environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013). Socioeconomic Model: Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression. Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse. Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010). Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys. The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future. The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...

1. environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should
also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol
issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between
behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood
socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the
youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use
in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-
sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater
alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or
the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led
to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000
observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family
and large family were linked with substance abuse and
alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014).
Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey,
found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less
prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous
drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES
may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol
use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption
declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with
sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is
lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows
found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy
drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink
less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the
influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths
of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are
considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes

2. youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus,
the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for
boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the
adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and
educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol
consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-
representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and
his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol
consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues
who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among
college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of
literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of
this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the
students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with
high parental educational status and the healthy financial
situation is associated with high rates of substance abuse,
specifically binges drinking in early adults. Past studies show
that the link between SES and substance abuse varies with age.
It elaborates the fact that the illegal substance is price sensitive,
and thus represents that the substance abuse will increase with
high financial or economic status, thus it shows that the
behavior of youngsters closely resemble with that of the adults
instead of the youth (Wechsler, et al., 2015).
These results are also persistent with Bellis and his fellows
who said that boys are spending more money reported in greater
substance abuse and with Martin and colleagues who found that
college students with more spending money involve in greater
alcohol consumption. The educated parents may have an
apparent effect on college attendance by the youngsters, apart
from the general SES. Educated parents have impact on their
young child to go to college and on daily basis. Both the SES
and parental education and income are interrelated, showing
that these all are persistent and not only restricted to the
parental education.

3. It represents the relation between SES of the youngster and
substance abuse in adulthood. This relationship varies with the
type of drug addiction. Higher SES is related to binge drinking,
as alcohol is cost sensitive and difficult to purchase without
having enough money (Levy, et al., 2011). As most of the
studies occurred for the substance abuse in low SES
populations, possibly the school administrators and teachers in
the richer schools may not find the need for devising the
policies for drug addiction treatments, as the present focus is on
the adults with low SES.
If the parents don’t let their child enough money, they can
prevent their child from substance abuse in this way, if they are
concerned about their child’s susceptibility to substance abuse.
The school organization trying to recognize substance abuse,
can find a list of programs to be efficient the on website for
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
Household:
The society we live in is glamorized by the alcohol
consumption and it is considered the trademark of adults. The
television or other advertisements for the use of alcohol are so
common, these advertisements contradict with the message
against underage drinking. This type of mixed issues is just
confusing for the young generation who are developing and
trying to make them useful and sensible, and who are trying to
cope up with the society. The limit, to which alcohol
consumption is referred as standard and is acceptable, is
variable in underage consumption of alcohol (Fell, et al., 2015).
Youth spends much of their time unrestricted. Youngsters
who contribute in sports, library-based activities and various
serving managements are less prone to drinking. But this after-
school participation is decreasing by the days and significantly
declined in past twenty years, mainly because of the small funds
and because the transport is also restricted in case of these
healthy activities.
Universities are the original spot to locate the alcohol
abusers. In spite of the policies designed by the school

4. management relating underage drinking, the college
environment provides an opportunity to students to drink with
liberty. It is how their household activities are also being
affected by alcohol consumption or drug addiction (Fell, et al.,
2015).
Social influence/Social Pressure:
Regarding the underage drinking, peer pressure or peer
influence is an important thing to consider. According to a
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA),
these are friends and social fabrics that are responsible for
underage drinking. It is mostly important for teachers, parents,
and other family members to protect the youngsters from
underage drinking and addiction to alcoholism. It is the
responsibility of parents to do brain washing of their children
when they are kids. When they go to teen age, then there should
be a myth in their minds that alcohol is not okay, and they
should avoid it (Health, et al., 2015). According to NIAAA,
there are positive impacts of social influence regarding the
underage drinking.
Beliefs and Expectancies about Alcohol:
The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to recognize
the expectations regarding alcohol, to know the danger of
developing an addiction, drinks and other versatile substance to
use. The sample size comprised 1345 university going students
from first to last semester. A questionnaire was prepared
regarding drinking habits and an Inventory of Expectations and
Personal Beliefs about Alcohol (IECPA) were utilized.
In this sample 18.8 percent of the people tried drinking
alcohol for the very first time when they were 14 years old and
rest of the 73.6 percent gone through alcohol toxicity once in
their life time minimally and represented high scores in IECPA.
The average score was higher in men than women (Masten, et
al., 2014). This subject is very important for the studies on
prevention and dependence.
Tobacco and other Drugs:
Tobacco is prepared from the contents from the tobacco plant

5. including its leaves. Tobacco is most widely being used around
the globe in the form of cigarettes or cigars. It is clearly
mentioned on the cigarette packets that it is injurious to health
and causes mouth and lung cancer but people still use it a lot in
the typical household, it is the type of drug easily available
everywhere.
Some people fill the cigarettes with tobacco, and certain
other types of drugs like cocaine and amphetamine to use is
feasibly anywhere they want. Smoking is injurious to health,
and can prove life threatening (Foster, et al., 2013). Withdrawal
from cigarettes or tobacco will lead to extreme conditions as the
patient get dependent, to cure the withdrawal symptoms,
transdermal patches are used which contain nicotine. They act
on the nicotine receptors and fill the receptor demand for
nicotine thus relieving the patient if the patient uses
transdermal patches and continues smoking, he/she gets worsen
because the level of nicotine is elevated to the great extent.
The use of sedative or other drugs that cause Euphoria i.e.
a State of extreme happiness is done to release tension,
depression, anxiety and pain, these drugs loosen the body, and
the person
NAME: ______________________
Final Exam
URBS 2010
Spring 2014
DUE MAY 9th by midnight via the eLearn Dropbox!!
Please respond to four of the following five questions. Your
responses should be around 3-4 paragraphs each. PLEASE cite
sources!!
#1: Briefly describe the pattern of urban growth in the United
States from its inception. What are three factors that have
contributed to increasing urbanization? How? Which, in your
opinion, has been the most influential?

6. #2: Choose a world megacity. Describe three current urban
problems the megacity is encountering. What historical and/or
current factors are contributing to these problems? Describe a
program and/or policy solution it is implementing to tackle one
of these problems.
#3: Assess the Political Economy Theory – does it, in your
opinion, explain the current state of the world’s cities? Why or
why not? Use an example to support your response.
#4: Building on your experience with the media assignments,
explain, in your opinion, how the media plays a role in
portraying urban issues and communities. What impact does
this have on urban policy design and implementation?
#5: Describe three policy solutions the United States has or is
implementing to improve access to housing. Which, in your
opinion, is the most effective policy solution? Why has it been
the most effective?