Designing of an analog circuit satisfying the design constraints for desired application is a challenging job. Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is an important analog circuit used in various communication applications such as frequency synthesizer, radio, computer, clock generation, clock recovery, global positioning system, etc. Since all these applications are operating at different frequency, satisfying design constraints for PLL with respect to type of PLL operating frequency, Bandwidth, Settling time and other parameters is an critical and time consuming issue. In this paper, selection and design for Second order and third order PLL suggested using MATLAB, Simulink as a simulation tool. The simulated results for the design PLL at 450 MHz indicates good accuracy when the behavior model is compared with the mathematical model. Finally the performance of PLL is tested and calculated for parameters like lock time, lock range, Bandwidth.
A Novel Flipflop Topology for High Speed and Area Efficient Logic Structure D...IOSR Journals
In high speed data path network flop is one of the major functional elements to store intermediate
results and data at different stages. But the most important problem is huge power utilization due to switching
activity and increase in clock period that is Timing Latency; causes the performance of data path in digital
design is decreased. The existing works implement various Flipflop topology in data path structure design such
as conventional Transmission Gate Based Master Slave Filpflop (TGMS FF), Write Port Master Slave Flip-flop
(WPMS) and Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS). In WPMS method, area is
minimized but delay is increased. In C2MOS technique Power consumption and delay is reduced, but there is a
definite scope to reduce Power, area and delay. In this paper a Modified Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Latch (mC2MOS Latch) is proposed and delay, power is again reduced up to 60% and the area
of the circuit is also reduced while comparing with previous methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design and Analysis of New Modified Feedthrough Logic (MFTL) Circuits Using C...IJERA Editor
It is a challenging task for a VLSI design engineer to develop low power VLSI circuits, without sacrificing its performance. Feedthrough Logic (FTL) is a new technology which could be considered better than the existing technologies for improving circuit efficiency. Modified Feedthrough Logic (MFTL), offers a better power factor than the FTL logic structures, and also shows an improvement in the speed factor. But the scenario again changes when the design extends to nano scales of device dimension, where many factors which were neglected otherwise need to be given more importance. To avoid or minimize problems like hot carrier effects, electro migration, drain induced barrier lowering and other issues that becomes prominent in nano scale MOSFET‟s, Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) is considered to be a promising candidate in future integrated circuits. Hence this work extends the advantages of MFTL logic into nano level by incorporating CNTFETs in place of MOSFETs. The modifications have been implemented using CNTFETs of 16nm technology from HSPICE library on a 10 chain inverter stage, an 8 bit RCA and a Vedic multiplier and performance factors like PDP and ADP are compared to that of the conventional MOSFET circuits.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
A REVIEW OF THE 0.09 µm STANDARD FULL ADDERSVLSICS Design
This paper presents power analysis of the seven full adder cells [6] reported as having a low PDP (Power Delay Product), by means of speed, power consumption and area. These full adders were designed upon various logic styles to derive the sum and carry outputs. The existed standard full adders and the proposed full adders [6] are designed and showed the better result comparison. This paper describes how the proposed full adders [6] are better in contrast to the standard full adders. And mentioned how the standard full adders are not giving faithful results . All these full adders designed using TDK 90 nm Technology and simulated using mentor graphics EDA tool with BSIMv3 (model 49). And the layouts of all these full adders designed in Icstation of Mentor Graphics and presented their areas. The total results of prelayout and postlayout simulation are tabulated.
Explain LTE RACH Configuration and Capacity.
My Question:
- How many UE preambles can be handled in 10 ms frame by eNodeB?
- How many UE preambles can be handled in T300 by eNodeB?
This document discusses the Random Access Channel (RACH) in mobile communication systems. It provides an overview of RACH procedures, including random access slots, preambles, preamble formats, 64 preamble generation using Zadoff-Chu sequences, and preamble timing and type determination. It also describes the contention-based RACH procedure and potential collisions. A key challenge discussed is RACH procedure overload due to massive numbers of devices attempting random access simultaneously. The document reviews potential LTE-A network access methods and research is needed to develop efficient RACH overload control mechanisms.
