1. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects millions of people and dogs each year. There are some potential treatments but no single definitive treatment.
2. Studies have found that glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements provided benefits for dogs with osteoarthritis, including improved mobility and reduced pain. Long term use of supplements showed better results than traditional NSAID treatments.
3. Research is also exploring inhibitors of enzymes like MMPs that degrade cartilage. Early studies found that COL-3 inhibitor helped reduce breakdown of ligaments in arthritic dog knees.
Anti arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-crominex-3+(trivalent-chromium-phyllant...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex® 3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic dogs. Eleven client-owned moderately arthritic dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or Crominex® 3+ twice daily for a period of 150 days. On a monthly basis, each dog was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation and pain after physical exertion) and a full physical exam (body weight, body temperature and heart rate). At the same time intervals, dogs serum samples were examined for biomarkers of kidney (BUN and creatinine), liver (bilirubin, ALT and AST) and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Findings of this investigation revealed that dogs receiving Crominex® 3+ (1000 μg chromium, 15 mg Amla extract and 15 mg purified Shilajit per day in two divided doses) exhibited a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in arthritic pain noted as early as after 90 days with a maximum reduction after 150 days of treatment. Pain level remained the same or slightly increased in the dogs receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters or serum biomarkers in dogs on placebo or Crominex® 3+, which suggested that Crominex® 3+ was well tolerated by arthritic dogs. In conclusion, Crominex® 3+ significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in moderately arthritic dogs.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study that investigated the biochemical effects of 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in albino rats. The study found that the compound had antidiabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels but also caused abnormalities. Rats treated with the compound showed decreases in serum glucose and albumin levels but increases in ALT and AST levels. Long-term treatment for 6 weeks also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats. The compound affected both liver and blood biochemistry in rats.
1) The study compared the effects of IGF-1 administration and exercise training on glucose tolerance, muscle glycogen storage, and GLUT4 expression in rats.
2) Both exercise training and IGF-1 treatment independently increased GLUT4 expression and improved glucose tolerance, but no additive effect was observed with combined treatment.
3) Exercise training increased muscle glycogen levels, while IGF-1 treatment did not significantly increase glycogen despite upregulating GLUT4 similarly to exercise.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in moderately arthritic dogs. Ten client-owned dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg) twice daily for a period of five months. Dogs were evaluated each month for physical condition (body weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate) and pain associated with arthritis (overall pain, pain from limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion). Serum samples collected from these dogs were examined each month for biomarkers of liver (bilirubin, ALT, and AST), kidney (BUN and creatinine) heart and muscle (creatine kinase) functions. The findings of this study revealed that dogs receiving Shilajit (Group-II) showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in pain from limb manipulation by day 60, and overall pain and pain after physical exertion by day 120. Maximum pain reduction, using all three criteria, was observed on day 150. Pain level remained significantly unchanged in dogs receiving the placebo. Dogs in either group showed no significant change (P>0.05) in physical parameters or serum markers, suggesting that Shilajit was well tolerated by moderately arthritic dogs. It was concluded that Shilajit significantly (P< 0.05) reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and markedly improved their daily life without any side effects.
Keywords: Purified Shilajit; Osteoarthritis in canine; Shilajit safety; Anti-arthritic nutraceutical
Rodent Models of Pharmacotherapy and Chronotherapy for Obesity and Cardiometa...InsideScientific
Experts discuss research into combating obesity through new therapies targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. One expert presents research on BAM15, a mitochondrial uncoupler. Studies in mice found BAM15 was well-tolerated and effective at preventing weight gain and improving glycemic control by increasing energy expenditure without altering food intake. BAM15 activated AMPK signaling, increased fatty acid oxidation in muscle, and restricted adipose tissue expansion, reducing obesity and related diseases without safety concerns. The research provides evidence that mitochondrial uncoupling may be a promising strategy for obesity treatment by increasing calorie burning through non-shivering thermogenesis.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...AnnexPublishers
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in treating arthritis in dogs. 10 moderately arthritic dogs received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg twice daily) for 5 months. Dogs receiving Shilajit showed a significant reduction in pain levels compared to placebo, with maximum pain reduction by day 150. Physical parameters and serum markers remained unchanged, indicating Shilajit was well tolerated without side effects. The study concluded Shilajit significantly reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and improved their quality of life.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Anti arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-crominex-3+(trivalent-chromium-phyllant...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Crominex® 3+ (a complex of trivalent chromium, Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) extract and purified Shilajit) in moderately arthritic dogs. Eleven client-owned moderately arthritic dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received placebo or Crominex® 3+ twice daily for a period of 150 days. On a monthly basis, each dog was evaluated for arthritis associated pain (overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation and pain after physical exertion) and a full physical exam (body weight, body temperature and heart rate). At the same time intervals, dogs serum samples were examined for biomarkers of kidney (BUN and creatinine), liver (bilirubin, ALT and AST) and heart and skeletal muscle (CK) functions. Findings of this investigation revealed that dogs receiving Crominex® 3+ (1000 μg chromium, 15 mg Amla extract and 15 mg purified Shilajit per day in two divided doses) exhibited a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in arthritic pain noted as early as after 90 days with a maximum reduction after 150 days of treatment. Pain level remained the same or slightly increased in the dogs receiving placebo. No significant change occurred in physical parameters or serum biomarkers in dogs on placebo or Crominex® 3+, which suggested that Crominex® 3+ was well tolerated by arthritic dogs. In conclusion, Crominex® 3+ significantly (P< 0.05) ameliorated arthritic pain and improved quality of life without causing any untoward effects in moderately arthritic dogs.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The document summarizes a study that investigated the biochemical effects of 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in albino rats. The study found that the compound had antidiabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels but also caused abnormalities. Rats treated with the compound showed decreases in serum glucose and albumin levels but increases in ALT and AST levels. Long-term treatment for 6 weeks also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats. The compound affected both liver and blood biochemistry in rats.
1) The study compared the effects of IGF-1 administration and exercise training on glucose tolerance, muscle glycogen storage, and GLUT4 expression in rats.
2) Both exercise training and IGF-1 treatment independently increased GLUT4 expression and improved glucose tolerance, but no additive effect was observed with combined treatment.
