The present water quality in the country, water sources and water testing.

1. Water Quality
Management
Dr. P. Mariappan, M.E., Ph.D.,
TWAD BOARD, Trichy-23..

2. Presentation includes:
Water quality and its
significance on health,
Water quality in India,
Household Water treatment
options for water quality
management.

3. DRINKING WATER QUALITY
POTABLE AND
PALATABLE

4. QUALITY OF WATER IS DETERMINED BY
1. Physical Quality
2. Chemical Quality
3. Biological Quality
4. Bacteriological Quality
5. Radioactivity

5. C O N S T IT U E N T S IN W A T E R
P h y s ic a l C h e m ic a l M ic r o b io lo g ic a l B io lo g ic a l R a d ia c t iv e
P r o p e r t ie s C o n s t it u e n t s P a ra m e te rs P a ra m e te rs P a ra m e te rs
( c o l o r , o d o r , t u r b i d it y ( B a c t e r ia , ( a lp h a , b e t a &
E C , T D S , e tc .) v ir u s ) g a m m a ra y s )
I n o r g a n ic O r g a n ic P h y t o p la n k t o n Z o o p la n k t o n
C o n s t it u e n t s C o n s t it u e n t s ( P r o t o z o a , c il ia t e s ,
( d e t e r g e n t s , p h e n o ls , C r u s t a c e a , r o t if e r s
p e s t i c id e s ) w o rm s )
M e ta ls N o n -m e ta ls A lg a e Fungi
M a jo r M in o r M a jo r M in o r
C o n s t it u e n t s C o n s t it u e n t s C o n s t it u e n t s C o n s t it u e n t s
(N a , K , ( H C O 3 , C l,
Ca, M g) SO 4, NO 3)
N o n - t o x ic T o x ic N o n - t o x ic T o x ic
(F e , M n) (A s , C r) (F , N H 3 , ( C y a n id e )
NO 2, PO 4)

6. But Common man’s perception is …..
Water
contaminants
micro Substances
organisms
Suspended Dissolved
matter matter

7. Three Types of water sources
Source Turbidity TDS Bacteria
Sea
Surface water High Low High
Ground water Low High Low
Rain
Subsoil water Low Low Low
Surface Ground Subsoil
water water water Quality of water
depends on the
Type of Source

8. Range of TDS in Various Waters
Rain water  1 – 150 mg/L
Surface water in Hills  10 – 100 mg/L
Surface water in Plains  100 – 1000 mg/L
Ground water  500 – 5000 mg/L
Ground water polluted  2000 – 20000 mg/L
Sea water  35000 mg/L
Mineral (bottled water)  100 – 200 mg/L
Permissible Limit  500 mg/L
Maximum allowable Limit  2000 mg/L

10. Brown streak in the
middle of teeth Skeletal fluorosis

11. FLUORIDE IN GROUND WATER -
GLOBAL PROFILE

12. Nitrate causes blue baby disease
Infants (below 6 months) are
affected by blue baby disease
(methemoglobinemia)
Adults are not
affected by Nitrate
NO3 Limit: 100 mg/L
Mother fed babies are not affected by
Blue Baby Disease

13. Number of Habitations Affected with Quality Problem
Nature of Quality No. of affected
Problem habitations
Excess Fluoride 36,988
Excess Arsenic 3,553
Excess Salinity 32,597
Excess Iron 1,38,670
Excess Nitrate 4,003
Other reasons 1,400

14. FIELD WATER TESTING KIT
To test TEST
• pH
12 • Alkalinity
Parameters • Hardness
• Chloride
• Fluoride
Cost: • Nitrate
Rs. 2500 • Hardness
• Ammonia
• Nitrite
OBSERVE Funded • Phosphate
• Appearance by GOI • Residual chlorine
• Odor
• Turbidity CALCULATE
• Iron • Total Dissolved Solids
A MINI LAB IN YOUR PALM

15. FIELD WATER TESTING KIT
Field water Opening Reagents and tools
testing kit the kit inside the kit box
Taking water sample for testing
Taking 20 mL water sample Transferring the sample
in the measuring jar into the Titration cup

