This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types, causes, and how it can be overcome. It defines dormancy as a temporary suspension of growth and explains that seed dormancy prevents germination under favorable conditions. The types of dormancy discussed are coat-induced dormancy, embryo-induced dormancy, and physiological, morphological, morpho-physiological, physical, and combinational dormancy. The causes of seed dormancy include hard seed coats, underdeveloped or inhibited embryos, light or temperature requirements, and natural germination inhibitors. Overcoming dormancy may involve scarification, stratification, photoperiod exposure, or after-ripening to allow germination.
The document discusses seed dormancy in fruit and plantation crops. There are several types of seed dormancy including endogenous dormancy caused by internal seed factors and exogenous dormancy caused by external seed coat or fruit factors. Seed dormancy can be beneficial as it allows for storage, transport, and handling of seeds. The document outlines various causes of seed dormancy including a hard seed coat that prevents water or gas permeation, or poses a mechanical resistance. Dormancy can also be caused by an underdeveloped or fully developed embryo that is unable to resume growth.
This document discusses seed dormancy, which refers to viable seeds failing to germinate under favorable conditions. There are several types of dormancy, including physiological caused by an immature embryo, morphological caused by an underdeveloped embryo, physical caused by impermeable seed coats, and combinational with both physiological and physical factors. Dormancy prevents germination under unfavorable conditions and can be overcome naturally, such as through microbial action on seed coats, or artificially using treatments like scarification, stratification, or hormone applications. The document provides classifications and mechanisms of dormancy as well as methods to break dormancy for seed germination.
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
Seed dormancy refers to the inability of a viable seed to germinate even under favorable conditions. There are several causes of seed dormancy, including an impermeable seed coat, growth inhibitors in the seed that prevent germination, specific light or temperature requirements, and an immature embryo. Seed dormancy provides advantages like enabling germination only under suitable environmental conditions, allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods until conditions improve, and facilitating long-term seed storage. Dormancy can be broken through methods such as weakening the seed coat, hormone treatments, stratification, or scarification.
Dormancy refers to the inability of a viable seed to germinate under favorable conditions. It allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are optimal for seedling survival. There are several types of dormancy based on its physiological cause, including dormancy caused by impermeable seed coats, underdeveloped embryos, or inhibitory compounds in seeds. Dormancy ensures seeds do not germinate at inappropriate times and helps plant populations survive unpredictable environments. Various natural and treatment methods can be used to break dormancy, promoting synchronized and optimal germination. Understanding dormancy is important for seed production, testing, storage, and breeding programs.
Seed dormancy is a state where seeds are prevented from germinating under normally favorable conditions. There are two main categories of dormancy - exogenous caused by external factors like a hard seed coat, and endogenous caused by internal factors in the embryo. Dormancy allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are suitable to increase the likelihood of seedling survival. Various natural and artificial methods can be used to break dormancy. Dormancy provides biological benefits like allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods and disperse to new areas.
This document provides an overview of plant embryology and seed dormancy. It begins with definitions of embryology and the structures studied, including the flower, stamen, anther, and ovule. It describes processes like microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, double fertilization, and the development of the dicot and monocot embryos. It also discusses seed dormancy types, causes, methods of breaking dormancy both natural and artificial, and the importance of seed dormancy.
8. Plant growth and development and dormancy.pptxUmeshTimilsina1
Plant growth involves cell division and enlargement leading to an increase in size, while development refers to the progression of a plant from one life stage to another through morphogenesis and differentiation. Growth follows a sigmoid curve with three phases - lag, exponential, and stationary. Fruit growth patterns include single, double, and triple sigmoid curves. Seed dormancy allows seeds to disperse and survive unfavorable conditions, while bud dormancy helps plants withstand cold weather. Dormancy can be overcome through scarification, stratification, hormone treatments, and other methods.
The document discusses seed dormancy in fruit and plantation crops. There are several types of seed dormancy including endogenous dormancy caused by internal seed factors and exogenous dormancy caused by external seed coat or fruit factors. Seed dormancy can be beneficial as it allows for storage, transport, and handling of seeds. The document outlines various causes of seed dormancy including a hard seed coat that prevents water or gas permeation, or poses a mechanical resistance. Dormancy can also be caused by an underdeveloped or fully developed embryo that is unable to resume growth.