A Novel Flipflop Topology for High Speed and Area Efficient Logic Structure D...IOSR Journals
In high speed data path network flop is one of the major functional elements to store intermediate
results and data at different stages. But the most important problem is huge power utilization due to switching
activity and increase in clock period that is Timing Latency; causes the performance of data path in digital
design is decreased. The existing works implement various Flipflop topology in data path structure design such
as conventional Transmission Gate Based Master Slave Filpflop (TGMS FF), Write Port Master Slave Flip-flop
(WPMS) and Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (C2MOS). In WPMS method, area is
minimized but delay is increased. In C2MOS technique Power consumption and delay is reduced, but there is a
definite scope to reduce Power, area and delay. In this paper a Modified Clocked Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Latch (mC2MOS Latch) is proposed and delay, power is again reduced up to 60% and the area
of the circuit is also reduced while comparing with previous methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design and Analysis of New Modified Feedthrough Logic (MFTL) Circuits Using C...IJERA Editor
It is a challenging task for a VLSI design engineer to develop low power VLSI circuits, without sacrificing its performance. Feedthrough Logic (FTL) is a new technology which could be considered better than the existing technologies for improving circuit efficiency. Modified Feedthrough Logic (MFTL), offers a better power factor than the FTL logic structures, and also shows an improvement in the speed factor. But the scenario again changes when the design extends to nano scales of device dimension, where many factors which were neglected otherwise need to be given more importance. To avoid or minimize problems like hot carrier effects, electro migration, drain induced barrier lowering and other issues that becomes prominent in nano scale MOSFET‟s, Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) is considered to be a promising candidate in future integrated circuits. Hence this work extends the advantages of MFTL logic into nano level by incorporating CNTFETs in place of MOSFETs. The modifications have been implemented using CNTFETs of 16nm technology from HSPICE library on a 10 chain inverter stage, an 8 bit RCA and a Vedic multiplier and performance factors like PDP and ADP are compared to that of the conventional MOSFET circuits.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
A REVIEW OF THE 0.09 µm STANDARD FULL ADDERSVLSICS Design
This paper presents power analysis of the seven full adder cells [6] reported as having a low PDP (Power Delay Product), by means of speed, power consumption and area. These full adders were designed upon various logic styles to derive the sum and carry outputs. The existed standard full adders and the proposed full adders [6] are designed and showed the better result comparison. This paper describes how the proposed full adders [6] are better in contrast to the standard full adders. And mentioned how the standard full adders are not giving faithful results . All these full adders designed using TDK 90 nm Technology and simulated using mentor graphics EDA tool with BSIMv3 (model 49). And the layouts of all these full adders designed in Icstation of Mentor Graphics and presented their areas. The total results of prelayout and postlayout simulation are tabulated.
Explain LTE RACH Configuration and Capacity.
My Question:
- How many UE preambles can be handled in 10 ms frame by eNodeB?
- How many UE preambles can be handled in T300 by eNodeB?
This document discusses the Random Access Channel (RACH) in mobile communication systems. It provides an overview of RACH procedures, including random access slots, preambles, preamble formats, 64 preamble generation using Zadoff-Chu sequences, and preamble timing and type determination. It also describes the contention-based RACH procedure and potential collisions. A key challenge discussed is RACH procedure overload due to massive numbers of devices attempting random access simultaneously. The document reviews potential LTE-A network access methods and research is needed to develop efficient RACH overload control mechanisms.
A High Speed Pipelined Dynamic Circuit Implementation Using Modified TSPC Log...IDES Editor
This document presents a modified True Single Phase Clock (TSPC) logic design style to implement high-speed pipelined circuits with improved performance. The modified style reduces transistor count by 40-50% compared to the standard TSPC style by allowing logic functions to be implemented using either the N-block or P-block. A 3-bit pipelined adder was designed using the modified style and showed a 46-47% reduction in transistors and 50% reduction in clock cycles compared to the standard style. The modified style offers benefits like lower transistor count, reduced latency, increased throughput, and lower power consumption for pipelined circuits.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing metric called NMH (New Metric for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) for wireless mesh networks. The paper argues that existing routing metrics do not adequately consider factors like channel diversity, interference, and end-to-end delay. The proposed NMH metric combines two-hop channel diversity and hop delay. Simulation results showed that NMH outperformed WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) in terms of average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and number of flows supported.
A NOVEL FULL ADDER CELL BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORSVLSICS Design
Presenting a novel full adder cell will be increases all the arithmetic logic unit performance. In this paper, We present two new full adder cell designs using carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). In the first design we have 42 transistors and 5 pull-up resistance so that we have achieved an improvement in the output parameters. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE based on the CNTFET model with 0.9V VDD. The denouments results in that we have a considerable improvement in power, Delay and power delay product than the previous works.
AREA-EFFICIENT DESIGN OF SCHEDULER FOR ROUTING NODE OF NETWORK-ON-CHIPVLSICS Design
Traditional System-on-Chip (SoC) design employed shared buses for data transfer among various subsystems. As SoCs become more complex involving a larger number of subsystems, traditional busbased architecture is giving way to a new paradigm for on-chip communication. This paradigm is called Network-on-Chip (NoC). A communication network of point-to-point links and routing switches is used to facilitate communication between subsystems. The routing switch proposed in this paper consists of four components, namely the input ports, output ports, switching fabric, and scheduler. The scheduler design is described in this paper. The function of the scheduler is to arbitrate between requests by data packets for use of the switching fabric. The scheduler uses an improved round robin based arbitration algorithm. Due to the symmetric structure of the scheduler, an area-efficient design is proposed by folding the scheduler onto itself, thereby reducing its area roughly by 50%.
The document evaluates a tightly coupled router architecture for network-on-chip (NoC) using different routing mechanisms. It proposes a hybrid router design that uses virtual cut-through (VCT), wormhole (WH), and XY routing algorithms together with dynamic priority round robin scheduling. The experimental results show that this approach can reduce latency by 75% and energy consumption by 31.5% under heavy traffic loads compared to traditional designs. It also improves latency by 20% and energy savings of 25% across different buffer depths.
