RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Week 9 overview
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This document provides an overview of germination and seed dormancy. It defines key terms like viability and dormancy, and outlines the three stages of germination - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dispersal methods include animal, wind, water, and mechanical. Proper storage conditions like controlling respiration are needed to maintain seed viability. Factors like water, light, temperature, oxygen, food, and time affect germination. Dormancy prevents germination until external conditions are suitable or internal triggers within the seed occur. The steps for sowing seeds into a tray are also outlined.
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Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
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1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
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This document discusses different methods of vegetative plant reproduction through cuttings, including stem, leaf, and root cuttings. It describes the physiological factors that influence rooting success, such as juvenility and plant growth regulators. It also outlines the different types of cuttings - softwood, semi-ripe, and hardwood - and lists example plants suitable for each. Specific propagation techniques are provided for leaf petiole and leaf blade cuttings. The document concludes by describing the aftercare needs of cuttings, such as moisture, warmth, and low nutrients.
Rhs year 1 week 24 2016
This document provides information on growing soft fruits including raspberries, blackcurrants, and strawberries. It describes variety selection based on factors like taste, use, and space. It recommends buying certified virus-free plants. For each fruit, it outlines planting requirements, pruning, feeding, pests and diseases, and harvesting. Good site selection, soil preparation, training, pruning, and pest/disease control impact quality and yields.
Garden design session 3 presentation
This document discusses principles of garden design including balance, rhythm, scale, and style. Balance can be achieved through symmetry in formal gardens or asymmetry in informal gardens. Rhythm refers to repeating design elements to create unity. Scale and proportion involve keeping features sized appropriately for the space. Formal gardens follow strict symmetry while informal gardens are more casual. Design styles reflect different cultures and sets of design features. The goal is to apply these principles to create a garden design that is pleasing, cohesive, and fits its context.
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RHS Level 2 Certificate Week 6
This document provides information on the parts of flowers and seeds. It defines key terms like inflorescence, dicotyledonous flower, monoecious, dioecious, hermaphrodite. It describes the male and female parts of flowers and their roles in reproduction. It also defines fruit and seed, and categorizes fruits as dry, fleshy, dehiscent, indehiscent. Examples are given for each fruit category. The structure of monocot and dicot seeds is also described.
Rhs year 2 week 3 presentation
This document discusses soil cultivation and water management techniques. It describes the purposes and benefits and limitations of primary cultivation methods like digging, ploughing, and rotavation. Secondary cultivation techniques like forking, raking, and harrowing are meant to further improve soil structure. No-dig systems provide benefits but have limitations without large amounts of organic matter. Poor drainage can be identified by symptoms like standing water and indicator plants, and may be addressed through techniques like double digging or installing tile drains. Maintaining proper soil moisture involves irrigation practices that add enough water to replenish the root zone without excess evaporation.
Seed hormones
Hormones play important roles in developing seeds. Auxins promote seed and fruit growth and are found in the embryo and endosperm. Gibberellins levels peak during embryo growth and decline at maturity. Cytokinins levels also rise during seed tissue growth. Abscisic acid concentration increases during seed development and declines at desiccation, establishing dormancy. Ethylene helps regulate seed germination. Hormone levels precisely regulate seed development, germination, and dormancy.
Year 2 week 9 presentation 2016
This document discusses hydroponics and plant nutrient review. It defines hydroponics as growing plants in a pH-adjusted water and nutrient solution without soil. Two common hydroponic methods are described: nutrient film technique (NFT) and substrate culture using rockwool. Environmental issues of hydroponics include water use, pollution risks, and benefits of increased land use efficiency. The review covers three macro and two micro plant nutrients and their deficiency symptoms. It also explains cation exchange capacity, soil pH, and how pH affects nutrient availability.
RHS Year 1 week 1
This document provides an introduction and overview of the RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 course. It discusses plant taxonomy and classification, outlines the course content and structure for the year, and introduces key concepts like the divisions of seed-bearing plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Interactive activities like speed dating and identifying plant examples help students learn the material. The learning objectives focus on demonstrating knowledge of plant classification systems and being able to distinguish characteristics of major groups.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 week 28 presentation 2014
This document discusses principles of garden design. It describes how unity can be achieved through balance, rhythm, proportion, scale, color, texture and form. Formal gardens use symmetry and strong shapes, while informal gardens are asymmetrical with loose planting. Different garden types are also described, including knot gardens, landscape gardens and cottage gardens. The goal is to design a garden that "works" and follows accepted design conventions to create a pleasing space.