3) Exercise training increased muscle glycogen levels, while IGF-1 treatment did not significantly increase glycogen despite upregulating GLUT4 similarly to exercise.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...Annex Publishers
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in moderately arthritic dogs. Ten client-owned dogs in a randomized double-blinded study received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg) twice daily for a period of five months. Dogs were evaluated each month for physical condition (body weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate) and pain associated with arthritis (overall pain, pain from limb manipulation, and pain after physical exertion). Serum samples collected from these dogs were examined each month for biomarkers of liver (bilirubin, ALT, and AST), kidney (BUN and creatinine) heart and muscle (creatine kinase) functions. The findings of this study revealed that dogs receiving Shilajit (Group-II) showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in pain from limb manipulation by day 60, and overall pain and pain after physical exertion by day 120. Maximum pain reduction, using all three criteria, was observed on day 150. Pain level remained significantly unchanged in dogs receiving the placebo. Dogs in either group showed no significant change (P>0.05) in physical parameters or serum markers, suggesting that Shilajit was well tolerated by moderately arthritic dogs. It was concluded that Shilajit significantly (P< 0.05) reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and markedly improved their daily life without any side effects.
Keywords: Purified Shilajit; Osteoarthritis in canine; Shilajit safety; Anti-arthritic nutraceutical
Rodent Models of Pharmacotherapy and Chronotherapy for Obesity and Cardiometa...InsideScientific
Experts discuss research into combating obesity through new therapies targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics. One expert presents research on BAM15, a mitochondrial uncoupler. Studies in mice found BAM15 was well-tolerated and effective at preventing weight gain and improving glycemic control by increasing energy expenditure without altering food intake. BAM15 activated AMPK signaling, increased fatty acid oxidation in muscle, and restricted adipose tissue expansion, reducing obesity and related diseases without safety concerns. The research provides evidence that mitochondrial uncoupling may be a promising strategy for obesity treatment by increasing calorie burning through non-shivering thermogenesis.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...AnnexPublishers
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in treating arthritis in dogs. 10 moderately arthritic dogs received either a placebo or Shilajit (500 mg twice daily) for 5 months. Dogs receiving Shilajit showed a significant reduction in pain levels compared to placebo, with maximum pain reduction by day 150. Physical parameters and serum markers remained unchanged, indicating Shilajit was well tolerated without side effects. The study concluded Shilajit significantly reduced pain in osteoarthritic dogs and improved their quality of life.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, a setting in which the functional mass is ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document discusses a study on the effects of the phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The study found that tadalafil treatment before ischemia/reperfusion injury helped restore normal liver enzyme levels, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in liver tissue, and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Histological analysis also showed tadalafil treatment helped protect against liver damage. The findings suggest that modulating the inflammatory response may be one mechanism by which tadalafil provides hepatoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...AnnexPublishers
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in treating arthritis pain in dogs over 5 months, finding that dogs receiving Shilajit had significantly reduced pain levels based on three measures (limb manipulation, overall pain, and pain after exercise) without side effects, while dogs receiving a placebo showed no improvement, demonstrating Shilajit's potential as a safe alternative treatment for canine arthritis.
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
This study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic no HBO, non-diabetic with HBO, diabetic no HBO, and diabetic with HBO. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. HBO groups received 2.8 ATA oxygen for 2 hours daily for 7 days. The study found that HBO exposure increased blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic rats. This suggested that HBO exposure may exacerbate oxidative stress in diabetes through increased reactive oxygen species production.
The document discusses a study that examined the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic beta-cells in diabetic rats. The study found that HBO exposure at clinically relevant pressures and durations enhanced glucose toxicity in diabetic rats. Specifically:
1) Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats that received both streptozotocin injection to induce diabetes and HBO treatment, compared to diabetic rats that only received streptozotocin injection.
2) The area of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets decreased significantly in diabetic rats that received HBO treatment compared to diabetic rats without HBO treatment.
3) HBO exposure exacerbated the cytotoxic effects
Minimal and maximal models of glucose metabolismyvonne0
This document summarizes Francesca Piccinini's presentation on minimal and maximal models of glucose metabolism. It discusses various minimal models used to measure parameters of glucose and insulin dynamics, including the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) minimal model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) minimal model, and beta-cell responsivity minimal model. It provides examples of applying these models to compare insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and other indices between young and elderly subjects. The document also discusses using tracers to validate the models and segregate glucose disposal from production, as well as applications of the models in pathophysiology.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This study investigates the role of O-GlcNAc signaling in porcine muscle satellite cells. Satellite cells are adult stem cells that reside in muscle and contribute to muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. The addition or removal of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) by specific enzymes forms a signaling pathway that senses nutrients. Using inhibitors of these enzymes in cell culture and an in vivo muscle injury model, the study found that excessive O-GlcNAcylation from inhibiting the removing enzyme impaired late-stage muscle differentiation and regeneration by decreasing expression of the myogenin gene. Therefore, satellite cells appear to use O-GlcNAc signaling as a
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Osteoarthitis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes joint degradation and inflammation. It has several potential treatments including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements, physical rehabilitation, surgery, and collagen type 3 inhibition. Glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements have shown positive effects in studies on dogs with osteoarthritis by inhibiting enzymes that degrade joint fluid. Physical rehabilitation improves circulation, joint movement, and promotes awareness through exercises, heat/cold therapy, and water therapy. Surgeries like arthroscopy can clean inflamed bone areas while arthroplasty replaces joints with prosthetics.
Arthritis and Joint Pain:New treatment option Supported by Natural Synergy - ...VISHAL CHANDRA
A Scientifically developed and clinically Proven NATURAL MEDICINE- FLEXICART has cleared its Clinical Trail.
The trial is Registered on WHO PORTAL for INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION (ICTRP) # CTRI/2012/09/002965 and published in international journals
It is supposedly a superior alternate to Glucosamine/Chondroitin and similar combination supplements.
The slideshow portrays Scientific parameters on which the product was evaluated in patients with arthritis.
Highlight: Complete withdrawal of NSAID ( Chemical based pain killers) with time dependent progress of Treatment regime of this research product.
The product can potentially become a better and affordable alternate to Glucosamine & Chondroitin and at the same time be more environment friendly.
The Standardized ingredients of FLEXICART are 100% natural , do not contain any animal content ( Source of Glucosamine/Chondroitin: Fish/Pork/Crabs/Beef ) and devoid of harmful toxic metals as well.
Animal modelsof diabetes and obesity
by: Suinil Kumar
M.pharm (pharmacology )
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Panjab university
Chandigarh
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
Glaucolides D and E, sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Vernonia liatroides, were found to relax smooth muscle contractions in isolated rat aorta and uterus in a dose-dependent manner. Glaucolide E was more potent than glaucolide D at relaxing contractions induced by high potassium levels or agonists like noradrenaline and oxytocin. In contrast, a hirsutinolide-type sesquiterpene lactone from Vernonia paniculata did not have any effect on smooth muscle relaxation. The relaxant effects of glaucolides D and E, which lack an alpha-methylene gamma-lactone moiety present in the related compound
39689944 Age Loc Vitality Ingredient Vtudies[1]Laura Fallon
This study examined the effects of Cordyceps sinensis Cs-4 supplementation on age-related changes in the expression of mitochondrial genes in mouse skeletal muscle and brain tissue. The researchers identified 393 genes related to mitochondria that changed expression with age in these tissues. Cs-4 supplementation opposed age-related changes in 52 of these genes, with 92% changing in a direction associated with younger gene expression. Analysis also showed Cs-4 impacted several gene pathways associated with aging in muscle tissue. The results provide evidence that Cs-4 can modulate aging effects at the transcriptional level in muscles and brain.
Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicul...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) on sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue, and epididymal tissue in male rats, and evaluated whether a mixture of extracts from five medicinal plants could reduce harm caused by diabetes. Rats were divided into groups: normal controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic rats treated with the plant extracts mixture for 45, 60, or 75 days. Diabetes increased sperm abnormalities and caused degenerative changes in testes and epididymis. Treatment with the plant extracts mixture significantly decreased most sperm abnormalities in diabetic rats and reduced degenerative changes in testes and epididymis tissues, showing protective effects against diabetes-related male reproductive harm.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, a setting in which the functional mass is ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document discusses a study on the effects of the phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The study found that tadalafil treatment before ischemia/reperfusion injury helped restore normal liver enzyme levels, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in liver tissue, and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Histological analysis also showed tadalafil treatment helped protect against liver damage. The findings suggest that modulating the inflammatory response may be one mechanism by which tadalafil provides hepatoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Anti inflammatory-and-anti-arthritic-efficacy-and-safety-of-purified-shilajit...AnnexPublishers
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of purified Shilajit in treating arthritis pain in dogs over 5 months, finding that dogs receiving Shilajit had significantly reduced pain levels based on three measures (limb manipulation, overall pain, and pain after exercise) without side effects, while dogs receiving a placebo showed no improvement, demonstrating Shilajit's potential as a safe alternative treatment for canine arthritis.
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
This study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Rats were divided into four groups: non-diabetic no HBO, non-diabetic with HBO, diabetic no HBO, and diabetic with HBO. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. HBO groups received 2.8 ATA oxygen for 2 hours daily for 7 days. The study found that HBO exposure increased blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic rats. This suggested that HBO exposure may exacerbate oxidative stress in diabetes through increased reactive oxygen species production.
The document discusses a study that examined the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure on glucose homeostasis and pancreatic beta-cells in diabetic rats. The study found that HBO exposure at clinically relevant pressures and durations enhanced glucose toxicity in diabetic rats. Specifically:
1) Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats that received both streptozotocin injection to induce diabetes and HBO treatment, compared to diabetic rats that only received streptozotocin injection.
2) The area of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets decreased significantly in diabetic rats that received HBO treatment compared to diabetic rats without HBO treatment.
3) HBO exposure exacerbated the cytotoxic effects
Minimal and maximal models of glucose metabolismyvonne0
This document summarizes Francesca Piccinini's presentation on minimal and maximal models of glucose metabolism. It discusses various minimal models used to measure parameters of glucose and insulin dynamics, including the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) minimal model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) minimal model, and beta-cell responsivity minimal model. It provides examples of applying these models to compare insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and other indices between young and elderly subjects. The document also discusses using tracers to validate the models and segregate glucose disposal from production, as well as applications of the models in pathophysiology.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
This study investigates the role of O-GlcNAc signaling in porcine muscle satellite cells. Satellite cells are adult stem cells that reside in muscle and contribute to muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. The addition or removal of O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) by specific enzymes forms a signaling pathway that senses nutrients. Using inhibitors of these enzymes in cell culture and an in vivo muscle injury model, the study found that excessive O-GlcNAcylation from inhibiting the removing enzyme impaired late-stage muscle differentiation and regeneration by decreasing expression of the myogenin gene. Therefore, satellite cells appear to use O-GlcNAc signaling as a
This study investigated the protective effects of Salacia oblanga and quercetin on cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Rats were treated with Salacia oblanga or quercetin for 15 days, then given cyclophosphamide on days 14 and 15. Cyclophosphamide is known to induce chromosome aberrations and oxidative stress. The study found that quercetin completely prevented cyclophosphamide-induced chromosome aberrations, while Salacia oblanga partially prevented them. Both treatments decreased oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide. The results suggest that Salacia oblanga and quercetin can protect against the genotoxic and oxidative effects of cyclophosph
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Osteoarthitis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
Osteoarthritis is a common type of arthritis that causes joint degradation and inflammation. It has several potential treatments including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements, physical rehabilitation, surgery, and collagen type 3 inhibition. Glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements have shown positive effects in studies on dogs with osteoarthritis by inhibiting enzymes that degrade joint fluid. Physical rehabilitation improves circulation, joint movement, and promotes awareness through exercises, heat/cold therapy, and water therapy. Surgeries like arthroscopy can clean inflamed bone areas while arthroplasty replaces joints with prosthetics.
Arthritis and Joint Pain:New treatment option Supported by Natural Synergy - ...VISHAL CHANDRA
A Scientifically developed and clinically Proven NATURAL MEDICINE- FLEXICART has cleared its Clinical Trail.
The trial is Registered on WHO PORTAL for INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION (ICTRP) # CTRI/2012/09/002965 and published in international journals
It is supposedly a superior alternate to Glucosamine/Chondroitin and similar combination supplements.
The slideshow portrays Scientific parameters on which the product was evaluated in patients with arthritis.
Highlight: Complete withdrawal of NSAID ( Chemical based pain killers) with time dependent progress of Treatment regime of this research product.
The product can potentially become a better and affordable alternate to Glucosamine & Chondroitin and at the same time be more environment friendly.
The Standardized ingredients of FLEXICART are 100% natural , do not contain any animal content ( Source of Glucosamine/Chondroitin: Fish/Pork/Crabs/Beef ) and devoid of harmful toxic metals as well.
Animal modelsof diabetes and obesity
by: Suinil Kumar
M.pharm (pharmacology )
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Panjab university
Chandigarh
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
1. The study examined the relationship between total haemoglobin mass, performance-related genotypes, and VO2max in 4 untrained subjects.
2. Results showed no clear relationship between total haemoglobin mass and VO2max. The subject with the highest endurance genotype score had the lowest VO2max.