Michael Grigoropoulos, MSc Networks and Data Communications COURSEWORK, Kingston University
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze and simulate the physical layer of the 802.11a standard and compare the different modulation and coding schemes it can use. A theoretical approach of the protocol will be presented and also a practical simulation using Matlab and Simulink.
Chaotic Dynamics of a Third Order PLL with Resonant Low Pass Filter in Face o...IDES Editor
Nonlinear dynamics of a third order phase locked
loop (PLL) using a resonant low pass filter in the face of
continuous wave (CW) and frequency modulated (FM) input
signals is examined. The role of design parameters of the
loop resonant filter and the modulation index of the input FM
signal on the system dynamics is studied numerically as well
as experimentally. The occurrence of chaotic oscillations in
the PLL is verified by evaluating some well-known chaos
quantifiers like Lyapunov Exponents from the numerical time
series data.
Hybrid Time-power Switching Protocol of Energy Harvesting Bidirectional Relay...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we investigate system performance in term of throughput and ergodic capacity of the hybrid time-power switching protocol of energy harvesting bidirectional relaying network. In the first stage, the analytical expression of the system throughput and ergodic capacity of the model system is proposed and derived. In this analysis, both delay-limited and delay-tolerant transmission modes are presented and considered. After that, the effect of various system parameters on the proposed system is investigated and demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation. Finally, the results show that the analytical mathematical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values for both schemes.
This chapter discusses routing in circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. It covers different routing strategies like static, dynamic, alternate and adaptive routing. It also describes routing algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm and Bellman-Ford algorithm that are used to determine the optimal path between nodes based on performance criteria like minimum hop count or least cost. These algorithms calculate the shortest paths in a network using information about the topology and link costs.
Three UEs (UE-A, UE-B, UE-C) initiate the random access procedure at the same time to connect to the eNodeB. UE-A and UE-B select the same preamble, resulting in a collision. UE-C selects a different preamble. The eNodeB responds to the preambles, assigning resources to UE-A and UE-C. During contention resolution, UE-A's connection request is acknowledged, while UE-B's collides and fails. UE-B then retries the random access procedure with a new preamble.
The document discusses the challenges of troubleshooting problems that occur before any signaling messages are sent, using the example of a UE that gets stuck at "Searching Network...". It explains that to troubleshoot such issues, one needs in-depth knowledge of the physical layer procedures for initial access, including the Random Access Channel (RACH) process, as well as equipment that can monitor physical layer signaling. It then provides details on the RACH process for LTE, including when it occurs, the contention-based vs. contention-free approaches, preamble structure, and timing of preamble transmission and response.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document provides an overview of concepts related to the data link layer. It discusses functions of the data link layer including framing, flow control, and error detection. It also covers topics such as HDLC, PPP, channel allocation problems, multiple access protocols including ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and channelization techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Specific standards for wired LANs like Ethernet and wireless LANs like IEEE 802.11 are also mentioned. Finally, it briefly discusses technologies like token bus, token ring, and virtual LANs.
Integrated Active Filters using low gain modulesIDES Editor
New integrated filters in CMOS technology are
presented which use current mirror based amplifiers to create
low gain modules as structural active blocks. The simplest
current amplifiers are purposely chosen. Wave techniques are
used for obtaining high reliability and low sensitivity filters
of any type. The derived filters are modular, simple in structure
and easy to design. Examples in simulation level are given
Hybrid decode-amplify and forward protocol of FD EH relaying network: outage ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, many research papers focus on the WPCN problem and how to improve its
efficiency. In this research, we propose and investigate Hybrid Decode-Amplify and Forward Protocol
(HDAF) of the Full-Duplex (FD) Energy Harvesting (EH) Relaying Network with the Time Switching (TS)
protocol. In the beginning stage, we present the HDAF mode, which can be work like a
Decode-and-Amplify (DF) or Amplify-and-Forward (AF) modes based on the best of its performance in the
FD EH relaying network. Furthermore, the closed-form expression of the outage probability (OT) is
analyzed and derived in connection with the primary system parameters. Besides, the comparison of
the system performance in the AF, DF, and HDAF is proposed and investigated. Finally, all the results are
convinced by the Monte Carlo simulation for all cases.
This document discusses various data link control protocols. It begins by explaining how data is packaged into frames at the data link layer, using framing techniques like fixed-size and variable-size framing. The key responsibilities of the data link layer are then introduced as flow control and error control. Several protocols are presented that implement these functions on both noiseless and noisy channels, including the simplest protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and various automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. Worked examples demonstrate how these protocols operate in different scenarios.
An Algorithm for Computing Average Packet DelayCSCJournals
This document presents an algorithm for computing the average packet delay in a computer network based on Floyd's routing algorithm. The algorithm first uses Floyd's algorithm to determine the shortest paths between all node pairs and calculate the flow on each link. It then computes the total network traffic and uses this to calculate the average packet delay according to a given formula. The algorithm is illustrated on sample networks, showing it can efficiently calculate average packet delay for networks with many nodes.