Rhs level 2 year 1 week 2
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Rhs year 2 week 27 2016
This document provides instruction on conducting a site survey and creating a garden plan. It discusses assessing user requirements, performing a site appraisal to record soil type, slope, sun exposure, and drainage. Basic surveying techniques like using tapes, offsets, and triangulation are described. Methods for accurately recording data and drawing the site plan to scale are outlined. The learning objectives cover assessing user needs, surveying methods, recording data, and naming suitable evergreen and deciduous hedging plants.
RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a plant science course covering roots, stems, leaves, and plant identification. The objectives include describing how roots, stems, and leaves are adapted to perform functions, the structure of roots, stems, leaves, and different types of buds and vascular systems. The content will cover symbiotic root fungi and bacteria, stem development and internal structure, leaf structure and adaptations for photosynthesis, protection, storage, and identification of plant specimens.
Rhs year 2 week 2 presentation 2016
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Rhs level 2 year 1 week 2 2013
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a plant taxonomy and life cycles course. It discusses the importance of the binomial system of naming plants using genus and species. It defines various plant life cycles such as annual, biennial, perennial, as well as terms like hardy and tender. It also explains the stages of plant development including juvenility, maturity, and senescence. Maintaining the proper development stage is important for propagation and planting practices.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 week 29 presentation 2016
This document provides information on hard landscaping elements for a garden design course. It defines hard landscaping and discusses horizontal elements like paths, patios, and decking made of materials like wood, concrete, and pavers. Vertical elements described include walls, fences, and pergolas made from natural materials like wood and stone or man-made materials. Rock gardens and water features are also covered, comparing natural materials like stone and clay to manufactured options like hypertufa and resin for rock gardens and butyl pond liners versus block or natural clay for water features. The learning outcomes focus on describing these various hard landscaping elements and comparing natural versus manufactured material options.
Factor affecting of seed germination
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
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Similar to RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Week 9 overview
Unit vi embryology
This document provides an overview of plant embryology and seed dormancy. It begins with definitions of embryology and the structures studied, including the flower, stamen, anther, and ovule. It describes processes like microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, double fertilization, and the development of the dicot and monocot embryos. It also discusses seed dormancy types, causes, methods of breaking dormancy both natural and artificial, and the importance of seed dormancy.
8. Plant growth and development and dormancy.pptx
Plant growth involves cell division and enlargement leading to an increase in size, while development refers to the progression of a plant from one life stage to another through morphogenesis and differentiation. Growth follows a sigmoid curve with three phases - lag, exponential, and stationary. Fruit growth patterns include single, double, and triple sigmoid curves. Seed dormancy allows seeds to disperse and survive unfavorable conditions, while bud dormancy helps plants withstand cold weather. Dormancy can be overcome through scarification, stratification, hormone treatments, and other methods.
Year 1 session 9 2013 overview
This document covers seed germination, dormancy, and storage. It discusses the environmental requirements for germination, including moisture, temperature, light, and oxygen. It describes the three stages of germination - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. It defines epigeal germination, exemplified by French beans, and hypogeal germination, exemplified by broad beans. Methods to break seed dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. Long term seed storage aims to control respiration rates to maintain seed viability over time.
Seed dormancy in tropical fruit crops and measure to overcome it
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its definition, types, and mechanisms. It begins with definitions of dormancy as a block to seed germination under favorable conditions. There are three main types of primary dormancy discussed: exogenous (caused by external factors like the seed coat), endogenous (caused by internal factors like the embryo), and combinations of these. Secondary dormancy can be induced by unfavorable conditions after seed dispersal. The mechanisms of dormancy include physical, chemical, and morphological barriers imposed by the seed or its coat. Factors that affect dormancy breaking are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the significance and problems caused by seed dormancy in horticulture.
Seed Dormancy
Seed dormancy refers to seeds that fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are several types of dormancy, including physical, chemical, and physiological dormancy. Proper treatments must be applied to break dormancy and induce germination. While dormancy allows seeds to withstand adverse conditions, it can also cause problems for agriculture by preventing uniform germination and the emergence of weeds in cultivated fields."
Forest tree seeds
This document provides information about forest tree seeds. It discusses the basic structure and parts of a seed, including the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. It describes different types of seeds and patterns of seed germination. Key factors that influence seed germination like water, temperature, light, and oxygen are outlined. The document also discusses seed dormancy, methods to break dormancy, sources of seeds, seed collection and processing procedures, storage methods, certification, and common tests for seed quality including tests for genuineness, purity, moisture content, and viability.
seed viability dormancy and storage
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Scarification and stratification of seeds
The document discusses seed dormancy in fruit and plantation crops. There are several types of seed dormancy including endogenous dormancy caused by internal seed factors and exogenous dormancy caused by external seed coat or fruit factors. Seed dormancy can be beneficial as it allows for storage, transport, and handling of seeds. The document outlines various causes of seed dormancy including a hard seed coat that prevents water or gas permeation, or poses a mechanical resistance. Dormancy can also be caused by an underdeveloped or fully developed embryo that is unable to resume growth.