This document discusses seed dormancy, which refers to viable seeds failing to germinate under favorable conditions. There are several types of dormancy, including physiological caused by an immature embryo, morphological caused by an underdeveloped embryo, physical caused by impermeable seed coats, and combinational with both physiological and physical factors. Dormancy prevents germination under unfavorable conditions and can be overcome naturally, such as through microbial action on seed coats, or artificially using treatments like scarification, stratification, or hormone applications. The document provides classifications and mechanisms of dormancy as well as methods to break dormancy for seed germination.
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
Seed dormancy refers to the inability of a viable seed to germinate even under favorable conditions. There are several causes of seed dormancy, including an impermeable seed coat, growth inhibitors in the seed that prevent germination, specific light or temperature requirements, and an immature embryo. Seed dormancy provides advantages like enabling germination only under suitable environmental conditions, allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods until conditions improve, and facilitating long-term seed storage. Dormancy can be broken through methods such as weakening the seed coat, hormone treatments, stratification, or scarification.
Dormancy refers to the inability of a viable seed to germinate under favorable conditions. It allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are optimal for seedling survival. There are several types of dormancy based on its physiological cause, including dormancy caused by impermeable seed coats, underdeveloped embryos, or inhibitory compounds in seeds. Dormancy ensures seeds do not germinate at inappropriate times and helps plant populations survive unpredictable environments. Various natural and treatment methods can be used to break dormancy, promoting synchronized and optimal germination. Understanding dormancy is important for seed production, testing, storage, and breeding programs.
Seed dormancy is a state where seeds are prevented from germinating under normally favorable conditions. There are two main categories of dormancy - exogenous caused by external factors like a hard seed coat, and endogenous caused by internal factors in the embryo. Dormancy allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are suitable to increase the likelihood of seedling survival. Various natural and artificial methods can be used to break dormancy. Dormancy provides biological benefits like allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods and disperse to new areas.
This document provides an overview of plant embryology and seed dormancy. It begins with definitions of embryology and the structures studied, including the flower, stamen, anther, and ovule. It describes processes like microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, double fertilization, and the development of the dicot and monocot embryos. It also discusses seed dormancy types, causes, methods of breaking dormancy both natural and artificial, and the importance of seed dormancy.
8. Plant growth and development and dormancy.pptxUmeshTimilsina1
Plant growth involves cell division and enlargement leading to an increase in size, while development refers to the progression of a plant from one life stage to another through morphogenesis and differentiation. Growth follows a sigmoid curve with three phases - lag, exponential, and stationary. Fruit growth patterns include single, double, and triple sigmoid curves. Seed dormancy allows seeds to disperse and survive unfavorable conditions, while bud dormancy helps plants withstand cold weather. Dormancy can be overcome through scarification, stratification, hormone treatments, and other methods.
Dormancy, germination, and seed developmentAYAK SILAS
Seed development begins with fertilization and involves the growth of the embryo and endosperm within the ovule. As development progresses, the ovule expands and its tissues differentiate into protective seed coat layers. The embryo develops organs and is nourished by the endosperm. Seed germination occurs when environmental conditions allow the embryo to resume growth, rupturing the seed coat and developing a root and shoot. Key factors influencing germination include temperature, moisture, soil minerals, and light. Germination can be epigeal, where the hypocotyl and cotyledons emerge above ground, or hypogeal, where only the hypocotyl emerges while the cotyledons remain below ground.
This document discusses seed dormancy in plants. It defines seed dormancy as an arrest in the development of an embryo, bud, or spore under otherwise suitable growth conditions. Seed dormancy allows seeds to endure unfavorable conditions, protects seeds from sprouting before harvest, and aids in seed dispersal. The document outlines different types of dormancy, including physiological dormancy due to an immature embryo or need for after-ripening, and physical dormancy due to an impermeable seed coat. It also discusses factors that can induce dormancy, such as chemicals in seeds, chilling requirements, and light sensitivity. Various methods for breaking seed dormancy are described, such as scarification, temperature treatments, light treatments,
Seed dormancy refers to seeds that fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are several types of dormancy, including physical, chemical, and physiological dormancy. Proper treatments must be applied to break dormancy and induce germination. While dormancy allows seeds to withstand adverse conditions, it can also cause problems for agriculture by preventing uniform germination and the emergence of weeds in cultivated fields."
Pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal are key stages in plant reproduction. [1] Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. [2] Fertilization occurs after pollination, when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the egg. [3] Seed dispersal is the movement of seeds away from the parent plant.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its definition, types, and mechanisms. It begins with definitions of dormancy as a block to seed germination under favorable conditions. There are three main types of primary dormancy discussed: exogenous (caused by external factors like the seed coat), endogenous (caused by internal factors like the embryo), and combinations of these. Secondary dormancy can be induced by unfavorable conditions after seed dispersal. The mechanisms of dormancy include physical, chemical, and morphological barriers imposed by the seed or its coat. Factors that affect dormancy breaking are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the significance and problems caused by seed dormancy in horticulture.
Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
1. Seed dormancy can occur due to hard seed coats, underdeveloped embryos, chemical inhibitors in seeds, or internal physiological factors in embryos.
2. Dormancy can be overcome through mechanical or chemical treatments like scarification, stratification, or gibberellic acid application.
3. Seeds have varying lifespans depending on moisture content - orthodox seeds can be dried while recalcitrant seeds lose viability when dried.
Seed dormancy refers to a state where viable seeds fail to germinate despite suitable environmental conditions. There are two main types of dormancy - innate (primary) dormancy induced during seed development, and secondary dormancy induced after seed dispersal by unfavorable conditions. Primary dormancy can be further classified as exogenous, due to hard seed coats or chemical inhibitors, or endogenous, due to immature or physiologically dormant embryos. Secondary dormancy develops in response to stresses like temperature, light quality, or osmotic stress. Seed dormancy allows for germination under optimal conditions for seedling survival.
This document provides an overview of asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses various modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission, multiple fission, regeneration, fragmentation, budding and spore formation. It also covers vegetative propagation and tissue culture. For sexual reproduction, it describes the floral parts like carpels and stamens and the processes of pollination, fertilization and double fertilization in flowering plants.
The document discusses the structure and function of seeds and fruits. It describes that seeds have an outer protective covering called the testa and inner covering called the tegmen. Inside is the embryo containing structures like the hypocotyl, radicle, and epicotyl. Germination involves processes like imbibition, respiration, and the mobilization of stored nutrients as the embryo develops into a seedling. Fruits develop from the fertilized ovary or pistil and contain seeds. They have regions like the pericarp and serve functions like dispersal of seeds and providing nutrition.
Seed propagation, Pollination and fertilization, Seed formation and development, Seed Germination and its process, factors affecting seed germination, Dormancy and its types, Methods to overcome it.
The document discusses dormancy in plants, seeds, trees, bacteria, and viruses. It defines dormancy as a temporary suspension of growth and metabolic activity that helps conserve energy and is often associated with environmental conditions. It provides examples of different types of dormancy like physical dormancy caused by an impermeable seed coat, physiological dormancy preventing embryo growth until chemical changes, and morphological dormancy where the embryo is underdeveloped. Hard seed coats, temperature requirements, immature embryos, and growth inhibitory chemicals are mentioned as some causes of dormancy.
This document discusses seed dormancy and methods for breaking dormancy. It defines seed dormancy as a condition where seeds fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are five main types of dormancy discussed: physical, physiological, morphological, morphophysiological, and combined dormancy. Common methods for breaking dormancy include stratification, scarification, and manipulating moisture, temperature, and light exposure.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types, mechanisms, classification, and measures to overcome it. It covers:
- The importance of seed dormancy in allowing time-delayed germination for survival.
- Primary classifications of dormancy include innate, enforced, and induced dormancy. Additional classifications include dormancy originating from inside or outside the embryo.
- Mechanisms include inhibitors within the embryo or seed coat interfering with germination.
- Treatments like chilling, scarification, light, and chemicals can help overcome dormancy.
- Dormancy also occurs in buds, tubers, and whole plants, regulated by hormones like ABA, GA, ethylene, and cytokinin.
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
Seed propagation involves growing plants from seeds, while vegetative propagation uses plant parts like cuttings. Plants from seeds may be slower to mature but offer more variety, while those from cuttings are clones matching the parent and faster growing. Seed propagation relies on dormancy breaking like stratification and scarification. Successful germination requires water, temperature, oxygen, food, and sometimes light or time. Seed harvesting considers maturity, cleaning, and storage methods to control respiration and maintain viability.
