The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in A Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
In recent years as a result of the observation that the toxic effects of boron and its
products have increased intensive studies have been initiated in our country and in the world
regarding its effects, especially in the central nervous system, digestive system and reproductive
system. The aim was to determine the histopathological changes caused by boric acid in rat testis,
liver, kidney and brain tissues by light microscopy after oral administration of toxic dose of acute
boric acid.
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
In recent years as a result of the observation that the toxic effects of boron and its
products have increased intensive studies have been initiated in our country and in the world
regarding its effects, especially in the central nervous system, digestive system and reproductive
system. The aim was to determine the histopathological changes caused by boric acid in rat testis,
liver, kidney and brain tissues by light microscopy after oral administration of toxic dose of acute
boric acid.
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Yagyapathy: A Holistic Approach for Treatment of Severe Disease by Indian Sys...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Abstract Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can cause insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Jian-Gan-Xiao-Zhi decoction (JGXZ) could be effective for the treatment of NAFLD and IR. However, the possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR remains unknown. Methods: Fifty rats received a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks to induce NAFLD. After 4 weeks of HFHC treatment, rats were orally treated with JGXZ (8, 16, and 32 g/kg weight) for 8 weeks. Ten rats in the control group received standard chow. In the positive control group, rats were orally treated with metformin (90 mg/kg weight) for 8 weeks. After JGXZ and metformin treatment, H&E staining was conducted on rat livers and serum biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), were measured using test kits. Moreover, a fasting blood glucose test and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Serum levels of insulin were determined using ELISA kit, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The levels of total insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as the levels of phosphorylation of IRS1 (p-IRS1), phosphorylation of AMPK (p-AMPK) and phosphorylation of JNK (p-JNK) were measured using western blotting. Results: The body weights in JGXZ low-, middle-, and high-dose groups were lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). The serum levels of AST (P < 0.05 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), ALT (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle-dose group and P < 0.05 in JGXZ high-dose group), TG (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), and TC (P < 0.01) upon JGXZ treatment were lower those than in NAFLD model rats. H&E staining showed that JGXZ treatment reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. JGXZ decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), AUC (area under the curve) of the OGTT (P < 0.05) and p-IRS1 (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups, P < 0.05 in JGXZ low-dose groups). Moreover, JGXZ regulated the hepatic AMPKα/JNK pathway in NAFLD model rats, which reflected the induction of p-AMPKα and inhibition of p-JNK. Conclusion: This study showed that JGXZ improved liver function and reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. Moreover, JGXZ improved IR in NAFLD model rats. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR involves the modulation of the AMPK/JNK pathway.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Yagyapathy: A Holistic Approach for Treatment of Severe Disease by Indian Sys...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Abstract Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can cause insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Jian-Gan-Xiao-Zhi decoction (JGXZ) could be effective for the treatment of NAFLD and IR. However, the possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR remains unknown. Methods: Fifty rats received a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 12 weeks to induce NAFLD. After 4 weeks of HFHC treatment, rats were orally treated with JGXZ (8, 16, and 32 g/kg weight) for 8 weeks. Ten rats in the control group received standard chow. In the positive control group, rats were orally treated with metformin (90 mg/kg weight) for 8 weeks. After JGXZ and metformin treatment, H&E staining was conducted on rat livers and serum biochemical markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), were measured using test kits. Moreover, a fasting blood glucose test and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Serum levels of insulin were determined using ELISA kit, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The levels of total insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as the levels of phosphorylation of IRS1 (p-IRS1), phosphorylation of AMPK (p-AMPK) and phosphorylation of JNK (p-JNK) were measured using western blotting. Results: The body weights in JGXZ low-, middle-, and high-dose groups were lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). The serum levels of AST (P < 0.05 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), ALT (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle-dose group and P < 0.05 in JGXZ high-dose group), TG (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups), and TC (P < 0.01) upon JGXZ treatment were lower those than in NAFLD model rats. H&E staining showed that JGXZ treatment reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. JGXZ decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), AUC (area under the curve) of the OGTT (P < 0.05) and p-IRS1 (P < 0.01 in JGXZ middle- and high-dose groups, P < 0.05 in JGXZ low-dose groups). Moreover, JGXZ regulated the hepatic AMPKα/JNK pathway in NAFLD model rats, which reflected the induction of p-AMPKα and inhibition of p-JNK. Conclusion: This study showed that JGXZ improved liver function and reduced steatosis of the hepatocytes in NAFLD model rats. Moreover, JGXZ improved IR in NAFLD model rats. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of JGXZ on NAFLD and IR involves the modulation of the AMPK/JNK pathway.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...