3. The subject with the highest sprint genotype score had the lowest endurance genotype score, despite having the highest VO2max, suggesting genotypes may predict sport-specific performance.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
Glaucolides D and E, sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Vernonia liatroides, were found to relax smooth muscle contractions in isolated rat aorta and uterus in a dose-dependent manner. Glaucolide E was more potent than glaucolide D at relaxing contractions induced by high potassium levels or agonists like noradrenaline and oxytocin. In contrast, a hirsutinolide-type sesquiterpene lactone from Vernonia paniculata did not have any effect on smooth muscle relaxation. The relaxant effects of glaucolides D and E, which lack an alpha-methylene gamma-lactone moiety present in the related compound
39689944 Age Loc Vitality Ingredient Vtudies[1]Laura Fallon
This study examined the effects of Cordyceps sinensis Cs-4 supplementation on age-related changes in the expression of mitochondrial genes in mouse skeletal muscle and brain tissue. The researchers identified 393 genes related to mitochondria that changed expression with age in these tissues. Cs-4 supplementation opposed age-related changes in 52 of these genes, with 92% changing in a direction associated with younger gene expression. Analysis also showed Cs-4 impacted several gene pathways associated with aging in muscle tissue. The results provide evidence that Cs-4 can modulate aging effects at the transcriptional level in muscles and brain.
Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicul...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) on sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue, and epididymal tissue in male rats, and evaluated whether a mixture of extracts from five medicinal plants could reduce harm caused by diabetes. Rats were divided into groups: normal controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic rats treated with the plant extracts mixture for 45, 60, or 75 days. Diabetes increased sperm abnormalities and caused degenerative changes in testes and epididymis. Treatment with the plant extracts mixture significantly decreased most sperm abnormalities in diabetic rats and reduced degenerative changes in testes and epididymis tissues, showing protective effects against diabetes-related male reproductive harm.
This document discusses the challenges of ensuring global food security and production in the face of climate change. It outlines a triple challenge of producing more food while adapting agriculture to climate change and contributing to climate change mitigation. Key points discussed include increasing food demand, impacts of climate change on agriculture like changes in suitable growing areas and increased risks, opportunities for climate-smart agriculture through practices like conservation, agroforestry, and livestock management, and the need for investment, governance, and policy coordination to build resilience and efficiency in global food systems.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of both inland and offshore wind farms. For inland wind farms, it outlines visual, noise, wildlife, shadow flicker, electromagnetic, and land use impacts. Visual impacts include visibility zones up to 400 times the turbine height. Noise can cause sleep disturbance. Turbines pose collision risks to birds. Shadow flicker can cause undesirable flickering. Offshore wind farms also impact animal navigation and attract seabirds, increasing collision risk. While wind energy is cleaner than fossil fuels, its large-scale deployment could significantly impact the environment if not properly managed.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo. El embargo prohibiría la importación de petróleo ruso a la UE y restringiría el acceso de buques rusos a puertos europeos. Sin embargo, Hungría se opone firmemente al embargo de petróleo, argumentando que dependen en gran medida de las importaciones rusas y que les llevaría años dejar de depender del petróleo ruso.
Wasim M.U Qureshi is seeking a suitable job where he can utilize his skills and knowledge. He has a bachelor's degree in commerce and additional qualifications in e-commerce and software applications. His work experience includes over 10 years in sales, marketing, customer service, and technical support roles. He is married and fluent in English, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu.
The document proposes an experiment to test whether a tea made from apple and lettuce produces a calming effect in hyperactive dogs. Sixty dogs will be divided into three groups - one group will receive the tea, one a commercial anxiety medication, and one a negative control. The dogs' behavior will be observed during weekly obedience tests to see if the tea makes them calmer and easier to train. If results support the hypothesis, the tea could be developed as a natural calming product for dogs.
Laura Liscum studies Niemann Pick C (NPC), a lysosomal storage disease where cholesterol does not transport out of the lysosome properly. In NPC cells, the lysosome fills with storage vesicles. Patients experience liver and brain problems, occurring in 1 in 150,000 births. They often die young, around their early teens. One patient, Adam, exhibited neurological symptoms like seizures and lost motor skills. He died at age 10. Most NPC patients have liver issues, as liver cells store large amounts of cholesterol. Liscum hypothesized that excess lipid storage makes lysosomes leaky, activating cell death. Current treatments involve cyclodextrin, which had better results than directly injecting allopregnolone into the
The document outlines the iterative process of project management which includes planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing phases. It shows that estimating costs, planning risk management, and controlling risks can be performed multiple times throughout the project. Additionally, developing the project management plan is an iterative process that can include jumping back to estimating costs, planning procurement management, and other activities.
El documento describe diferentes orientaciones estratégicas de empresas internacionales. Freixenet tiene una visión etnocéntrica ya que no adapta su producto a los mercados extranjeros. IKEA tiene una visión geocéntrica porque estandariza su producto para todos los mercados globales. Deltabliz tiene una visión policéntrica porque adapta sus productos a los enchufes de cada región. Santander crece por presión del entorno más que por competidores. Industria Cándido Hermida tuvo que adaptarse y crecer para satisfacer las necesidades de su
Este documento resume los principales géneros literarios como el narrativo, lírico y dramático. Describe el género narrativo y sus especies como el cuento, novela, leyenda y fábula. Luego define el género lírico y dramático, y enumera algunas de sus especies principales como la oda, égloga, tragedia, comedia y drama.
Here are the answers:
1. (a) Carbon monoxide, methane
(b) Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides
2. (a) Sulphur dioxide
(b) Methane
(c) Carbon monoxide
(d) Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides
3. (a) O3
(b) (i) A layer of ozone surrounds the Earth at high altitudes and protects us from the harmful radiation of the Sun.
(ii) At ground level, ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes irritation to the eyes and throat. It also causes breathing difficulties and asthma attacks.
Inflammatory bowel disease & the liver Samir Haffar
1) Liver tests are elevated in 10-50% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This can be due to the IBD itself, its treatment, or unrelated factors.
2) Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a liver condition strongly associated with IBD. Screening and surveillance is important for PSC patients due to increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
3) Several liver conditions have been reported in association with IBD or its treatments, including gallbladder disease, vascular diseases, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity from medications like azathioprine.
Antioxidant and protective effect of latex of Calotropis proceraRaman Sehgal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects of latex from the Calotropis procera plant against alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. The study found that daily oral administration of the latex at 100 and 400 mg/kg doses produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels and increase in hepatic glycogen content in diabetic rats. It also prevented loss of body weight and reduced water consumption compared to diabetic controls. The latex treatment increased hepatic antioxidant levels like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, while decreasing lipid peroxidation levels. The antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects of the latex were comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide.
COL-3 inhibition was tested to see if it could reduce collagen fragmentation in ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments (CCL) explants from dogs with knee arthritis. CCLs were obtained from 33 client dogs undergoing surgery and cultured in plates with culture medium. Three experiments were conducted comparing CCL explants treated with COL-3 to untreated controls. The results showed that 0.0010M COL-3 significantly inhibited collagen degradation. This research suggests that COL-3 may help treat joint degradation in dogs with osteoarthritis by reducing the activity of matrix metalloproteinases that break down collagen.