Embryo culture and it's significance, introduction about embryo culture, types of embryo culture, mature embryo culture, immature embryo culture, procedure of embryo culture, technique of embryo culture, significance of embryo culture, application for embryo culture.
This document discusses seed structure, germination, and types of seeds. It covers:
- The external and internal structures of seeds like beans and corn, including protective seed coats, cotyledons for food storage, the radicle and plumule that form the root and shoot.
- Factors that influence germination like water, temperature, oxygen. Germination can be above ground (epigeal) or below ground (hypogeal).
- Different types of seeds including monocot and dicot, albuminous seeds with endosperm and exalbuminous seeds without. Some seeds like mangroves can germinate before detaching from the parent plant (viviparous germination
This presentation will led you to a good knowledge about the seed dormancy , its breaking methods and importance . Its an educational material delivered by me in my college presentation.
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Dormancy, germination, and seed developmentAYAK SILAS
Seed development begins with fertilization and involves the growth of the embryo and endosperm within the ovule. As development progresses, the ovule expands and its tissues differentiate into protective seed coat layers. The embryo develops organs and is nourished by the endosperm. Seed germination occurs when environmental conditions allow the embryo to resume growth, rupturing the seed coat and developing a root and shoot. Key factors influencing germination include temperature, moisture, soil minerals, and light. Germination can be epigeal, where the hypocotyl and cotyledons emerge above ground, or hypogeal, where only the hypocotyl emerges while the cotyledons remain below ground.
This document discusses seed dormancy in plants. It defines seed dormancy as an arrest in the development of an embryo, bud, or spore under otherwise suitable growth conditions. Seed dormancy allows seeds to endure unfavorable conditions, protects seeds from sprouting before harvest, and aids in seed dispersal. The document outlines different types of dormancy, including physiological dormancy due to an immature embryo or need for after-ripening, and physical dormancy due to an impermeable seed coat. It also discusses factors that can induce dormancy, such as chemicals in seeds, chilling requirements, and light sensitivity. Various methods for breaking seed dormancy are described, such as scarification, temperature treatments, light treatments,
Seed dormancy refers to seeds that fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are several types of dormancy, including physical, chemical, and physiological dormancy. Proper treatments must be applied to break dormancy and induce germination. While dormancy allows seeds to withstand adverse conditions, it can also cause problems for agriculture by preventing uniform germination and the emergence of weeds in cultivated fields."
Pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal are key stages in plant reproduction. [1] Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. [2] Fertilization occurs after pollination, when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the egg. [3] Seed dispersal is the movement of seeds away from the parent plant.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its definition, types, and mechanisms. It begins with definitions of dormancy as a block to seed germination under favorable conditions. There are three main types of primary dormancy discussed: exogenous (caused by external factors like the seed coat), endogenous (caused by internal factors like the embryo), and combinations of these. Secondary dormancy can be induced by unfavorable conditions after seed dispersal. The mechanisms of dormancy include physical, chemical, and morphological barriers imposed by the seed or its coat. Factors that affect dormancy breaking are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing the significance and problems caused by seed dormancy in horticulture.
Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
1. Seed dormancy can occur due to hard seed coats, underdeveloped embryos, chemical inhibitors in seeds, or internal physiological factors in embryos.
2. Dormancy can be overcome through mechanical or chemical treatments like scarification, stratification, or gibberellic acid application.
3. Seeds have varying lifespans depending on moisture content - orthodox seeds can be dried while recalcitrant seeds lose viability when dried.
Seed dormancy refers to a state where viable seeds fail to germinate despite suitable environmental conditions. There are two main types of dormancy - innate (primary) dormancy induced during seed development, and secondary dormancy induced after seed dispersal by unfavorable conditions. Primary dormancy can be further classified as exogenous, due to hard seed coats or chemical inhibitors, or endogenous, due to immature or physiologically dormant embryos. Secondary dormancy develops in response to stresses like temperature, light quality, or osmotic stress. Seed dormancy allows for germination under optimal conditions for seedling survival.
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The document discusses the structure and function of seeds and fruits. It describes that seeds have an outer protective covering called the testa and inner covering called the tegmen. Inside is the embryo containing structures like the hypocotyl, radicle, and epicotyl. Germination involves processes like imbibition, respiration, and the mobilization of stored nutrients as the embryo develops into a seedling. Fruits develop from the fertilized ovary or pistil and contain seeds. They have regions like the pericarp and serve functions like dispersal of seeds and providing nutrition.