Similar to The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in A Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model
The ameliorative potential of hyphaene thebaica on streptozotocin induced dia...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal
disease. The aim of the current study is to investigate the possible beneficial effects
of Hyphaene thebaica in DN.
Materials and methods: For this, 50 male albino rats were divided into five
groups: group I — represented the control group; group II — received Hyphaene thebaica extracts of 150 mg/kg BW by oral gavage for 6 weeks; group III
— received single intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg BW)
to induce type-2 diabetes mellitus; group IV (protective) — diabetic rats received Hyphaene thebaica extract (150 mg/kg BW) orally for 6 weeks; group V
(curative) — received Hyphaene thebaica extract (150 mg/kg BW) orally after the
diagnosis of DN.
Results: In the DN protected group, blood glucose, urea, and creatinine decreased
significantly, while insulin and C-peptide increased significantly. Moreover, cystatin C
and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin decreased. Collagen fibre deposition is increased with an apparent thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s
capsules and the basal lamina of convoluted tubules, as well as increase of the
immune-reaction of caspase-3 and desmin. The introduction of Hyphaene thebaica
led to greater amelioration in the biochemical markers, apoptotic alterations, and
podocyte injuries of the protected group than in the curative group.
Conclusions: Hyphaene thebaica may be advised as a good choice that can delay
diabetic renal complications. (Folia Morphol 2015; 74, 4: 447–457)
Key words: diabetic nephropathy, Hyphaene thebaica, podocyte injury,
apoptosis
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Gastroprotective effect of flavonoid quercetin and coenzyme Q10 in indomethac...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Research on Diabetes and hepatotoxicity in wistar rat By Nitin Kale final 24...NitinKale46
Thyroid hormone is the hormone that’s mainly responsible for controlling the speed of your body’s metabolism. In infants, thyroid hormone is critical for brain development. Your thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin, makes and releases thyroid hormone. It’s a part of your endocrine system.A naturally occurring coumarin called Scopoletin (SPl) has been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer characteristics. Scopoletin has been proposed to act through the antioxidant Nrf2 pathway, the pro-inflammatory NF-B pathway, the Stat-3 pathway, the hypoxia signalling pathway, the Wnt-ꞵ signalling pathway, the Notch signalling pathway, the autophagy pathway, the hypoxia signalling pathway, and other signalling pathways, depending on the cell type, organ, experimental model, and disease studied
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Diabetes is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century and it is among the top 10 causes of death globally Based on the International Diabetes Federation report, India ranks second position in the prevalence of diabetes next to china in the year 2017 with 72.9 billion people affected but this scenario will be reverted in the year 2045 where it is expected to increase by 134.3 million.Our country will face a major challenge to meet the cost of diabetes care and the financial burden will continue to increase due to the growing number of people developing diabetes. ADJ6 is supplement formulated by our research team from 6 medicinal plants which we are using in daily life in our food .The anti diabetic effect of this formulation is explained.
Similar to The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in A Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model (20)
Ameliorative potential of the quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage mor...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential in counteracting the harmful effects of lead (Pb) toxicity, which induces apoptosis and oxidative damage in various human tissues. This study aims to assess the reparative effects of quercetin on lead-induced testicular damage.
Methods
Four groups, each comprising ten adult male albino rats, were randomly assigned as follows: Quercetin group, Pb group, Pb + Quercetin group, and control group. All treatments were administered orally via gavage daily for a duration of 30 days. Evaluation of sex hormone levels (serum testosterone, FSH, and LH), cytokines and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1), lead concentration, oxidative and antioxidant stress markers (superoxide anion [O2−], MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH), and sperm characteristics were carried out.
Results
The results demonstrated a significant decline in sex hormones and antioxidants, accompanied by an increase in lead concentrations, cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress indicators (O2−, MDA), while SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were reduced. The Pb-intoxicated group exhibited a substantial increase in dead and abnormal sperm, along with significant reductions in sperm concentration and motility. Morphometrically, a marked decrease was observed in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, and sertoli cells per seminiferous tubule, as well as epithelial height. Furthermore, coadministration of quercetin exhibited notable benefits. It significantly elevated testosterone levels (P < 0.001), testicular SOD, CAT, and GSH activities, while decreasing MDA levels (P < 0.001). Quercetin also mitigated the deleterious effects of lead toxicity on sperm parameters and restored morphometric variations, including epithelial height.