Drugs for Canine Osteoarthritis - Mostafa QalavandWang Lang
Canine Osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory degenerative joint disease. Arthritis can be characterized by the degeneration of cartilage, boney proliferation resulting in bone-on-bone contact within and/or around affected joints, and synovial membrane changes.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
It appears that you have provided information about the "Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences" . This journal seems to be an international online publication in English, published quarterly. It emphasizes fast publication while maintaining a rigorous peer-review process of the published journals.
This document reviews research on Ayurvedic drugs for reducing obesity or "medohara". It summarizes studies showing that Cyperus rotundus (Musta), Curcuma longa (Haridra), Allium cepa (Palandu), Allium sativum (Lasuna), and Saussurea lappa (Kushta) were effective in animal and some human studies at reducing weight, blood lipids, and other obesity indicators with few side effects. It concludes these Ayurvedic drugs show promise based on early research and should be further explored clinically for obesity treatment given risks of chemical drugs.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
This study investigated the antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract showed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, lowering blood glucose levels up to 2 weeks. While the extract did not significantly affect plasma lipids and most organ weights, it did increase liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST) at some doses. The extract also minimized body weight loss from diabetes. Overall, the study suggests E. grandiflorus has antidiabetic properties but its use should be limited to 2 weeks and monitored for potential toxicity from effects on liver enzymes.
This study examined the effects of prolonged simvastatin (SIM) treatment on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced acute kidney injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: sham, ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. The I/R group showed intense inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis in kidney tissue. The I/R+SIM group showed reduced inflammation and tissue damage. Biochemical analysis found increased oxidative stress and inflammation markers in the ischemia and I/R groups compared to control, but levels in the I/R+SIM group were similar to control. Histological analysis also showed more damage in ischemia and I/R groups versus control, while the I/R+
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
The effects of diethylstilbestrol administration on rat kidney. ultrastructur...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study examined the effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) administration on rat kidney tissues over different time periods using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a group that received 60 μg/kg DES daily for 20 days, and a group that received the same dose of DES for 50 days. DES administration for 50 days caused degeneration of renal tissues, damage to renal tubules, increased cellularity of glomeruli, and a significant increase in BAX protein expression, indicating increased apoptosis. These changes were less pronounced after 20 days of treatment. The study found that non-steroidal synthetic estrogens like DES can have
Growth hormone treatment improved body composition, glucose metabolism, and liver fat in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes, then treated with various doses of growth hormone or PBS for 6 weeks. The highest growth hormone dose normalized glucose, glucose tolerance, and liver fat levels while reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone therapy improved metabolic outcomes in this mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes without worsening insulin levels or organ weights.
1) The study examined the effects of diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure on insulin signaling molecules and glucose metabolism in the triceps muscle of rats.
2) Rats treated with DEHP showed increased oxidative stress, reduced insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels, and decreased glucose uptake and oxidation in the triceps muscle.
3) Co-treatment with antioxidants vitamins C and E prevented the adverse effects of DEHP by reducing oxidative stress, and protecting insulin signaling molecule levels and glucose metabolism in the triceps muscle.
Dietary Supplementation with Calcium in Healthy Rats Administered with Artemi...IOSR Journals
Reports on the role of calcium on predisposition to cardiovascular disease have been rather inconsistent while studies on its interaction with other medications are ongoing. We therefore investigated the effect of separate and combine administration of calcium supplement with artemisinin-based combination drug on hepatic and serum lipid profile. Thirty two male wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight rats each. The control (group A) received normal saline. Group B and D were placed on 10mg/Kg calcium twice daily for four weeks. On the thirtieth day, therapeutic dose of artemisinin-based combination was simultaneously administered to group C and group D twice daily for three days. All the rats were then sacrificed after 12 hours fasting, blood was withdrawn and the liver removed and homogenized in an appropriate buffer. Biochemical analysis showed no significant (p>0.05) variation in hepatic triaacylglycerol in all the treated groups whereas calcium supplementation was observed to induce a significant (p<0.05) reduction in hepatic cholesterol. Significant elevations due to calcium supplementation were also observed in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol level and atherogenic risk index with a concomitant reduction in serum HDL cholesterol. No significant change was observed in serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and serum lipoproteins in all other treatment groups. Our study suggests that calcium supplementation may predispose to cardiovascular disease and that its co administration with ACT may not aggravate nor reduced the predisposition risk.
Influence of steroid hormones on the periodontiumNida Sumra
This document discusses the influence of steroid hormones on the periodontium. It covers the classification of hormones, including steroid hormones like corticosteroids, androgens, progesterone and estrogen. It describes how these hormones can influence the periodontium through effects on bone metabolism, inflammation, collagen synthesis and more. Factors like gender, age and hormone supplementation levels are discussed in terms of their interactions with the periodontal effects of sex hormones.
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EPITHELIAL HYPOPLASIA OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INDU...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/ability, appearance, or muscle mass. In addition, these steroids are widely used in the treatment of male infertility and subfertility. However, increasing concern has been shown that these compounds may not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology and sperm quality. There is a dearth of knowledge on the structural and quantitative changes of the testis secondary to this group of compounds. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mesterolone (proviron), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on some of the histomorphometric and stereological parameters of the seminiferous tubules in Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 adult male rats were used. The treated group was given 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day of mesterolone by gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. Five µm of uniformly random serial sections of the processed testicular tissues were analyzed using un-biased stereological and histomorphometric studies. Results: The results showed that the percentage mean volume density of both the tubular lumen and epithelial height increased by 35% (p< 0.05) and decreased by 50% (p<0.05), respectively compared to the control. mesterolone also caused a significant decline in sperm concentration. Conclusion: Mesterolone produces epithelial hypoplasia in the testis post continuous management.
This document summarizes nonsurgical treatments for osteoarthritis in dogs. It discusses that there is no cure for osteoarthritis, but the most common treatment used is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like carprofen. Other nonsurgical treatments mentioned include weight control, cryotherapy, moist heat, and active exercise, which can help reduce symptoms and improve comfort levels. Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride supplements are also discussed as showing positive effects for combating lameness.
Ayuno intermitente en la salud, envejecimiento y enfermedad.Nicolas Ugarte
Articulo muy interesante de ayuno intermitente.
Estudios preclínicos y ensayos clínicos han demostrado que el ayuno intermitente tiene beneficios de amplio espectro para muchas afecciones de salud, como obesidad, diabetes mellitus, enfermedades cardiovasculares, cánceres y trastornos neurológicos.
This document summarizes research on bisphosphonate therapy for treating navicular disease in horses. Bisphosphonates were originally developed as industrial chemicals but are now used medically to treat bone disorders in humans. Two bisphosphonates, tiludronate and clodronate, have been approved for treating navicular disease in horses. Clinical studies on these drugs found they may reduce lameness when combined with corrective shoeing, though their exact mechanism of action in horses is still unknown. Potential side effects seen in some horses include transient colic and injection site reactions. More research is needed on their long-term safety profile and efficacy, especially in young horses.