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency SynthesizerIDES Editor
This document presents a design for an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) frequency synthesizer to reduce spurs in an MB-OFDM UWB system. The proposed design replaces an analog PLL with an ADPLL composed of fully digital components. It includes a phase frequency detector, time-to-digital converter, digitally controlled oscillator, and frequency divider. Simulation results show the ADPLL locks the reference clock frequency and reduces spurs through multiplexing and mixing stages. The ADPLL approach overcomes limitations of analog PLL designs and allows for lower power consumption and reduced noise compared to traditional analog implementations.
HIGH SPEED MULTIPLE VALUED LOGIC FULL ADDER USING CARBON NANO TUBE FIELD EFFE...VLSICS Design
High speed Full-Adder (FA) module is a critical element in designing high performance arithmetic circuits. In this paper, we propose a new high speed multiple-valued logic FA module. The proposed FA is constructed by 14 transistors and 3 capacitors, using carbon nano-tube field effect transistor (CNFET) technology. Furthermore, our proposed technique has been examined in different voltages (i.e., 0.65v and 0.9v). The observed results reveal power consumption and power delay product (PDP) improvements compared to existing FA counterparts.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
A High Speed Pipelined Dynamic Circuit Implementation Using Modified TSPC Log...IDES Editor
This document presents a modified True Single Phase Clock (TSPC) logic design style to implement high-speed pipelined circuits with improved performance. The modified style reduces transistor count by 40-50% compared to the standard TSPC style by allowing logic functions to be implemented using either the N-block or P-block. A 3-bit pipelined adder was designed using the modified style and showed a 46-47% reduction in transistors and 50% reduction in clock cycles compared to the standard style. The modified style offers benefits like lower transistor count, reduced latency, increased throughput, and lower power consumption for pipelined circuits.
A SEMI BLIND CHANNEL ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON HYBRID NEURAL NETWORKS FOR UP...ijwmn
The paper describes how to improve channel estimation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access (SC-FDMA) system, using a Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks (HANN). The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for uplink Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) uses pilot based
channel estimation technique. This kind of channel estimation method suffers from a considerable loss
ofbitrate due to pilot insertion; all data frame sent contains reference signal. The HANN converts data
aided channel estimator to semi blind channel estimator. To increase convergence speed, HANN uses some
channel propagation Fuzzy Rules to initialize Neural Network parameters before learning instead of a
random initialization, so its learning phase ismore rapidly compared to classic ANN.HANN allows more
bandwidth efficient and less complexity. Simulation results show that HANN has better computational
efficiency than the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator and has faster convergence than
classic Neural Networks estimators.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing metric called NMH (New Metric for Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) for wireless mesh networks. The paper argues that existing routing metrics do not adequately consider factors like channel diversity, interference, and end-to-end delay. The proposed NMH metric combines two-hop channel diversity and hop delay. Simulation results showed that NMH outperformed WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time) in terms of average network throughput, end-to-end delay, and number of flows supported.
A NOVEL FULL ADDER CELL BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORSVLSICS Design
Presenting a novel full adder cell will be increases all the arithmetic logic unit performance. In this paper, We present two new full adder cell designs using carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). In the first design we have 42 transistors and 5 pull-up resistance so that we have achieved an improvement in the output parameters. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE based on the CNTFET model with 0.9V VDD. The denouments results in that we have a considerable improvement in power, Delay and power delay product than the previous works.
AREA-EFFICIENT DESIGN OF SCHEDULER FOR ROUTING NODE OF NETWORK-ON-CHIPVLSICS Design
Traditional System-on-Chip (SoC) design employed shared buses for data transfer among various subsystems. As SoCs become more complex involving a larger number of subsystems, traditional busbased architecture is giving way to a new paradigm for on-chip communication. This paradigm is called Network-on-Chip (NoC). A communication network of point-to-point links and routing switches is used to facilitate communication between subsystems. The routing switch proposed in this paper consists of four components, namely the input ports, output ports, switching fabric, and scheduler. The scheduler design is described in this paper. The function of the scheduler is to arbitrate between requests by data packets for use of the switching fabric. The scheduler uses an improved round robin based arbitration algorithm. Due to the symmetric structure of the scheduler, an area-efficient design is proposed by folding the scheduler onto itself, thereby reducing its area roughly by 50%.
The document evaluates a tightly coupled router architecture for network-on-chip (NoC) using different routing mechanisms. It proposes a hybrid router design that uses virtual cut-through (VCT), wormhole (WH), and XY routing algorithms together with dynamic priority round robin scheduling. The experimental results show that this approach can reduce latency by 75% and energy consumption by 31.5% under heavy traffic loads compared to traditional designs. It also improves latency by 20% and energy savings of 25% across different buffer depths.
Michael Grigoropoulos, MSc Networks and Data Communications COURSEWORK, Kingston University
The purpose of this assignment is to analyze and simulate the physical layer of the 802.11a standard and compare the different modulation and coding schemes it can use. A theoretical approach of the protocol will be presented and also a practical simulation using Matlab and Simulink.