Conclusions
Quercetin supplementation alongside lead exposure showed a potential for ameliorating degenerative changes caused by lead toxicity in the testicles. This cotreatment effectively reduced oxidative stress, cytokine levels, inflammatory mediators, and restored biochemical alterations, thereby improving morphometric parameters.
The pattern of branching and intercommunications of the musculocutaneous nerv...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The aim of the present work was to provide evidence about the anatomical variations as regard the origin, distribution, and branching pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN).
Materials and methods:
Brachial plexus was dissected in 40 upper limbs of 20 male adult cadavers. The pattern of the musculocutaneous nerve was photographed by a digital camera.
Results:
The location and length of the nerve branches between left and right arms were recorded and statistically analyzed. In (90%) of specimens the MCN originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, in (5%) it arose from the median nerve (MN), while in the remaining (5%) specimen, it was absent. The musculocutaneous nerve pierced the coracobrachialis muscle in 90% of specimens, and in the remaining (10%) did not pierce it. The motor branches to biceps brachii muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (90%): one branch that divides to supply the two heads of biceps; Type 2 (5%): double branches, innervating each head of biceps separately. The motor branches to brachialis muscle were categorized into: Type 1 (82.9%): one branch; Type 2 (14.2%): double branches and Type 3 (2.9%): three branches that innervating brachialis muscle. Communications between the MCN and the MN were observed in 35% of specimens.
Conclusions:
The knowledge of the common and uncommon musculocutaneous nerve variations is important especially to the surgeons for carrying out surgical procedures in axilla and arm.
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Objective: Natural compounds can act as metal chelators and oxygen free radical scavengers, which allows them to be used as bioactive antagonists to heavy metals neurotoxicity. The aim of the study to analyze the morphometric effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity.
Materials and Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into four equal groups (ten in each group): control group; coriander group: received aqueous C. sativum extracts (600 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); lead (Pb) group: received a daily dose of lead acetate (Pb) (10 mg/kg BW for 60 days orally); Pb+ coriandrum group: received: aqueous C. sativum extract (600 mg/kg BW) prior to 10 mg/kg BW of Pb. The following parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. Layers thickness and nuclei density were analyzed.
Results: Lead levels in blood and tissues were decreased significantly in the Pb group and those findings were corrected significantly (p=0.001) with C. sativum addition. Data exhibited an increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx) significantly in the Pb group and those effects were reversed significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum administration. The cerebellar cortex and all layers of the somatosensory cortex thickness and nuclei density were diminished significantly in the Pb group. The morphometrical measurements were corrected significantly (p=0.001) by C. sativum.
Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, Pb caused noticeable structural and functional variations in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex. C. sativum corrected these parameters as it possesses chelating and antioxidant potentials.
Background:
The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a true well-defined ligament in the knee first described in 1879 by Segond. After the work of Claes et al., several studies were conducted about biomechanics and its role in stability of the knee. The anatomical existence of the ALL has been studied by and various radiographic diagnostic modalities and in cadavers. It originates from lateral femoral epicondyle and is inserted between Gerdy’s tubercle and the fibular head. There has been controversy about the existence of ALL in pediatric patients. The aim of this work was to confirm the presence of ALL in pediatric patients by using MRI.
Materials and Methods:
We reviewed the knee MRI scans of 100 pediatric patients (ages between one and 12 yr) who had no knee injury or congenital deformity and had been evaluated by an expert radiologist.
Results:
The ALL was detected in 90% of the pediatric patients with the use of MRI.
Conclusions:
The main finding of this study was that ALL can be seen in pediatric patients using MRI. Despite numerous studies, additional research is needed to further define the role of the ALL in knee function.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and fetal cerebellar dam...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: In spite of its industrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilisation of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic. In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and foetal cerebellar damage produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.
Materials and methods: Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.w. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/kg b.w./day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 to day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the foetuses. Pb level in the maternal and foetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and foetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.
Results: The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and foetuses in the form of decrease in maternal weight gain, placental and foetal weights, brain weight and diminished foetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared with the control group. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and foetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of development of foetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.
Conclusions: This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of foetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 1-15).
Keywords: Purkinje cells; garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead.