Similar to Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatments (20)
Synapses are specialized structures that transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to other cells. They convert electrical signals into chemical signals to allow communication between cells by releasing neurotransmitters in response to action potentials. Malfunctions in synaptic transmission can cause disorders like epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anxiety, depression, learning deficits, and dementia. The study focuses on how a calcium channel subunit called a25 that is targeted by anti-epileptic and pain drugs regulates synaptic transmission and structure.
This study aims to analyze conserved amino acids in GAPDH proteins from tropical plants Oxalis corniculata and Plectranthus amboinicus. GAPDH is important for energy production. Previous work cloned GAPDH genes from these plants and Myrtaceae psidium. Psidium showed no cloning and was eliminated. The current work will sequence the cloned GAPDH inserts and analyze conserved amino acids related to catalytic function through bioinformatics. This adds to knowledge of important plant genes and their evolution.
This study aims to clone and analyze GAPDH genes from various plant species to compare amino acid sequences related to catalytic function. Previous work successfully cloned GAPDH from Oxalis corniculata and Plectranthus amboinicus but not Myrtaceae psidium. The current study will continue work on the cloned samples through midipreps, restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. Sequence data will undergo bioinformatics analysis to compare conserved amino acids of the GAPDH protein between plant species. Results could provide new genetic information published in GenBank and further the understanding of energy production pathways in plants.
This document summarizes a study on cloning and analyzing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes from different plant species. The researcher amplified GAPDH genes from Oxalis corniculata, Plectranthus amboinicus, and Myrtaceae psidium via PCR. They then cloned the genes into E. coli and sequenced them using Sanger sequencing. The goal was to compare the GAPDH sequences to analyze conserved amino acids in the active site and differences elsewhere, helping understand GAPDH protein function and evolution across plants. Preliminary results were obtained but not detailed.
The author cloned GAPDH genes from Oxalis corniculata and Plectranthus amboinicus plants and conducted bioinformatics analyses. GAPDH is important for energy production. The genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Sequence analyses showed the cloned genes were GAPC from O. corniculata and GAPDH from P. amboinicus. Future work will include more detailed bioinformatics analyses and submitting the novel sequences to GenBank.
The study confirms associations between epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs and two locations on chromosomes 1 (CFA1) and 19 (CFA19) found in previous research. PCR-RFLP tests on 88 additional dogs showed different genotype frequencies between normal and affected dogs, supporting genes in these locations that may cause epilepsy. Sequencing of the DOK6 gene near associated SNPs on CFA1 found no differences between one affected and unaffected dog. The results support the hypothesis that mutations in these chromosomal regions contribute to epilepsy in Australian Shepherds.
This study aimed to confirm previous findings linking canine chromosomes 1 and 19 to idiopathic epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs. PCR-RFLP tests of two SNPs were performed on 88 additional Australian Shepherds and genotypes were compared between affected and unaffected dogs via Chi-square analysis. Sequencing of the DOK6 gene did not reveal differences between one affected and unaffected dog. The results confirmed different genotype frequencies between normal and affected dogs for the SNPs, supporting the hypothesis that epilepsy-causing genes are located near the tested regions on chromosomes 1 and 19.
This document summarizes research being done to identify genetic factors that cause epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs. The researchers are genotyping additional dogs to confirm associations between epilepsy and SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 19 found in previous work. They plan to sequence the DOK6 gene near one of the SNPs on chromosome 1 to look for mutations correlated with epilepsy. Current work includes genotyping 80 additional dogs and sequencing exons of the DOK6 gene, though one exon is still being analyzed. The goal is to identify the specific genetic cause of epilepsy in this breed to improve treatment and prevent transmission.
This lab used an ELISA test to simulate the sharing of bodily fluids and determine which students were exposed to and transmitted a contagious disease. The ELISA test relies on antibodies to detect antigens produced during an immune response to exposure. The results showed students 1, 2, 8, and 10 were infected, while students 1 and 10 transmitted the disease. ELISA is commonly used in real world applications such as pregnancy tests, disease detection, and testing for food safety and GMOs.
The document announces a nanotechnology workshop from October 7th to 9th organized by Ms. Ivonne Ferrer and Ms. Jesus Velazquez. The workshop will likely focus on nanotechnology topics over the three day period and is being run by the two individuals mentioned.
The document discusses a university project studying epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs. It mentions the University of Minnesota St. Paul Campus LSSURP Project and names Valeria Rivera as the summer 2011 student and Ned Patterson as the mentor. The project focuses on epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs.
The document discusses a university project studying epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs. It mentions the University of Minnesota St. Paul Campus LSSURP Project and names Valeria Rivera as the summer 2011 student and Ned Patterson as the mentor. The project focuses on epilepsy in Australian Shepherd dogs.
This document summarizes the speaker's experience in three biology courses at college. In BIOL 3009, the speaker learned about the central dogma of biology including DNA replication, transcription of DNA to RNA, and translation of RNA to proteins. They enjoyed conducting a laboratory experiment to identify fruits containing enzymes. In BIOL 3095, the speaker learned to write scientific papers and presented a review paper on osteoarthritis treatments. They attended seminars by alumni researchers. In BIOL 3097, the speaker dissected samples under microscopes, extracted their own DNA, and conducted research with a mentor on GMOs, presenting their findings. They viewed the hands-on experiences as unique and fun opportunities to learn.
The student reflects on their experience in the RISE program at UPR-Cayey. They took biology courses where they conducted laboratory work and wrote proposals. This helped them think like a scientist by asking questions and searching for information. They attended RISE seminars that introduced them to new scientific terms and potential research opportunities. This led the student to be selected for a summer research program at the University of Minnesota where they wrote annotated bibliographies and learned to communicate scientific findings. In their second semester, the RISE biomedical techniques course taught them new lab techniques to help achieve their career goals in the sciences.
This lab used an ELISA test to simulate the sharing of a contagious disease between students and determine who was infected and who transmitted the disease. The ELISA test relies on antibodies binding to antigens produced during an immune response to detect exposure to a disease in liquid samples. The results of the lab showed that students 1, 2, 8, and 10 were infected, while students 1 and 10 transmitted the disease to others.
Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, allowing this lab to use a spectrophotometer to calculate protein levels in milk samples. The students prepared 1:50 dilutions of evaporated and fresh milk with dye, incubated for 40 minutes, and measured absorbance at 595 wavelengths to generate a standard curve and determine that sample A, evaporated milk, had a higher protein concentration than the fresh milk.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and have specific shapes that determine their substrates and products. The experiment determined the optimum temperature of the enzyme cellobiase, which breaks down cellulose, to be 22°C. Samples of cellobiase were tested at 0°, 22°, and 37°C using a spectrophotometer to measure absorbance, finding that the enzyme works best at 22°C and its activity is minimized at higher temperatures due to denaturing.
