Water credit initiative in India_Richard Thornston (water.org)_ 2013)

Water credits strategic subsidies, characteristics, milestones and models followed & challenges faced.

Richard E. Thorsten, Ph.D
Director of International Programs
India WaterCredit Stakeholder Engagement Forum
February 19, 2013 - Delhi

WaterCredit in India: Milestones

2013
2011
2008
2007

2004

Sample WaterCredit MFI Model Diagram
Water.org
“smart subsidy” grant for technical assistance
& capacity development costs
“smart subsidy” grant for start-up, product & capacity development costs
credit enhancements (guarantees)

Banks &
WSH NGOs MFIs portfolio growth capital
Capital
technical assistance
Markets
loan
loans
repayments

technical assistance
JLGs
connection fees
Utilities
Households
other WSH improvements
toilets water &/or sewerage services
RWH tanks
drip irrigation

WaterCredit’s Strategic Subsidies
 Software costs of programs
 Community mobilization, education, training
 Hygiene education & sanitation demand generation
 Watsan loan portfolio
 Market research
 Loan product development
 Pilot testing
 Investment capital
 Seed capital for revolving loan funds
 Credit guarantee for commercial and external financing
 Capacity development
 Watsan training
 Financial management training
 GUARDIAN - start-up costs, M-Cril rating
 Areas NOT subsidized
 Cost of improvements
 Wholesale & retail loan conditions
 Tariffs and O&M expenses

Water.org’s Roles
 Program Design
 Philanthropic Investment
 Financial and Program Monitoring
 Partner Capacity Building
 WSH Facilities and Water Quality Verification
 Evaluation
 Broader Sector Engagement

WaterCredit Loan & Borrowers’
Characteristics
CHARACTERISTC VALUE
Average Loan Size $150
Average Effective Interest Rate 16.7%
Average Loan Term 15 months
Cumulative Repayment Rate 99%
Water Loans as % of Portfolio to Date 38%
Sanitation Loans as % of Portfolio to Date 54%
Borrowers’ Average Monthly Household Income (INR) 3,415
Percent of Borrowers Below Poverty Line 52%
Percent of Loans Given to Female Borrowers 89%
Percent of Loans Given to Those in Rural Areas 80%

Making Progress in India
INDICATOR Progress to Expected by April
Date 2016
WaterCredit Partners 18 23
Water.org Partner Investment $4.9 million $9.65 million
Expected Financial Capital Leveraged $20.7 million $48.2 million
Indian States Impacted 13 15
WaterCredit Loans Disbursed 98,600 325,000
Water and/or Sanitation Beneficiaries 490,000 1,500,000

Overview of Challenges
 Water-Related Issues
 Water Resource Management
 Water Quality
 Water Infrastructure
 Other Challenges
 Microfinance Environment
 Awareness of Sanitation Options
 Scaling WaterCredit in New Markets

Evaluating Impact
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
Baseline
30%
Post-line
20%
10%
0%
% Population % Population % Obtaining % Population % Population
Using Using Enough Considering Washing
Improved HH Improved Water to Water as Hands at
Water Source Sanitation Meet Needs Potable Crucial Times

Future Evaluation Efforts
 Planning more systematic evaluation of WaterCredit
work occurring between 2008-11.
 Common evaluation survey and protocol administered
by current WaterCredit partners in 2011-12
 Includes treatment and control groups
 Over 11,000 baseline and 8,000 postline surveys
 Includes demographic, socio-economic, water &
sanitation, hygiene, WaterCredit, health, and other data
 Contract with 3rd party researcher to evaluate 2011-16
initiative.

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Suno bolo - standard operating procedure

The document provides guidelines for implementing a "Speaking Wall" called "Suno Bolo" to capture community voices. It discusses: 1) The components of a Speaking Wall including images, messages, data, and digital connections. 2) Strategies for content at different levels from images to audio clips linked to QR codes. 3) A working flow of Suno Bolo including group discussions, recording community responses (Bolo), discussing responses, and recording new learnings. 4) Guidance on setting up and starting the Suno Bolo process, including costs, selecting initial topics, and demonstrating the system to encourage participation.

Jal Jeevan Mission, Karnataka

Karnataka plans to ensure every rural household tap water connection by 2024. In 2021-22, the State plans to provide 25 lakh tap water connections in its rural areas. Presently, Karnataka has 91.19 lakh rural households, out of which only 28.44 lakh (31.2%) have tap water supply. So far, 23 panchayats and 676 villages in the State have been declared ‘Har Ghar Jal’. 95% schools and 95% anganwadi centres, 84% ashramshalas, 91% gram panchayat buildings and 92% health centres have piped water connections in Karnataka. The State plans to cover the learning centres, GP building and Health centres in next few months. There is urgent need for grey water management and behaviour change among people so that water, which is a limited resource, is used judiciously. The state plans to cover 17,111 villages falling under the priority category i.e. drought prone and desert region, SC/ ST dominated habitations, Aspirational districts, etc. in the current financial year. This document covers the IEC material being developed to build capacities on water source strengthening/ augmentation, water supply, greywater treatment & reuse, and operation & maintenance of in-village water supply systems, water quality monitoring and surveillance etc. The state has to involve the local village community/ gram panchayats and or user groups in planning, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of water supply systems in villages to ensure long-term sustainability thereby help achieve drinking water security. It has started IEC campaign through community engagement in all villages.

Water budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar

This document outlines a water security planning case study from Chhuanthar Tlangnuam village in Mizoram, India. It describes the village demographics, 6 springs that supply water, and seasonal water availability. Field visits involved mapping resources and social aspects, surveys of households, and water demand calculations. Analysis found water demand exceeds supply in summer. A water security plan was developed to address the gap.

Water quality

The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.

Understanding geology

Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions. The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born. The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders. This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.

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Spring hydrogeology and its classification

This document discusses the classification of springs based on hydrogeology. It defines different types of springs that form due to specific geological conditions: depression springs form in low-lying areas where the water table intersects land surface; contact springs occur at boundaries between permeable and impermeable rock layers; fracture springs form where joints or fractures intersect the surface; fault springs can develop along fault zones; and karst springs are commonly seen in limestone areas where solution features have formed. Spring discharge varies seasonally and by spring type, with factors like aquifer properties, catchment conditions, and recharge areas influencing output. A typology of springs is proposed considering geological setting and factors like discharge quantity and variability.

Introduction to aquifers

Introduction: Groundwater aquifers

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