives had been negatively affected by their
parent(s) habit, or if they had been users themselves (Ronel & Levy-Cahana, 2011). Ronel and
Levey-Cahana (2011), wanted to determine how having a parent who is substance dependent
affects the growth of an adolescent. The presence of protective factors can minimize the risk
posed by a weak substance-dependent parent (Ronel& Levey-Cahana, 2011). Ronel and Levy-
Cahana (2011) found that a sense of strength, aversion to the parent’s substance dependence,
positive significant family figures, the desire to protect siblings from substance dependence, and
the hope for a better future are protective factors. A sense of strength relative to the weak
substance-dependent can provide adolescents with the strength to choose a different path than
that of their parents (Ronel & Levy-Cahana, 2011). Aversion to the parent’s substance
6. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 6
dependence developed from the examination of their parent(s) situation (Ronel & Levy-Cahana,
2011). Having another significant family figure filled the void of a strong powerful parent
(Ronel & Levy-Cahana, 2011). Ronel and Levy-Cahana (2011) found that the need to protect
siblings from substance abuse occurred even if the adolescents were a substance abuser
themselves. By possessing one of more of these protective factors an adolescent is protected at
the individual and family level. A strong support system can compensate for having a weak
substance dependent parent. The protective factors identified by Ronel and Levy-Cahana (2011)
can provide protection in the emotional domain by providing a strong support system, and a
sense of strength.
A child’s strength comes from their cultural background as well as their emotional traits.
Telezer and colleagues (2013), conducted a study on importance of family connection and family
support of 385 adolescent Mexican-Americans. Telzer et al. (2013) aimed to determine how
family obligation values and assistance could be a source of protection against substance abuse
in adolescent Mexican-Americans. Results showed that an adolescents family obligation values
were protective from deviant behaviors, and disclosure (Telzer et al., 2013). Additionally, Telzer
et al. (2013) found that cigarette use, marijuana use, and alcohol use was lower in adolescents
who had higher adolescent family obligation values. Family obligations were associated with
lower substance use because adolescents were more likely to disclose information to their
parents and socialize with fewer deviant peers (Telzer et al., 2013). Family assistance behavior
was not found to be protective against marijuana or other illicit drug use (Telzer et al., 2013). In
addition low family conflict is associated with lower marijuana use (Telzer et al., 2013). Telzer
and colleagues (2013) found that factors in the emotional domain such as family strength and
behavior could be protective against substance use, deviant peer association, and disclosure. At
7. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 7
the family level an adolescent can be protected from illegal drug use, nicotine, and deviant peer
associations (Telzer et al., 2013).
Overall, protective factors for adolescent substance use fall in the emotional domain. An
adolescents who possess a support system, and individual strength are at a lower risk for
substance use (Ronel & Levy-Cahana, 2011). Adolescents who have a strong sense of family
obligation are also at lower risk for substance use (Telzer et al., 2013). The family system serves
as a crucial protective mechanism against adolescent substance use.
Developmental Outcomes Associated With Adolescent Substance Abuse
Adolescents’ brains are still cognitive developing as they gain decision-making abilities,
social skills, foresight, and abstract reasoning (Thoma et al., 2009). If an adolescent consumes or
uses substances there are hindering the developmental process and can cause long-term negative
developmental outcomes. Thoma et al. (2009) aimed to evaluate how alcohol and marijuana
effects the neuropsychological functioning of adolescents. 48 adolescents ages 12 to 18 were
studied: 15 who did not use substances and had no family history of substance use disorder, 14
who did not use substances but had a family history of substance use disorder, and 19
adolescents who were diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence (Thoma et al., 2009).
Adolescent substance use was associated with regression of memory, processing spend,
executive functioning and attention (Thoma et al., 2009). Specifically, the percent of days using
marijuana was associated with negative memory performance (Thoma et al., 2009).