maitri218seeddormancy-191231163948 (2).pdf
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types and causes. It begins by defining dormancy and seed dormancy. There are five main types of seed dormancy: physiological, morphological, morpho-physiological, physical, and combinational. Seed dormancy can be caused by an impermeable seed coat, an underdeveloped or inhibited embryo, specific light or temperature requirements, or natural germination inhibitors within the seed or fruit.
seed dormancy
Seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, causes of seed dormancy, overcoming of seed dormancy, resting stage, stratification, Scarification
Seed dormancy
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
maitri218seeddormancy-191231163948 (1).ppt
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types, causes, and how it can be overcome. It defines dormancy as a temporary suspension of growth and explains that seed dormancy prevents germination under favorable conditions. The types of dormancy discussed are coat-induced dormancy, embryo-induced dormancy, and physiological, morphological, morpho-physiological, physical, and combinational dormancy. The causes of seed dormancy include hard seed coats, underdeveloped or inhibited embryos, light or temperature requirements, and natural germination inhibitors. Overcoming dormancy may involve scarification, stratification, photoperiod exposure, or after-ripening to allow germination.
04 Seed Dormancy.ppt
Dormancy refers to the inability of a viable seed to germinate under favorable conditions. It allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are optimal for seedling survival. There are several types of dormancy based on its physiological cause, including dormancy caused by impermeable seed coats, underdeveloped embryos, or inhibitory compounds in seeds. Dormancy ensures seeds do not germinate at inappropriate times and helps plant populations survive unpredictable environments. Various natural and treatment methods can be used to break dormancy, promoting synchronized and optimal germination. Understanding dormancy is important for seed production, testing, storage, and breeding programs.
Unit 8 Seed Dormancy.pptx
This document discusses seed dormancy in plants. It defines seed dormancy as an arrest in the development of an embryo, bud, or spore under otherwise suitable growth conditions. Seed dormancy allows seeds to endure unfavorable conditions, protects seeds from sprouting before harvest, and aids in seed dispersal. The document outlines different types of dormancy, including physiological dormancy due to an immature embryo or need for after-ripening, and physical dormancy due to an impermeable seed coat. It also discusses factors that can induce dormancy, such as chemicals in seeds, chilling requirements, and light sensitivity. Various methods for breaking seed dormancy are described, such as scarification, temperature treatments, light treatments,
Seed dormancy
Dormancy is when there is a lack of germination in seeds or tubers even though the required conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light) are provided. Dormancy is based on hard seed coat impermeability or the lack of supply and activity of enzymes (internal dormancy) necessary for germination. Dormancy is an important factor limiting production in many field crops. Several physical and chemical pretreatments are applied to the organic material (seeds/tubers) to overcome dormancy. Physical and physiological dormancy can be found together in some plants, and this makes it difficult to provide high-frequency, healthy seedling growth, since the formation of healthy seedlings from the organic material (seeds/tubers) sown is a prerequisite for plant production. This chapter will focus on the description of four different methods we have not seen reported elsewhere for overcoming dormancy.
Seed dormancy.pdf
Dormancy is a state where seeds lack germination even when conditions are suitable. It is caused by impermeable seed coats or lack of enzymes for germination. This chapter discusses four new methods for overcoming dormancy: exposing seeds to magnetic fields, treating with squirting cucumber fruit juice, sodium hypochlorite solutions, and gamma radiation. Fruit trees must be propagated vegetatively by grafting or budding as seeds will produce hybrids unlike the parent fruit. Seeds require chilling periods before germination and there are several methods described for growing fruit trees from seed.
Seed Dormancy.pptx
This document discusses seed dormancy and methods for breaking dormancy. It defines seed dormancy as a condition where seeds fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are five main types of dormancy discussed: physical, physiological, morphological, morphophysiological, and combined dormancy. Common methods for breaking dormancy include stratification, scarification, and manipulating moisture, temperature, and light exposure.
Seed dormancy (Plant Physiology)
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favorable for germination.ย
These conditions are a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures.Seed is a ripe and fertilized ovule that encloses an embryo
It is the connecting link between parents and progeny.
Structurally seeds have four major components,
Seed coat or a protective envelope
Embryo
Reserve food and minerals which provide nourishment
Enzymes and hormones for the digestion of food and formation of new tissues during germination
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues or organs in sterile conditions on nutrient media. Some key points:
- Callus culture involves growing an unorganized cell mass (callus) from explants on auxin-cytokinin media, which can then be used for micropropagation.
- Cell suspension culture breaks up callus into single cells that grow in liquid media, allowing for easier scaling up than callus.