Chaotic Dynamics of a Third Order PLL with Resonant Low Pass Filter in Face o...IDES Editor
Nonlinear dynamics of a third order phase locked
loop (PLL) using a resonant low pass filter in the face of
continuous wave (CW) and frequency modulated (FM) input
signals is examined. The role of design parameters of the
loop resonant filter and the modulation index of the input FM
signal on the system dynamics is studied numerically as well
as experimentally. The occurrence of chaotic oscillations in
the PLL is verified by evaluating some well-known chaos
quantifiers like Lyapunov Exponents from the numerical time
series data.
Hybrid Time-power Switching Protocol of Energy Harvesting Bidirectional Relay...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we investigate system performance in term of throughput and ergodic capacity of the hybrid time-power switching protocol of energy harvesting bidirectional relaying network. In the first stage, the analytical expression of the system throughput and ergodic capacity of the model system is proposed and derived. In this analysis, both delay-limited and delay-tolerant transmission modes are presented and considered. After that, the effect of various system parameters on the proposed system is investigated and demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation. Finally, the results show that the analytical mathematical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values for both schemes.
This chapter discusses routing in circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. It covers different routing strategies like static, dynamic, alternate and adaptive routing. It also describes routing algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm and Bellman-Ford algorithm that are used to determine the optimal path between nodes based on performance criteria like minimum hop count or least cost. These algorithms calculate the shortest paths in a network using information about the topology and link costs.
Three UEs (UE-A, UE-B, UE-C) initiate the random access procedure at the same time to connect to the eNodeB. UE-A and UE-B select the same preamble, resulting in a collision. UE-C selects a different preamble. The eNodeB responds to the preambles, assigning resources to UE-A and UE-C. During contention resolution, UE-A's connection request is acknowledged, while UE-B's collides and fails. UE-B then retries the random access procedure with a new preamble.
The document discusses the challenges of troubleshooting problems that occur before any signaling messages are sent, using the example of a UE that gets stuck at "Searching Network...". It explains that to troubleshoot such issues, one needs in-depth knowledge of the physical layer procedures for initial access, including the Random Access Channel (RACH) process, as well as equipment that can monitor physical layer signaling. It then provides details on the RACH process for LTE, including when it occurs, the contention-based vs. contention-free approaches, preamble structure, and timing of preamble transmission and response.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document provides an overview of concepts related to the data link layer. It discusses functions of the data link layer including framing, flow control, and error detection. It also covers topics such as HDLC, PPP, channel allocation problems, multiple access protocols including ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, and channelization techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Specific standards for wired LANs like Ethernet and wireless LANs like IEEE 802.11 are also mentioned. Finally, it briefly discusses technologies like token bus, token ring, and virtual LANs.
Integrated Active Filters using low gain modulesIDES Editor
New integrated filters in CMOS technology are
presented which use current mirror based amplifiers to create
low gain modules as structural active blocks. The simplest
current amplifiers are purposely chosen. Wave techniques are
used for obtaining high reliability and low sensitivity filters
of any type. The derived filters are modular, simple in structure
and easy to design. Examples in simulation level are given
Hybrid decode-amplify and forward protocol of FD EH relaying network: outage ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, many research papers focus on the WPCN problem and how to improve its
efficiency. In this research, we propose and investigate Hybrid Decode-Amplify and Forward Protocol
(HDAF) of the Full-Duplex (FD) Energy Harvesting (EH) Relaying Network with the Time Switching (TS)
protocol. In the beginning stage, we present the HDAF mode, which can be work like a
Decode-and-Amplify (DF) or Amplify-and-Forward (AF) modes based on the best of its performance in the
FD EH relaying network. Furthermore, the closed-form expression of the outage probability (OT) is
analyzed and derived in connection with the primary system parameters. Besides, the comparison of
the system performance in the AF, DF, and HDAF is proposed and investigated. Finally, all the results are
convinced by the Monte Carlo simulation for all cases.
This document discusses various data link control protocols. It begins by explaining how data is packaged into frames at the data link layer, using framing techniques like fixed-size and variable-size framing. The key responsibilities of the data link layer are then introduced as flow control and error control. Several protocols are presented that implement these functions on both noiseless and noisy channels, including the simplest protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and various automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. Worked examples demonstrate how these protocols operate in different scenarios.
An Algorithm for Computing Average Packet DelayCSCJournals
This document presents an algorithm for computing the average packet delay in a computer network based on Floyd's routing algorithm. The algorithm first uses Floyd's algorithm to determine the shortest paths between all node pairs and calculate the flow on each link. It then computes the total network traffic and uses this to calculate the average packet delay according to a given formula. The algorithm is illustrated on sample networks, showing it can efficiently calculate average packet delay for networks with many nodes.