During a lab experiment, students created a hydrogen sensor using palladium-coated polymer nanofibers produced through electrospinning and sputter coating, which was then tested in a chamber with controlled hydrogen and argon gas flows. The sensor worked effectively, with an increase in current detected as hydrogen levels rose, demonstrating an application of nanotechnology to increase surface area and catalytic reactivity for hydrogen detection.
Valeria Rivera was born on December 17, 1992 in San Juan, Puerto Rico weighing 5 pounds and 10 ounces. She enjoys arts and crafts, knitting, bicycling, jogging, visiting beaches and swimming. She graduated high school with high honors in 2010 and is interested in studying veterinary medicine, having done volunteer work at a veterinary clinic.
This document discusses phase contrast cheek cells at different magnifications. It contains images of cheek cells at 100X, 400X, and 200X magnifications from a microscope, as well as images found on the internet of cheek cells.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatments
1. Osteoarthritis and its possible treatments
Valeria Rivera University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
Abstract
Arthritis affects millions of people per year. Around, 350 million people in the
world. It is a disease that everyone could suffer from. The risks are higher after the age of
40. Some risks include obesity, joint malformation, injuries, and inheritance.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis in humans and in dogs. There is
no specific treatment whatsoever, but there are some possible treatments depending on
severity of the disease and personal reactions. This paper focuses on nutrients like
Glucosamine/ Chondroitin Sulfate, Col-3 Inhibition, NSAID, physical rehabilitation, and
surgery. Researchers, such as McCarty et al. 2006, obtained positive effects using Glu/CS
from day 70. PROM exercise is widely used as therapy for dogs as well as physical
rehabilitation. This involves the use of physical agents like hear water, cold, and
electricity (Johnston et al., 2008).
Keywords: Osteoarthritis; Canines; Treatments; Surgery
1. Introduction treatments that are still on trial since
Arthritis includes the different there is not a completely convincing
joint degradation and inflammation that determined treatment for OA. The most
occur in most joint disorders. The most commonly used and recommended
common type of arthritis is treatment is Nonsteroidal anti-
Osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty-five per inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
cent (25%) to 30% of dogs suffer from
arthritis or hip dysplasia. It is described 2. Glucosamine hydrochloride and
by a low level of inflammation that Chondroitin Sulfate
increases to degenerate joints. Arthritis The first article to report the use
can be caused by injuries, obesity, of Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate
inheritance, and joint malformation. (Glu/CS) as a treatment for osteoarthritis
Patients of arthritis are all over the world in dogs used carprofen as a positive
and total approximately 350 million control (McCarty et al., 2006). Thirty-
people. Commonly, symptoms begin at five dogs (Canis familiaris) with
the age of 40. Blood and urine test are osteoarthritis were clinically examined
taken as examinations of arthritis along in the research. This research included a
with x-rays. Symptoms comprise pain, pre-treatment evaluation where samples
lameness and muscle atrophy, swelling were collected for baseline hematology
of joints, stiffness, and lost of mobility. (blood tests). The researchers orally
Other animals such as cats and induced the recommended dose of
horses suffer from osteoarthritis. Dogs Glu/CS in 16 dogs and the suggested
are excellent models for studying amount, as well, of carprofen in 19 dogs.
osteoarthritis and can even be cured Dogs weighing 5-19 kg (11-39lbs) were
during test treatments. Neither a specific given 1g of the Glu/CS twice daily. Dogs
cure nor treatments for Osteoarthritis weighting 20-40 kg (40-82lbs) were
(OA) currently exist. There are some given 1.5g twice daily. Dogs weighing
2. 40 kg (82lbs) or over were given 2g better results and an improvement in the
twice daily. For the positive control use of glucosamine hydrochloride and
carprofen, dogs were given 2mg/kg body chondroitin sulfate as indicated by
weight twice daily for 7 days. After that, McCarthy et al. Chondoprotectant is a
daily maintenance dose for dogs was term used to designate compounds that
2mg/kg body weight. These dogs were have a positive effect on the health and
re-evaluated by veterinarians who metabolism of chondrocytes and
recorded observations with a scoring synoviocytes. Some of the expected
system based on lameness, joint outcomes cover an enhancement in
mobility, pain on palpation, weight- metabolism of chondrocyte and
bearing, and an overall score of clinical synoviocyte that can potentially suppress
condition ranging from 1 to 5 from not inflammation. It inhibits degradative
affected to very severely affected. enzymes within the synovial fluid and
Evaluations were taken on days 14, 42, cartilage matrix and also inhibits the
70 and 98. Treatment ended on day 70. formation of clots in small blood vessels
Veterinarians and owners were in the joint area as cited by Beale in
unfamiliar with the treatments provided. McCarthy et al., 2006.
Convincing results of
improvements in pain, weight-bearing 3. COL-3 inhibition
and overall condition, were obtained Joint degradation is determined
from day 70 when using Glu/CS as a in matrix-degrading proteases by
treatment for dogs with osteoarthritis. articular tissues. In this case, matrix
Improvements of dogs using carprofen metalloproteinase (MMPs) and
were obtained at a faster rate - in day 42 cathepsins are used. MMPs are
unlike for dogs treated with Glu/CS. proteases that break peptide bonds inside
Nevertheless, the usage of Glu/CS over protein molecules into polymers.
time, (until day 98) produced better Researchers used (6 diethyl)-6-deoxy-4-
results than while using carprofen. dedimethylamino tetracycline COL-3 for
According to McCarthy et. al, the use of arthritis therapy because it minimizes
Glu/CS has been shown to protect production of MMPs and also inhibits
against chemically induced synovitis MMP activity, as Hanemaaijer et al., in
(inflammation of the synovial Muir P 2007 noted. The cranial cruciate
membrane, the lining of the joints) in ligament (CCL), an important ligament
dogs by stimulating cartilage metabolism in the knee, can rapture causing joint
and by inhibiting its degradation. A instability, pain, and lameness. To
similar consequence was obtained in explore a way of ameliorating joint
reducing symptoms of OA in humans. degradation, researchers tested the
Investigations demonstrated that effects of COL-3 on collagen
the use of Glu/CS in dogs with fragmentations of CCL. The CCL where
osteoarthritis has a satisfying clinical obtained from 33 client dogs during
effect. (McCarthy et al. 2006) With these surgical treatment. The dogs were from
results further research could be realized 5.3 to 2.6 years old and weighted about
observing the reaction of Glu/CS for a 10 to 36 kg (20 to 74 lbs.). Also, CCLs
period longer than 70 days. A more were retracted from 13 other dogs with
complex test, such as a force plate gait normal stifles. These were cultured in 12
analysis, should be created to determine well plates with 1nL of culture medium
3. (Serum-free Dulbecco’s modified are cyclooxygenase inhibiting anti-
Eagle’s medium with inflammatory drugs. Cyclooxygenase is
20mMHEPES).Three explant culture an enzyme that forms prostaglandins
(taking living material and placing it in a which causes inflammation. There are
substance to preserve it) experiments two isoforms of COX, COX-1 and
were realized. The first experiment was COX-2. Both are found in canine’s
duplicating the CCL, one for baseline kidneys. The recommended dose is 1 to
control and the other one for COL-3. In 2 mg/kg/day. DERAMAXX is only used
the second experiment, the two CCL for dogs not humans. Like the majority
explants were set up respectively. In the of the NSAIDS, DERMAXX can
third experiment, triplicate from each produce some side effects specially
ruptured CCL specimen were set. They when used with other NSAIDS.