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The document discusses dormancy in plants, seeds, trees, bacteria, and viruses. It defines dormancy as a temporary suspension of growth and metabolic activity that helps conserve energy and is often associated with environmental conditions. It provides examples of different types of dormancy like physical dormancy caused by an impermeable seed coat, physiological dormancy preventing embryo growth until chemical changes, and morphological dormancy where the embryo is underdeveloped. Hard seed coats, temperature requirements, immature embryos, and growth inhibitory chemicals are mentioned as some causes of dormancy.
This document discusses seed dormancy and methods for breaking dormancy. It defines seed dormancy as a condition where seeds fail to germinate under favorable conditions. There are five main types of dormancy discussed: physical, physiological, morphological, morphophysiological, and combined dormancy. Common methods for breaking dormancy include stratification, scarification, and manipulating moisture, temperature, and light exposure.
This document discusses seed dormancy, including its types, mechanisms, classification, and measures to overcome it. It covers:
- The importance of seed dormancy in allowing time-delayed germination for survival.
- Primary classifications of dormancy include innate, enforced, and induced dormancy. Additional classifications include dormancy originating from inside or outside the embryo.
- Mechanisms include inhibitors within the embryo or seed coat interfering with germination.
- Treatments like chilling, scarification, light, and chemicals can help overcome dormancy.
- Dormancy also occurs in buds, tubers, and whole plants, regulated by hormones like ABA, GA, ethylene, and cytokinin.
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
Seed propagation involves growing plants from seeds, while vegetative propagation uses plant parts like cuttings. Plants from seeds may be slower to mature but offer more variety, while those from cuttings are clones matching the parent and faster growing. Seed propagation relies on dormancy breaking like stratification and scarification. Successful germination requires water, temperature, oxygen, food, and sometimes light or time. Seed harvesting considers maturity, cleaning, and storage methods to control respiration and maintain viability.
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This document discusses seed structure, germination, and types of seeds. It covers:
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- Factors that influence germination like water, temperature, oxygen. Germination can be above ground (epigeal) or below ground (hypogeal).
- Different types of seeds including monocot and dicot, albuminous seeds with endosperm and exalbuminous seeds without. Some seeds like mangroves can germinate before detaching from the parent plant (viviparous germination
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Dormancy
Types of Seed Dormancy
Causes of Seed Dormancy
Overcoming of Seed Dormancy
2
(Source:https://www.upol.cz/fileadmin/_proces
se d_/4/4/csm_hrach_62f4e13155.jpg)
3. INTRODUCTION
Dormancy :
During the developmental cycle of the plant, at
some phase certain structures like buds, tubers,
seeds, go though a period of temporary
suspension of growth activity or slow down for a
period of time or deep sleep, such a state is
called Dormancy.
This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore
helps an organism to conserve to energy.
Dormant = not active or growing but able to3
become active later.
4. Wareing (1969) defined dormancy as any phase
in the life cycle of a plant in which active growth
is temporarily suspended.
Seed Dormancy :
It is the incapacity of fully developed, mature,
viable seed to germinate even under favourable
conditions.
In such cases, the completely dry ripe seed is
physiologically inactive and is said to be in a
resting stage.
The seed is called dormant and the phenomenon
is termed dormancy. 4
5. The main reason behind this condition is that
they require a period of rest before being
capable of germination.
This Conditions may vary from days to
months and even years.
5
(Source : https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Seed-
6. TYPES OF DORMANCY
According to wareing (1969) the dormancy
may be two types :
1) Imposed dormancy or quiescence:
The dormancy due to unfavourable
environmental conditions is called imposed
dormancy or quiescence.
2) Innate dormancy or rest :
The dormancy due to conditions within the
dormant plant or organ is called innate
dormancy or rest.
It is a condition in which germination or6
growth fails to occur even though the external
environmental conditions are favourable.
7. During the entire process, there may be
following three phases of dormancy :
1) Pre-dormancy or early rest :
During these phase, the dormant organ has
capacity to resume growth by various
treatments i.e., capacity of germination or
growth is not completely lost. It is called
predormancy.