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency SynthesizerIDES Editor
This document presents a design for an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) frequency synthesizer to reduce spurs in an MB-OFDM UWB system. The proposed design replaces an analog PLL with an ADPLL composed of fully digital components. It includes a phase frequency detector, time-to-digital converter, digitally controlled oscillator, and frequency divider. Simulation results show the ADPLL locks the reference clock frequency and reduces spurs through multiplexing and mixing stages. The ADPLL approach overcomes limitations of analog PLL designs and allows for lower power consumption and reduced noise compared to traditional analog implementations.
HIGH SPEED MULTIPLE VALUED LOGIC FULL ADDER USING CARBON NANO TUBE FIELD EFFE...VLSICS Design
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Design and Analysis of Second and Third Order PLL at 450MHz
1. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
DOI : 10.5121/vlsic.2011.2109 97
Design and Analysis of Second and Third Order
PLL at 450MHz
B. K. Mishra1
, Sandhya Save2
, Swapna Patil1
1
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,TCET, Mumbai
University, India
drbk.mishra@thakureducation.org
tambakuswapna@rediffmail.com
2
Department of Electronics Engineering, TCET,Mumbai University, India
save_sandhya@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Designing of an analog circuit satisfying the design constraints for desired application is a challenging
job. Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is an important analog circuit used in various communication applications
such as frequency synthesizer, radio, computer, clock generation, clock recovery, global positioning
system, etc. Since all these applications are operating at different frequency, satisfying design constraints
for PLL with respect to type of PLL operating frequency, Bandwidth, Settling time and other parameters is
an critical and time consuming issue. In this paper, selection and design for Second order and third order
PLL suggested using MATLAB, Simulink as a simulation tool. The simulated results for the design PLL at
450 MHz indicates good accuracy when the behavior model is compared with the mathematical model.
Finally the performance of PLL is tested and calculated for parameters like lock time, lock range,
Bandwidth.
KEYWORDS
PLL, Charge Pump PLL, Baseband PLL, VCO, Simulink, CAD, EDA tool.
1. INTRODUTION
Phase locked loop is an excellent research topic as it covers many disciplines of electrical
engineering such as Communication Theory, Control Theory, Signal Analysis, Noise
Characterization, Design with transistors and op-Amps, Digital Circuit design and non-linear
circuit analysis. The first PLL ICs came in existence around 1965 was built using purely analog
devices. Recent advances in integrated circuit design techniques have led to an increased use of
the PLL as it has become more economical and reliable. Now a whole PLL circuit can be
integrated as a part of a larger circuit on a single Chip i.e SoC [1] [13]. MATLAB simulink [15]
is effective tool to get prior idea about PLL parameters to fulfill requirements before actual chip
design.
2. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
98
Phase-locked loops [17] are known to have plenty of applications, from low-frequency ones, e.g.,
motor controller [18] and synchronous power converters [19], to RF applications, e.g., frequency
synthesizers [2][20]. For low-speed applications, phase-locked loop (PLL) systems can be
implemented in DSP [19], [21]. On the other hand, for high-speed applications, PLL systems are
realized in analog way [18], [20]and in digital way [3]. The accuracy of the required frequencies
is very important in these designs as the performance is based on this parameter [1] [13] [4].
As the name suggests, the phase locked loop operates by trying to lock to the phase of a very
accurate input signal through the use of its negative feedback path. A basic form of a PLL
consists of three fundamental functional blocks namely Phase Detector (PD), Loop Filter (LF),
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO).The block diagram of PLL is shown in the figure 1.The
different types of PLL can broadly categories as Analog PLL, Digital PLL and Hybrid PLL.
Figure 1. The block diagram of PLL
The presence of two nonlinear devices as phase-detector and VCO, in closed loop makes PLL, a
nonlinear device. Therefore in this work, the performance of PLL designed for 450 MHz
frequency is tested against VCO sensitivity, free running frequency, amplitude and phase of
VCO, Loop filter transfer function.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the basic of Linearized model of
PLL and structure of third order PLL is explained. The equation for lock time ( LT ), Bandwidth
(BW ) and lock range ( Lw∆ ) is listed. In section 3, the frame for PLL design using
Matlab/Simulink is explained. In section 4, the obtained results were compared with theoretical
calculation.
2. LINEARIZED PHASE DOMAIN MODEL FOR PLL
The generalized loop response for the higher ordered PLL can be written as equation 1[1], [2],
[14]
( )
( )
0 p v
i p v
K K F s
s K K F s
θ
θ
=
+
……………………... (1)
Where,
0θ = the output phase in radians
iθ = the input phase in radians
pK =the phase detector gain in volts per radian
3. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
99
vK = the VCO gain in radians per volt-second
( )F s = the loop filter transfer function (dimensionless)
The loop characteristics can be controlled by changing different types of loop filters then the
order of PLL is 1n + where n order of the loop filter.
The simplest filter is a one-pole RC circuit. The loop transfer function in this case is given an
equation 2.
( )
1
1
F s
sRC
=
+
……………………………... (2)
The loop response for 2nd
order PLL can be found out using equation (2), (3).
0
2
p v
p vi
K K
RC
K Ks
s
RC RC
θ
θ
=
+ +
……………………….… (3)
Comparing the equation (3) with standard transfer function equation of second order filter we get,
2
1
p vK K RC
ξ = ……………………………. (4)
p v
n
K K
RC
ω = ……………………………….. (5)
Where,
RC =Time constant in sec.