Additionally, a higher number of drinks per day, was negatively association with executive
functioning and attention (Thoma et al., 2009). Percent of drinks per day was not significant on
the neuropsychological functions of adolescents (Thoma et al., 2009). Because the brain is
continuing to develop in adolescents, the cognitive domain is greatly affected when an
8. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 8
adolescent uses substances such as marijuana and alcohol. This affects the adolescent at the
individual level, because they will have lower levels of cognitive functioning in the future.
Communities and families are also affected, because lower cognitive functioning can be
associated with lower graduation rates and therefore fewer job prospects.
Lower gradation rates and less job opportunities can be linked to high juvenile
delinquency. Adolescents’ delinquency outcomes can be associated with their gender and race
(Welch-Brewer et al., 2011). Welch-Brewer et al. (2011) conducted a longitudinal study over a
three-year period on 6,900 probation cases in a Midwest county juvenile court population.
Research has shown that youth who are apart of the juvenile justice system have higher rates of
mental health issues and substance abuse (Welch-Brewer et al., 2011). Few studies however
have studied the effects of gender and race on juvenile court outcomes (Welch-Brewer et al.,
2011). Welch-Brewer and colleagues (2011) found that within their population 26 percent of
males and females used substances. A substance use disorder was a significant predicator of the
number of probation services (Welch-Brewer et al., 2011). Males with a substance use disorder
had one additional probation service, and females received an additional 2.4 probation services
(Welch-Brewer et al., 2011). Substance use disorder also predicted the amount of court offenses
in males, with 1.8 times more court offenses than none users (Welch-Brewer et al., 2011).
However, it was found that substance use disorder did not predict the time in detention, a felony
conviction, or time on probation (Welch-Brewer et al., 2011). The cognitive domain is affected
when adolescent choose to use substances because it affects their decision-making abilities.
Wrong decisions can lead to convictions that place them in the juvenile court system. Their poor
decisions affect the community because tax dollars have to be used to place adolescents under
arrest and house them in he juvenile justice system.
9. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 9
An adolescent’s decision to use substances will greatly affect the brains development.
Research shows that the community is affected when adolescents use substances. Communities
have to use resources to fund the juvenile court system and address the poor decisions
adolescents under the influence make.
Conclusion
Adolescents who use substances hinder their cognitive development and increase their
rates to juvenile delinquency. Adolescent substance use is associated with regression of memory,
processing spend, executive functioning and attention (Thoma et al., 2009). A substance use
disorder was found to be a significant predicator of the number of probation services (Welch-
Brewer et al., 2011). Risk for adolescent substance abuse are centered around the social
domain. Adolescent who associate with deviant peers, have easy access to substances and
alcohol. Adolescents were also at risk if peers or authority figures had a negative appraisal of
them (Hartman et al., 2011). Low persistence, low harm avoidance, and high novelty seeking is
also associated with higher risk of substance abuse. Protective factors were largely apart of the
emotional domain. Adolescents who had the strength to choose a different lifestyle than that of
their parents, and had a sibling to protect was less likely to abuse substances themselves (Ronel
& Levey-Cahana, 2011). An adolescent’s family obligation was protective, because they were
less likely to interact with deviant peers and more likely to disclose information to their parents
(Telzer et al., 2013). In order to encourage protective factors and reduce risk factors, adolescents
should be informed on the long-term negative developmental outcomes associated with
substance use, as well as the risks associated with having a substance dependent parent. An
adolescent who electively choses to be sober can be assisted through interventions that
incorporate their family, community, and is strength driven.
10. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 10
Proposed Intervention for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Substance use in adolescence is malleable. If programs are created that promote
protective factors reduce risk factors, adolescent individuals can avoid the juvenile justice
system. By the age of 17, 50 percent of adolescents have used or consumed some form of
substances (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2015). 40 percent of adolescents had
drank alcohol in the past month, 20 percent have consumed excessive alcohol in the past two
weeks (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2015). Ten out of every 100 adolescents
ages 12 to 17 currently use illicit drugs (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2014). 26
percent of adolescents in the juvenile justice system use drugs, which is associated with one
additional probation if male and 2.4 times more probations if female (Welch-Brewer, 2011).