2) Full dormancy or mid rest :
When a seed or organ becomes completely
dormant and germination or growth cannot be
induced by changes environmental
conditions, it is called full dormancy or mid7
rest.
8. 3) Post dormancy or after rest :
When a or organ gradually
emerges
dormant
seed from
full
germination or growth can be induced
dormancy and in it the
by
changing enviornmental conditions, it is called
post-dormancy or after rest.
The dormancy
secondary :
1)True dormancy :
may be true, relative or
When in a seed or organ, the germination or
growth cannot be induced under any set of
environmental conditions, it is called true8
dormancy.
9. 2) Relative dormancy :
When in a seed, the germination can be
induced under specific conditions even at the
time of its deepest dormancy, it is called
relative dormancy.
3) Secondary dormancy :
When a seed has not fully emerged from
dormancy and is again thrown back into full
dormancy by certain environmental conditions,
e.g., temperature etc., it is called secondary
dormancy. 9
10. TYPES OF SEED DORMANCY
Crocker (1916) divided seed dormancy into
two types :
1) Seed coat induced dormancy :
The dormancy of seeds due to extreme
hardness of seed coat is called seed coat
induced dormancy.
2) Embryo induced dormancy :
The dormancy of seeds due to rudimentary or
complete dormant embryo is called embryo10
induced dormancy.
11. Other types of dormancy may be –
3) Secondary dormancy :
When the seed become dormant again after
breaking the dormancy, it is called secondary
dormancy.
It may be due to combination of different kinds
of dormancy in a single seed, e.g., Xanthium
pennsylvanicum.
4) Special type of dormancy :
The failure of seedling development is
not
always traceable due to dormancy of seed
itself.
11
12. In many of the spring wild plants the
germination of seed takes place but the growth
is restricted due to establishment of young
roots.
Sometimes the system of epicotyl fails to
germinate.
In somecases, the epicotyl may be pushed
through the seed coat but remains dormant.
This dormancy is often broken by exposure to12
low temperature.
13. According to C. Baskin and J. Baskin (1998;
2004) have proposed a comprehensive
classification system which include five
classes of seed dormancy –
(1) Physiological dormancy
(1) Morphologicaldormancy
(1) Morpho-physiological dormancy
(1) Physical dormancy
(5) Combinational dormancy
13
14. 1) Physiological dormancy :
Physiological dormancy prevents embryo
growth and seed germination until chemical
changes occur.
It is result of seed requiring some type of
physiological condition to be met in order to
germination.
These chemicals include inhibitors that often
retard embryo growth to the point where it is
not strong enough to break through the seed
coat or other tissues.
14
15. 2) Morphological dormancy :
This class of seed dormancy refers to seed with
under development and differentiated embryos,
this includes embryos in which the cotyledons
and hypocotyls, radical axis are differentiated,
but small in size.
These embryo do not have physiological
dormancy and only require additional time to
grow and germinate.
Commonly, under favourable conditions,
embryos in such seeds begin growth within a
period from a few days to several weeks, and
seeds germinate within 30 days.
15
16. 3) Morpho-physiological dormancy :
In this class, seeds have embryos that are
underdeveloped (in size), but differentiated (e.g.,
into cotyledons and hypocotyls radical) as well
as a physiological component to their dormancy.
Thus, to germinate these seeds require time for
embryo growth and a dormancy breaking
treatment.
Morphological dormancy can be divided into two
types- epicotyls dormancy and double dormancy.
16
( Sources: http://botanico.uclm.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Captura-de-pantalla-2015-10-13-a-las-
Double dormancy
17. 4) Physical dormancy :
Seed coats are impermeable in water due to
macrosclereid cells, mucilaginous outer cell
layer or hardened endocarp.
coat
seed
Depth of the puncture to the seed
increased, so did the permeability of coat of
water.
E.g., Olive, Peach, Plum, Cherry etc.
(hardened endocarp of seed). 17
18. 5) Combinational dormancy :
This class groups seeds with simultaneous
physiological and physical dormancy.
In this case, physiological dormancy is
generally characterized as non- deep.
A cold stratification treatment of seed after
scarification to permit imbibitions is a
common dormancy breaking treatment in this
class of seeds. 18
19. CAUSES OF THE SEED DORMANCY
Bewlay and Black (1994) have divided seed
dormancy into two categories, seed coat based
and embryo based.
The dormancy of seeds may be either due to
single or a combination of many different
following factors.