ξ = damping ratio
nω = natural frequency
For sinusoidal phase detector KP is ½ of peak to peak voltage of PD output [4].
Using equation (3), (4), (5) we get,
Lock time, 2L nT ω= Π ………………………….(6)
Lock range, L nw ξω∆ = Π ……………………...(7)
Bandwidth, )(
1/2
1/22 2 4
1 2 2 4 4nBW ω ξ ξ ξ = − + − +
..(8)
Using these mathematical model formulae, the corresponding values for lock time, Lock range,
Bandwidth is calculated for different types of PLL, Baseband PLL, Charged Pump PLL [2].
While designing charged pump PLL the pump current pI and selection of C( mostly in nF) are the
4. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
100
important design factor to be considered. Typically for most of the designs value of Ip is
100 Aµ to 1 mA[2] [7] [4].
p
P
n
C
KvcoI
Π
=
2
ω
…………………………………(9)
Π
=
2
KvcocI
R
pp
pξ …………………………(10)
As expected, if Rp=0, then ζ =0. With complex poles, the decay time constant is given by
equation (11)
nξω
1 =
vcopp KIR
Π4 …………………………..(11)
As seen from the closed loop transfer function of second order PLL. [2] if we decrease the
vcop KI * , the gain crossover frequency decreases (or shifts toward the origin), degrading the
phase margin. But this compensated type PLL suffers from a drawback. Since the charge pump
drives the series combination of PR and PC , each time a current is injected into the loop filter, the
control voltage experiences a large jump. Even in the locked condition, mismatches between
I UPI and DOWNI and the charge pump injection and clock feed through of S1 and S2 introduce
voltage jump in CONTV as shown in figure 3.
Figure.2. Structure of third order charge pump PLL
5. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
101
Figure. 3.Addition of C2 to improve stability
Design and analysis of third order PLL is important as higher order design are concerns with
system stability designed for wide applications. Transfer function for second order filter for
charge pump PLL is given by equation (12) . The structure of third order charge pump PLL and
System model of charge pump PLL block diagram shown in figure 2,figure 4 respectively.
Transfer function of loop filter is given by equation (12)
{ 21/ }//1/PRp C S C S+ …………………….. (12)
The open loop and closed loop transfer function is given by equations (12), (13).
( )
1
0 3 2
1 2 1 2
( 1)
2( )
p vcoI K
sRC
G s
S RC C S C c
π
+
=
+ +
……..…………….… (13)
1
3
1
1
2 2
( )
2 2
p vco p vco
c
p vco p vco
sI K R I K
C
G s
sI K R I K
s mRC
C
+
Π Π
=
+ +
Π Π
………….......... (14)
Where, pI is the current of charge pump,
vcoK is the VCO gain constant
m=
1
2
c
c
is the capacitance ratio.
Usually, C2 is much smaller than C1 (m«1). Comparing equation (13) with equation (14) will get
ξ , nω and m.
6. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.1, March 2011
102
2
3 2 2
2
( )
2
( 1)
n
c
n
n
s
G s
m s m s
ξω ω
ξ
ω
ω
+
=
+ + +
………… (15)
Figure 4.System model of charge pump PLL block diagram
3. FRAME WORK FOR PLL DESIGN
The set up arrangement done for PLL( Charge Pump PLL )is parameter measurement is shown in
the figure 5.
3.1. Setup for PLL Simulation in Simulink
The input provided in set up is the order coefficient of Loop filter. For e.g., using the transfer
function of Loop filter incorporated in automated program written in Matlab which guides to find
the input to find the proper range of input applied to the set up assembly to get desired output.
Similarly for other input parameters Like, VCO gain in Hz/volts and quiescent frequency were
found out.
For analysis of third order PLL setup used is almost same as second order PLL, Input for
assemble are Transfer Function of loop filter, Kvco, quiescent frequency of VCO.
Figure 5. Setup for measurement of PLL parameters in Simulink
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3.2Measurement of PLL parameters
The simulation is done in Simulink/Matlab 2009b on Intel processor core 2 Duo processor@
2.93 GHz with 1.96GBRAM .The simulated results for filter output ,phase detector output and
VCO outputs can seen in real time using scope in Simulink. The obtained VCO output filter
output, Phase detector output for Charge pump PLL is shown in figure 7, figure 8 and figure 9
respectively. Similarly filter output (control signal),PD output and reference signal & VCO output
shown in figure 10,11,12 respectively. These obtained data at least 5000 samples per result were
stored in workspace. The peak value i. e 1A and next peak value 2A are found out from these
samples using program written in Matlab [9], [10]. Using these retrieved values ξ and nω was
found out using the formulae figure 6 [4].The automated program files guides to find calculated
and observed value for given RC time constant.