16. TEST FOR ALKALINITY
Take 20 mL water sample Add 5 drops of ‘A1’ Reagent; Add ‘A2’ reagent drop by drop
into the Titration cup color changes to bluish green till the color changes to orange red
Alkalinity in mg/L = No. of ‘A2’ drops x 20
TEST FOR HARDNESS
Take 20 mL Add 5 drops of ‘H1’ and Add ‘H3’ reagent Add drops till the
water sample into the Titration 5 drops of ‘H2’ reagents. drop by drop colour changes
using an ink filler to bluish.
cup The color changes to red.
Hardness in mg/L = No. of ‘H3’ drops x 20

17. TEST FOR CHLORIDE
Take 20 mL water sample
into the Titration cup
Add 5 drops of ‘C1’ Reagent.
Color of water changes to yellow
Add ‘C2’ reagent drop by drop At the end point the color changes to red
Chloride in mg/L = No. of ‘C2’ drops x 20
TEST FOR FLUORIDE
If fluoride is not present,
the water turns pink
Add 1 mL ‘F1’
using an ink filler If fluoride is present,
In the given the water turns yellow
centrifuge tube
take 4 mL water Compare with fluoride color chart
and record the fluoride value

18. Test
for
pH
Booklet for pH test. Tear a portion of Using an ink filler The color of the leaf changes
In the front leaf pH color a leaf from the add a drop of test water within 10-15 seconds.
chart is given pH booklet on the leaf Compare its color.
Compare the color, with pH color chart and record the pH value
TEST Take 10 mL of Add 5 drops
water in the of ‘AM’ reagent
FOR given Test tube
AMMONIA
Compare the color of water
with Ammonia color chart
Compare the color, with Ammonia color chart and record the Ammonia value
TEST FOR
Take 10 mL Add 5 drops
RESIDUAL of water in the of ‘RC’
reagent
CHLORINE given Test tube
Compare the color of water
with Chlorine color chart
Compare the color, with Residual chlorine color chart and record the Residual chlorine value

19. TEST FOR FECAL COLIFORM
(For Bacteriological Contamination)
Add water sample into the
H2S vial up to the given
mark. Observe the change
after 24 hours.
After 24 hours,
if no change
takes place
then the water is
not contaminated
After 24 hours, if the water
in the H2S vial turns dark
brown and/or turbid,
the water is slightly
contaminated
After 24 hours,
if the water in the
H2S vial turns black
the water is
highly contaminated

20. Field Water Test Kit

21. Community Water Treatment

23. Household Water Treatment and Safe
storage- Point of Use water treatment
• Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS) is also known as
managing water at the "point-of-use" (POU) includes wide array of treatment
techniques, e.g.: boiling, filtration, chemical, solar, and UV lamp disinfection,
flocculation, etc. Safe storage prevents recontamination and includes the use of
narrow-mouth, screened, and covered containers, and of taps and spigots.
• 884 million lack access to "improved" drinking water supply, 4 billion cases of
diarrhoea annually, 88% attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. 1.8
million die each year from diarrhoeal diseases, vast majority children under five.
High returns for investment in drinking-water supply (between US$3 and US$34
for every US$ invested).
• HWTS alone will reduce burden of diarrheal disease by 19% in sustained manner.

24. Interventions at the Household

27. Tripura Filter

28. TERRAFIL

29. Bio Sand Filter (BSF):
It is adaptation of traditional slow sand filter (SSF) for household use..
Suspended materials and pathogens are removed through combination of physical and
biological process. It treats 0.4l/min in batches with 2 to four batches in a day and
pause time 6 to 12 hours. Pause tie should not be less than 1 hour and more than 48
hours. One filter can treat up to 72 liters in a day. It can be constructed locally with
steel mould.
Cost of installation in Nepal is Rs 3000. BSF removes 96% Bacteria, 99% virus, 100%
helminthes. Turbidity comes down to less than 1 NTU. Hence nominal chlorination is
still recommended with BSF. This has been used in many part of the world.

31. Chuli Filters: This is a modified cooking stove where the chimney is fitted with an aluminum pipe
coil. Flow of water and coil length is so maintained that water reaches more than 60 degree Celsius
and sustained for at least one hour. Under such condition it is believed to be pasteurized and
suitable for drinking. Cost of aluminum coil is Rs 500 and total cost of installation is less than Rs
1000.