Male adolescents who use substances are 1.8 times more likely to receive a court offense than
non-using male adolescents (Welch-Brewer, 2011). Additionally, early substance use is a
predictor of the later use of nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana through deviant peer affiliation (Van
Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). Substance use in mid-adolescence is also statistically significant for
later substance dependence (Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). 75 percent of adolescents with
substance use disorder have some other mental health problem therefore it is important to target
mental health issues in substance abuse interventions (Horigian, 2013).
Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) is an intervention that addresses systematic
interactions that are associated with behavioral problems (Horigian, 2013). The program
addresses the root of the problem interactions in the family system over a four-month period with
eight additional sessions (Horigian, 2013). A session often involves multiple family members
and includes an analysis of all the individuals’ microsystems (Horigian, 2013). The program was
also successful because the location was flexible to the individuals needs (Horigian, 2013). The
11. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 11
program was composed of individual and/or group therapy, parent training, family therapy, and
case management (Horigian, 2013). The intervention however, did not take place over a long
enough time period. The four-month period had positive outcomes, but no follow up interviews
were conducted to determine if the outcomes were lasting. The program also lacked pre
treatment interviews.
Strengths Oriented Family Therapy (SOFT) includes pre-treatment motivational sessions
with parents, specific solution focused language, and an assessment of the strengths of the
individual (Smith et al., 2006). The intervention is family based and involves skill training for
each member of the family system (Smith et al., 2006). A pre-treatment interview was
conducted with the youth and parent individually to determine the strengths of the youth and
develop a solution plan (Smith et al., 2006). The interventions addressed all relevant ecological
factors (Smith et al., 2006). The intervention also included the development of a relapse
prevention program that included the family and the patient (Smith et al., 2006). The program
lasted ten weeks, 30 hours, five sessions included both the family and the patient (Smith et al.,
2006). Weaknesses of the intervention include no follow up interviews therefore there is no
indication of how long the patients remained sober.
In order to limit risks and promote protective factors aspects of both SOFT, BFST, and
7C can be used to create a program that is lasting, targets the problem early, and includes all
relevant ecological factors. The Transactional Model of development can be clearly linked to a
substance abuse treatment program. The Transactional Model of development addresses the
individual, the context and how they interact. The model address proximal influences such as
family communication, and peer associations. The model also addresses distal influences such
as the community structure, school, and the family’s socioeconomic status. Horigian (2013)
12. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 12
utilizes this model by finding the causal relationship between mental health disorders, and
substance abuse disorders. Both factors interact at both the proximal and distal levels. By
combining the strengths of SOFT, BSFT, and 7C the proposed program will be composed of a
pre-interview and a post-interview both at the time of completion and six months later.
By incorporating the family involvement from SOFT, BSFT, and 7C family obligation
values can be enhanced, which are associated with lower substance use and less deviant peer
associations (Telzer et al., 2013). The risk of deviant peer associations can be eliminated with
higher parent disclosure (Telzer et al., 2013). To address the risk of accessibility of drugs the
program can work with the individuals ecological system to ensure that the source of the drug or
alcohol is eliminated before the individual re-integrates into the community. The SOFT program
will be integrated to address the risk of low harm avoidance, low persistence, and high novelty
seeking (Hartman et al., 2013). Addressing these factors will also reduce later adult substance
dependence (Hartman et al., 2013). The SOFT model will also be incorporated to include
strength enhancement to protect against the presence of a substance dependent parent, and allow
the individual to choose a different pathway (Ronel & Levy-Cahana, 2011). The program will
take place over a six-month period in a location that meets the patient’s needs. Therapists will be
masters students studying childhood trauma and the affect on developmental outcomes.
Therapists will provide care in the individual’s primary language, and take an etic perspective.
Every other week parents will meet with the assigned therapist to discuss any concerns and make
sure the program is being implemented properly into the home environment. Therapists will also
meet with the individuals teachers to make sure they are aware or the ongoing treatment, and are
told to report any suspicious activities. To ensure the patient is remaining sober the therapist will
conduct a check-up six-months after the completion of the program.
13. ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 13
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