consisted of a positive inhibitor, a base According to The National Institute of
line control, and a protease inhibitor Health (NIH), DERAMAXX may
cocktail. With their results, the produce gastrointestinal ulcerations and
investigators concluded that using . inhibit prostaglandins which maintain
0010M of COL-3 the degradation could normal homeostatic function.
be inhibited. Researchers conducted an investigation
using cloned canines cyclooxygenase
with a dose of 2 to 4 mg/kg/day but
4. NSAIDs DERAMAXX tablets did not inhibited
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory COX-1.Its clinical relevance has not
drugs (NSAID) are the most common been shown. In clinical trials of
treatment of osteoarthritis. They control DERAMAXX, healthy dogs were given
clinical signs of inflammation. daily doses, respective of body weight
Carprofen is one of the newest NSAIDs 30 minutes after a meal. The process was
accepted for use in dogs. A reasonable repeated for 60 days. No abnormal
improve in comfort is found using the findings were obtained, and physical
recommended dosage of carprofen. tests were normal as well as urinary test.
Some NSAIDs include Etodolac, The consumption of food and water
Aspirine, and Firocoxib which has been remained normal and weight too.
recently approved. Side effects include
vomiting and diarrhea. 5. Physical rehabilitation
Tepoxalin is a dual inhibitor of Physical rehabilitation involves
cyclooxygenase (COX) and the use of physical agents consisting of
lipoxygenase (LOX). As a result, the heat, cold, electricity, exercise, and
generation of leukotrienes (fatty water. Positive improvements in terms of
molecules of the immune system that blood flow are significant and reduce the
increase inflammation and asthma) are risk of muscle damage. Moist heat is
decreased, increasing recovery from used to increase blood flow in the
inflammation. The patient will as a region. This helps in preventing
consequence feel less pain as COX and degradation of ligaments.
LOX are inhibited. While using these pads the
DERAMAXX is used in the temperature needs to be around 104 F
veterinary market to control pain and and 109 F, and the dog’s skin needs to be
inflammation due to osteoarthritis. They constantly monitored to avoid burns.
4. Usually, heat therapy is combined with numbness and some particles could be
other types of physiotherapy such as released (Health central 2006).
massages and passive exercise. Osteoplasty is another surgical treatment
Passive range of motion exercise consisting of scarping deteriorating bone
(PROM), promotes sensory awareness from the joint. It is considered a surgical
and improved circulation. In addition to repair. (Springhouse 2005).
PROM, stretching exercises increase
tissue extensibility. Likewise, warm 7. Conclusion
baths, electric stimulation, and therapy A variety of new treatments are
with a physioball, are used to treat currently being studied. It is of great joy
osteoarthritis resulting in benefits for the to know that there are people who care
patients-canines. In contrast, about this disease affecting cats, dogs,
Cryotherapy (hypothermia) is applied horses and humans.
using ice packs and cold compression This paper has demonstrated
wraps to support vasoconstriction and some of the drugs used as treatments for
skeletal muscle relaxation. These reduce osteoarthritis. Glucosamine/ Chondroitin
blood flow and analgesia (inability to Sulfate have shown some positive
feel pain while conscious). (Johnston et effects based on the previous research
al.) Weight control and weight loss made. Likewise, the use of PROM will
decreases the severity of hind and limb benefit dogs in feeling less pain and
weakness. gaining back their joint mobility. Since
weight is an important factor in
6. Surgery preventing arthritis, dogs should be feed
The last method used for treating a regular balanced diet and include
and relieving osteoarthritis pain is exercise in their daily activities. There is
surgical procedures. There are different no doubt that this practice will benefit
surgeries, and the most commonly done humans promoting blood circulation and
is knee surgery. Arthroscopy is joint movement. By investigating and
performed as a method to clean the bone discovering new treatments, animals and
segment where inflammation is humans will surely benefit from those
occurring. It is a minor surgery. Another experiments. The dogs used as models
procedure is Arthroplasty in which MD while studying the effect of
replaces the joint (DailyMed 2009). Glucosamine/ Chondroitin Sulfate were
These are prosthetic joint implants. It is pets whose owners’ permitted testing.
commonly used when osteoarthritis is Researchers obtained convincing results.
sever making mobility almost impossible Deramaxx is another pain reliever
for the patient. Hip and knee especially for dogs, and it has also
replacement are the most common and shown some positive results. Adequan is
the most successful. Less common a drug that treats arthritis especially for
replacement of joints are those of the dogs too. Both are available in the
shoulders, elbows, fingers, and wrists. veterinary market. In most of these
Complications are not common, and investigations, researchers found
comprise 1 % of deaths within 3 months. different aspects that have to be realized
Complications include blood clots, for a better finding of a medication that
infection, and hip dislocation. Some will treat at best osteoarthritis. Positive
other complications may be uneven legs, results may be obtained following the
5. instructions of an MD regarding the McAllister H, Seed M, Mooney
recommended dosage. After all of the C. 2006.
findings, osteoarthritis remains a branch Randomised double-blind,
for further investigations to maximize positive-controlled trial to
efficacy. assess the efficacy of
glucosamine/chondrotin sulfate
Cited Literature for the treatment of dogs with
DailyMed.[Internet]. [updated 12/2009]. osteoarthritis. The Veterinary
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http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/daily Muir P, Manley P, Hao Z. 2007. COL-3
med/drugInfo.cfm?id=13932 inhibition of collagen
fragmentation in ruptured
Health Center (HC)[Internet]. [Reviewed cranial cruciate ligament
2006 April19]. My Osteoarthritis explants from dogs with stifle
Central. Available from: arthritis. The Veterinary
http://www.healthcentral.com/ost Journal 174, 403-406.
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Disease, (eight edition).
Johnston S, McLaughlin R, Budsberg S. [Internet]. [Cited 2005].
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McCarthy G, O’Donovan J, Jones B,