32. Colloidal Silver Filter: Colloidal Silver Filter is an effective
technique of removing pathogens from drinking water. The
filter has clay disc or candle coated with silver. The candle
block strains solids and certain microorganism and silver kills
the micro-organism that comes in contact with silver. Its cost is
about Rs 500

33. LifeStraw Family Filter: This is Life straw family product for point of use microbiological
water system intended to routine use in low income settings. It filters up to 18000 liters of water
and enough to supply family of five with clean water for three years. It complies with USEPA
1987 guide standard. According company profile it removes bacteria by 6 log, virus by 4 log,
protozoa by 3 log and completely removes turbidity. Its main part is membrane cartridge where
ultra flirtation takes places through 20 nanometer pores and retains bacteria, virus and parasites.
Halogen chamber releases low level chlorine to prevent membrane fouling. Vacuum tube
backwash system is also there. Clean effluent was demonstrated from dark turbid and drunk in the
site. It is available world wide and cost of one unit Rs 1800

35. Household filter
For oorany water
treatment

39. Domestic filter – At a glance
S.No Type of filter Cost per
unit (Rs)
1 Iron removal filter 400
2 Arsenic/iron 830
removal
3 Fluoride/iron 1230
removal

40. KANCHAN FILTER- Arsenic removal

42. Table top model

43. Wall mount RO unit

47. SOLAR DISTILLATION

48. Aquatabs:
It is available in 5, 10 and 20 liter capacity internationally. Cost of
5 liter tablet is Rs 1.25 including label with instruction in local
language. ie Rs 0.25/liter.

49. Piyush( liquid chlorine):. It comes in 60 ml plastic bottle with 0.5%
sodium hypochlorite concentration of chlorine. Three drops of liquid as it drops
from the nozzle fitted in the lid is sufficient for treating one liter water. One
bottle is enough for treating 400 liters of water which is sufficient for family of
5 for one month. It giver more than 0.2 FRC. Cost is Rs 15/bottle ie Rs
0.04/liter

50. PUR: It is product of P&G Company, USA. It is a powdered water
purification technology packaged in 4 gm sachet. it works like a
dirty magnet pulling dirt and contaminants out of unclean water. It
uses same principle as municipal water treatment system and
provides frc so that water remains usable about a day.
Contains of one sachet PUR powder is added in 10 liter water and
stirred to begin process of precipitation and coagulation. Further it
is stirred for 5 minutes to till floc formed and water become clear.
Then water is filtered through 100% cotton cloth. Then 20 minutes
are allowed before drinking for disinfection. According to
company profile it removes bacteria by 8 log, virus by 7 logs,
parasites by 6 logs. It also removes heavy metals and pesticides. It
works up to 500 NTU. Cost of 5 sachet is 1 Rs ie Rs 0.02/liter.
Product is available internationally and useful during emergency
where clean water is not available.

51. Water Guard: Population Services International (PSI)
introduced water guard in 2005. It is 0,72% sodium
hypochlorite solution available in 240 ml bottle. Water Guard
bottle has a measuring scale provided on the lid of bottle. Lower
indicator for 10 liter and high indicator for 15 liters.

52. Solar disinfection (SODIS): SODIS is done by filling clean, unscratched, uncrushed and transparent PET
plastic bottle( maximum 10 cm diameter) with water and exposing it to direct sunlight for about 7 hours.
Synergic effect of ultra-violet(UV) rays heat from the sun kill the germs in the water. It was first discovered by
Prof. Aftim Acra of American University Beirut in 1985 and EWAG/SAVDEC has carried various research
in this technology. Any one knowing concept can adopt this technology at zero cost as long as required bottles
are available. Some specially prepared bottles are also available. SOLVATEEN is a SODIS based technology
in which water can be treated @ 10 liter in a batch. It has been fitted with indicator for seeing that water
reached required temperate.

55. O Treatment system with pretreatment arrangements- 500 LPH capacit

59. Conclusion
HWTS is the best option
Low cost filter, depending on the
element to be removed, may be
promoted,
Membrane filters are most suitable and
give total solution, Cost Rs.7000 to
12000
Water credit may financially support

60. Thank
Q