Figure 6. Measurement of PLL
( )
( )
22
ln 1/ 2
ln 1/ 2
A A
A A
ξ =
Π +
…………………(11)
2
2
1
n
T
ω
ξ
Π
=
−
……………… (12)
Where,
1A =First maximum peak amplitude
2A = First minimum peak amplitude
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Figure 7. Charge pump PLL filter output
Figure 8. Charge pump PLL Phase detector output
Figure 9. Charge pump PLL VCO output and input signal
Figure 7,8.9 shows Charge pump PLL filter output, Charge pump PLL Phase detector output and
Charge pump PLL VCO output and input signal respectively these results is obtained by design
and simulation of second order charge pump PLL ,shows once the refernce signal is tracked then
phase detector outputs with minimum phase differnce between input and output signal.
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Figure 10. Third order Charge pump PLL filter output
Figure 11. Third order Charge pump PLL Phase detector output
Figure 10, 11, 12 shows Third order Charge pump PLL filter output, Phase detector output and
VCO output and input signalwith 90=∆θ respectively. It can be obsered that when 90=∆θ ,and
the reference signal is track PD output is zero. Figure 13 shows the step response of third order
system for different damping factor. It can be obsered that ,as the damping factor of the system
increases the settling time decreases.
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Figure 12. Third order Charge pump PLL VCO output and input signal
Analysis of third order PLL using Bode plot of open loop and closed loop transfer function are
shown in figure 14,figure 15 respectively ,from the open loop bode plot critical phase margin is
obtained and stability of system obtained by closed loop bode plot. Previous work involved
design of PLL for specific phase margin but this work gives design and analysis of PLL for
critical phase margin and how its affect behavior of PLL in terms of its parameters by changing
damping factor shown in table 2.
Figure 13. Step response for different values of ξ of Charge pump PLL
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Figure 14. Open loop Bode plot of third order CPPLL
Figure 15. Closed loop Bode plot of third order CPPLL
4. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
For the different type of PLL, the comparative study of obtained results of PLL for parameter
such as setting time (sec to msec), Bandwidth(Hz to MHz),Lock range(Hz-KHz) is shown in
figure 16-24
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Figure 16. Baseband PLL TYPE II for lock time
Figure 17. Baseband PLL TYPE II for Bandwidth
From figure16,17,18 ,It can be found out that Baseband PLL can be used for narrow BW
apllications such as GPS its around (0-10Hz) since the drawback is as Kvco increases setting time
increases therefore selection RC time constant is acritical issue. and its lock range is small in
range of few Hz.
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Figure 18. Baseband PLL TYPE II for lock range
Figure 19.Linearized Baseband PLL TYPE II for lock time
Figure 20.Linearized Baseband PLL TYPE II for Bandwidth
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Figure 21.Linearized Baseband PLL TYPE II for lockrange
Figure 19,20,20 shows performance of linearized baseband PLL.and from the graph 21,It was
found that,for Linearized PLL KVCO inreases its lock range decreases drastically. The linearized
model and the nonlinearized model differ in that the linearized model uses the
approximation )())(sin( tt θθ ∆≅∆ to simplify the computations. This approximation is close when
∆θ(t) is near zero. Thus, instead of using the input signal and the VCO output signal directly, the
linearized PLL model uses only their phases.
Figure 22.Charge pump PLL TYPE II for lock time
From table 2 it can seen that with this approach, we get faster settling time for critical phase
margin. For this novel method of design and analysis of charge pump PLL considering
parameters such as settling time, overshoot, capacitor ratio(m) and loop gain are obtained better
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results in terms of faster settling time ,wide BW as compare to previous work where settling time
in µsec and bandwidth in KHz.
Figure 23.Charge pump PLL TYPE II for Bandwidth
Figure 24.Charge pump PLL TYPE II for lock range
From the graph 22-24,It was observed that ,for Charge pump PLL we get wider Bandwidth
[9],[11],[12],faster setting time and lage lock range [13].The comparative result table for
baseband, Lineaized baseband and chgre pump PLL is listed in table 1.
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Table 1. Comparative result table for all types of PLL
Table 2.Simulation results for 0.707 and 0.9
Parameter ξ =0.707 ξ =0.9
Settling time 125.7nsec 98.76nsec
Overshoot% 1.18% 0.0000347%
m 0.000083 0.00001
Loop gain 4.575Mhz 7.9056Ghz
5. CONCULSION
Design and Analysis of PLL parameters using Mathematical model and the behavior model of
PLL is tested with MATLAB simulink tool . The effect on parameters of second order and third
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order PLL at 450Mhz is discussed in this work. Simulation results show that ξ and nω affect
the behavior of different PLL types. From the observed results, it is found out that , Linearzed
PLL is not used widely in communication applications due to constraint of smaller lock range for
higher value of KVCO. The use Baseband PLL is restricted to for narrow BW applications such as
GPS systems in mobile communication whereas, Charge pump PLL can be widely used for many
communication application due to its advantage as it provides wider Bandwidth, less setting &
wider lock range.
Design and simulation of third order PLL by propose novel method is more efficient to provide
stability of system using Matlab/ Simulink model and this novel method shows very good
precision in designed parameters for wider communication applications.
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