- Micropropagation is the process of rapidly multiplying plant materials like shoots, roots or embryos in culture to produce many clonal copies of plant materials like orchids or strawberries.
- Protoplast isolation and culture allows the transfer of genes directly into plant cells without the
Seed propagation
Seed propagation, Pollination and fertilization, Seed formation and development, Seed Germination and its process, factors affecting seed germination, Dormancy and its types, Methods to overcome it.
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Seed dormancy in tropical fruit crops and measure to overcome it
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This document covers a learning module on integrated pest management, containers for protected growing, and specific plant production techniques. It describes the importance of cultural and biological controls for pests and diseases. A variety of container materials are discussed as well as factors for choosing containers. Production methods are outlined for cyclamen, chrysanthemums, and other plants in a protected environment, along with their maintenance needs and common pests or diseases.
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This document discusses controlling the environment in protected structures like greenhouses. It describes factors that affect light levels, such as the shape, orientation, and materials of the structure. It also discusses maintaining temperature through heating, cooling methods like ventilation and evaporation, and shading. The document covers manipulating relative humidity through damping down and ventilation. It describes irrigation methods like manual watering and automated drip systems. Finally, it discusses manipulating light levels with supplementary lighting and shading tools like blinds.
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This document provides instruction on surveying and drawing a scale plan for a garden design project. It outlines the necessary equipment for surveying, such as tapes and pegs. Basic surveying techniques are described, including running measurements, offset measurements, and triangulation. Methods for recording data, such as sketch plans and booking sheets, are also covered. Finally, the document explains how to draw the scale plan using the survey measurements and data, including plotting features and joining points to complete the design plan.
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2) It describes how to orient the paper with North at the top and draw reference lines to indicate the alignment of structures. Features are drawn to scale by plotting measured points and joining them.
3) Offsets and triangulated points are plotted using rulers and protractors. The plan is checked using a measured distance before final inking. Completing the title block finishes the plan.
Week 2 recording the survey data
This document provides guidance on recording survey data through the use of booking sheets or sketch diagrams. It recommends setting up a booking sheet with parallel lines to represent the survey tape and bubbles to record measurements and features alongside. Measurements should be taken working from the start point along the tape and recorded clearly. A check measurement can confirm accuracy. Alternately, a sketch diagram can be used for simple surveys but may become disorganized with many measurements. The document aims to describe setting up and using booking sheets or diagrams to effectively capture survey measurements and notes.
Week 2 surveying basics online
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Note taking
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Note taking
Effective note taking has three parts: reading to understand material, recording notes in your own words by condensing and selecting key ideas, and reviewing notes to test memory. Note taking methods include mind maps for overviews, bullet points for main ideas, summaries to check understanding, and flow or spray notes for processes. The Cornell note taking system divides a page into sections for notes, cues, and summaries to aid active reading, recording, and reviewing.
Week 31 on line introduction
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ุณุชููุงุช
2- ุชุญุชูู ุนูู 78 ุฑุณู
ุชูุถูุญู ููู ููู
ุฉ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ (ููู ููู
ุฉ !!!!)
#ููู
_ู
ุงูู_ุฏุฑุฎ
3- ุฏูุฉ ุงููุชุงุจุฉ ูุงูุตูุฑ ุนุงููุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู ุฌุฏุงู
4- ูููุงูู ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุชู
ุชูุถูุญูุง ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู (ุชูุนุชุจุฑ ูุฏู ุงูุทุงูุจ ุฃู ุงูุทุงูุจุฉ ุจุฅููุง ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ูู
ุน ุฐูู ุชู
ุชูุถูุญ ูุฐูู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ูุจูู
ุฉ ุจุดูู ุชูุตููู ุฌุฏุงู
5- ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุชุดุฑุญ ููุณูุง ุจ ููุณูุง ุจุณ ุชููู ุชุนุงู ุงูุฑุงูู
6- ุชุญุชูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ูู ุงูู ุณูุงูุฏ ุนูู ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุชุชุถู
ู ุฌู
ูุน ุชูุฑูุนุงุช ู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูุฌูุงุฒ ุงูููููู ุงูู
ุฐููุฑุฉ ูู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ
ูุงุฎูุฑุงู ูุฐูู ุงูู
ูุฒู
ุฉ ุญูุงูู ุนูููู
ูุฅุชู
ูู ู
ููู
ุฅู ุชุฏุนููู ุจุงูุฎูุฑ ูุงูุตุญุฉ ูุงูุนุงููุฉ ููุท
ูู ุงูุชูููู ุฒู
ูุงุฆู ูุฒู
ููุงุชู ุ ุฒู
ูููู
ู
ุญู
ุฏ ุงูุฐูุจู ๐๐
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅ
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 6
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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