1) Seed Coat induceddormancy / Hard seed
coat :
The seed coat is mostly formed by the
integumentary layers of ovules.
The seed coat consists of two layers – the
outer is testa and the inner is tegmen.
19
20. The testa particularly is composed of a
complex mixture of polysaccharides,
hemicelluloses, fats, waxes and proteins.
During the maturity of seed dehydration takes
place in the seed coat and thus it forms a tuff
protective layer.
Hard seed coat prevents germination due to
following reasons.
(i) Water impermeability :
Seed coats of many plants belonging to
families Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae,
Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae and
Nymphaeaceae etc. have very hard seed
coat2s0 so, it cannot permeable to entry of
water in seed.
21. (ii) Gas impermeability :
The seed coat of certain seeds are
impermiable to gases such as oxygen(o2)
and carbon-di-oxide (co2).
Since oxygen is required for early
respiratory activity in germinating seeds, the
seeds fail to prolong germination.
e.g., Xanthium.
iii) Mechanical resistance :
In certain wild plants the such hard and
tough seed coat physically prevents the
expantion of the embryo. Thus they remain
dormant.
E.g., Alisma, Amaranthus, Capsella etc.
21
22. 2) Embryo Induced Dormancy :
Dormancy due to embryo condition may be of
two types-
(i) Rudimentary and poorly developed embryo
(ii)Embryo fully developed but unable to resume
growth.
(i) Rudimentary and poorly developed embryo :
Instance the embryos are still immature and
rudimentary when the seeds are dispersed.
This is seen in many species like Anemone
nemorosa, Ginkgo biloba, members of
Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae etc.
In such seeds the embryo does not develop
as rapidly as surrounding tissues.
22
23. (ii)Embryo fully developed but unable to
resume growth :
Inmanyspecies,e.g., Seeds of apple,
peach,
Iris, cherry, tulip, poplar,
although the embryos
pines, peas,etc.,
are
completely
developed in ripe seed but the seeds fails to
germinate even when the environmental
conditions for germinations are favourable.
The embryo of such seeds does not germinate
even if the seed coats are removed.
The germination in such seeds can be
induced if they are stored in moist, well aerated
and low temperature conditions. This process
is calle2d3 Stratification or after- ripening.
24. 3) Dormancy due to Specific Light Requirement :
The seeds of certain plant species such as
Lactona sativa, Lythrum salicaria, Nicotiana
tabacum etc. have specific light requirement for
germination.
Light not only qualitatively but also quanti-
tativly.
The germination of certain seeds requires a
specific photoperiod, e.g., Bignonia requires a
photoperiod of 12 or more hours for seed
germination.
The light sensitive seeds are called
photoblastic2.4
25. 4) Dormancy due to Germination Inhibitors :
Seeds of certain plants contain compounds
which inhibit their germination. Such natural
germination inhibitors have been found in the
pulp of the fruits, seed coat, endosperm and
embryos or structures surrounding them etc.
(e.g., in tomatoes, in glumes of Oats etc.).
A number of chemical substunces such as
unsaturated lactones, ammonia and
organic acids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids,
cyanide
releasing substunces, indoles and gibberellins
etc. have isolated from seed which are
germination inhibitors. Besides, other inhibitors
are ABA, ammonia, phthalides, coumarin an2
d5
parascorbic acid.
26. OVERCOMING OF SEED DORMANCY
The dormancy of seeds, though very useful to
man, is not liked by the farmers who would like
the seeds to germinate soon after they have
been harvested.
A number of methods are, therefore, employed
employed vary from species to
for the breaking of dormancy. The methods
species
depending upon the cause of the dormancy.
There are main two types of overcoming of
seed dormancy :
1) Natural overcoming of seed dormancy
2) Artificial overcoming of seed dormancy
26
27. 1) Natural overcoming of seed dormancy :
Nature of dormancy stops when the embryo
gets appropriate environment such as adaptive
moisture and temperature.
The seed coat that exists in many species
becomes permeable due to the rupturing of
smoothing action of natural agents like
microorganism, temperature and abrasion by
the digestive tracts of birds and animals that
feed on these seed.
Completion of over-ripening period. 27
28. Leaching of inhibitors present in the seed coat.
Inactivation or oxidation of inhibitors by heat,
cold and light.
Production of growth hormones which can
counteract the effect of inhibitors.
Attainment of maturity of embryo in case the
dormancy is due to incomplete development of
embryo.
28
29. 2) Artificial over coming of seed dormancy :
i) Scarification :
The method is used for breaking dormancy of
seeds caused by hard seed coats which
become impermeable to water and gases etc.
The method employed in softening or
weakening the seed coat is called
Scarification.
When mechanical breaking of seed coat is
done at one or more places, it is called
Mechanical Scarification.
Mechanical Scarification is done by shaking
the seeds with sand or by scratching o2r9
nicking the seed coat with knife.
30. The treatment of seed coat with strong mineral
acids or other chemicals is called Chemical
Scarification.
Chemical scarification is usually done by
dipping the seed into strong acids like H2SO4 or
into organic solvents like acetone or alcohol.
It can also be done by boiling the seeds in water.
30
Sources :(http://www.culture-acre.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/07/seed-
scarification.jpg)
Shaking by Sandpaper
(Sources : http://www.usa-
gardening.com/seed-
scarification/germinating-seeds/scarification-
techniques.jpg)
(Sources:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bo
tanyforgardeners-2014-final-140202175042-
phpapp02/95/botany-for-gardeners-2014-70-
638.jpg?cb=1391363643)
Scratching by Knife By Chemical
32. ii) Stratification:
This method is used to
break the dormancy of
seeds caused due to
condition of embryo.
In this process the seeds
are exposed to well
aerated, moist conditions
under low temperature
(0°C to 10°C) for weeks
to months. This treatment
is called Stratification or
after-ripening. (Sources:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/methodsfor 32
breakingseeddormancy-150208101506-conversion-
gate02/95/methods-for-breaking-seed-dormancy-5-
638.jpg?cb=1423390603)
33. During this treatment, anatomical and
biochemical changes takes place in the seed.
Growth promoting hormones increases and
growth retarding hormones decreases.
iii) Alternating temperature :
In some seeds, the dormancy is broken by the
treatment of an alternating low and high
temperatures.e.g., Poa pratensis
The difference between
temperature should not be
20°C.
the
alternating
more than 10°C-
This method is beneficial in those seeds in
which the dormancy is due to immatur3e3
embryos.
34. Alternating temperatures of 15°C and 25°C is
useful in breaking the dormancy of photoblastic
seeds like Rumex crispus.
iv) Impaction :
In some of the seeds a strophiolar plug blocks
(testa pores) the entry of water and oxygen into
the seed.
In order to remove the plugs the seeds are
shaken vigoursly and this treatment is known as
Impaction.
E.g., Crotolaria, Trigonella
seed. 34
(Source : https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/345/flashcards/6176345/gif/seedia-148D474B9CE6A431CC3.gif)
35. v) Light :
Dormancy of photoblastic seeds can be over-
come by light exposure.
germination. E.g., Amaranthus,
In positive photoblastic plants light induces
Betula,
Capsella, Epilobium, Lactuca etc.
The dormancy of positive photoblastic seeds
can be broken by exposing them to red light
(660 nm). E.g., Lactuca sativa.
In negative photoblastic plants light infact
prevents germination.
In such cases seeds have to be stored in dark
for some time and allow to germinate
darkness before they are shifted to light.
in
35
36. vi) Pressure :
Davies (1928) reported the seed germination in
certain plants like sweet clover (Melilotus alba)
and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) can be greatly
improved after being subjected to hydraulic
pressure of about 2000 atm. at 18°C for about 5-
20 minutes.
It is strongly believed that the pressure
increases the permeability of the seed coats to
water.
36
37. vii) Growth Regulators :
Kinetins and gibberellins have been used to
induce germination in positively photoblastic
seeds like lettuce and tobacco etc.
Counteracting the effect of growth
inhibitory by soaking the seeds in
KNO3, ethylene 37
chlorohydrin, thiourea, gibberellins.
(Source : https://historicjamestowne.org/wp-content/uploads/tobaccoseed.jpg)
Tobacco seed
38. 1) A textbook of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry
and Biotechnology
Author : S.K. Verma, Mohit Verma
Edition : 2007 (Sixth Edition)
2) Textbook of Plant Physiology Author : V. Verma
Edition : 2007 (First Edition)
3) www.biologydiscussion.com
4) www.slideshare.net
38
References