Protective role of co q10 or l carnitine on the integrity of the myocardium i...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent used for treatment of different cancers and its clinical usage is hindered by the oxidative injury-related cardiotoxicity. This work aims to declare if the harmful effects of DOX on heart can be alleviated with the use of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or L-carnitine. The study was performed on seventy two female Wistar albino rats divided into six groups, 12 animals each: Control group; DOX group (10mg/kg); CoQ10 group (200mg/kg); L-carnitine group (100mg/kg); DOX+CoQ10 group; DOX+L-carnitine group. CoQ10 and L-carnitine treatment orally started 5days before a single dose of 10mg/kg DOX that injected intraperitoneally (IP) then the treatment continued for 10days. At the end of the study, serum biochemical parameters of cardiac damage, oxidative stress indices, and histopathological changes were investigated. CoQ10 or L-carnitine showed a noticeable effects in improving cardiac functions evidenced reducing serum enzymes as serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Cardiotrophin-1, Troponin-I and Troponin-T. Also, alleviate oxidative stress, decrease of cardiac Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and restoring cardiac reduced glutathione levels to normal levels. Both corrected the cardiac alterations histologically and ultrastructurally. With a visible improvements in α-SMA, vimentin and eNOS immunohistochemical markers. CoQ10 or L-carnitine supplementation improves the functional and structural integrity of the myocardium.
Keywords: Cardiotoxicity; CoQ10 and L-carnitine; Dox; Vimentin; eNOS.
One year mortality rate after hip fracture in the western region of saudi ara...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
The mortality rate of elderly patients who sustain a hip fracture is high compared to the general population. Identifying risk factors can help predict patients at risk of hip fracture to reduce the mortality rate. No studies have shown the mortality rate of patients with hip fractures in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the mortality of patients with hip fractures admitted to the King Abdulaziz Hospital and compare the results with other studies.
Methods:
The mortality rate (within 1 yr or less) in 177 patients over the age of 60 yr who were admitted to the university hospital between July, 2007, and September, 2012, with hip fractures was retrospectively studied. The patients were assessed with regard to gender, age, type of hip fracture, and type of surgical intervention.
Results:
The overall mortality rate 1 yr after hip fracture was 12.43%, and the mean age was 77.77 yr old. The risk factors most associated with mortality were as follows: advanced age (71 to 80 and 81 to 90 yr old), male, peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fracture, and operative fixation with dynamic hip screw.
Conclusions:
The mortality rate of patients with hip fractures within 1 yr has a high-risk potential, especially for male patients over 71 yr of age with peritrochanteric (extracapsular) fractures. Surgical treatment with dynamic hip screw also was shown to be a risk factor between the different treatment options.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Biomarkers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Systemic Sclerosis diseases ac...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) are systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders characterized by a large spectrum of clinical and laboratory features. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible use of serum level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2Ra) as biomarkers for monitoring of SLE and SSc disease activity. Moreover, it aimed to compare the specificity and sensitivity as well as cut-off value of both biomarkers in a sample of Egyptian patients. 50 SLE patients, 30 SSc patients and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in our study. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra were measured in serum samples obtained from all participants. In addition to Erythosedimentation rate (ESR), complete blood count (CBC), Antineuclearantibodies (ANA) estimation, disease activity of both diseases were also assessed. sICAM-1and sIL-2Ra levels were higher in SLE and SSc patients versus control. Both parameters are correlated with each other as well as the activity parameters. A cut-off levels of 455.59 (ng/ml) &2525935 (pg/ml) in both SLE & SSs respectively was observed with the highest specificity and sensitivity. It could be concluded that sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are noninvasive biomarkers for SLE and SSc that could play a pathophysiologic role in development and progression of both diseases. Moreover, sICAM-1 and sIL-2Ra are correlated with the disease activity at cut-off values of 455.59 (ng/ml) & 2525935(pg/ml) respectively.
Morphohistometric study of the ligamentum flavum in cervical,thoracic and lum...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT Anatomic characterization and fine structure of the human ligamentum flavum (LF), especially at different spinal levels, represent an attractive focus for the scientific and surgical application. Descrip-tive anatomical and structural study of LF at the cervical, thoracic and lumbar levels of the vertebral column in human cadavers is carried out here. The aim of the work is to clarify the anatomical features and fine structural differences in the human LF at different vertebral levels (cervical, thoracic and lumbar). Specimens of vertebral column were ob-tained from 34 human preserved cadavers. Their average age ranged between 56 and 69 years. Morphometric parameters including height, width and thickness of the ligament flavum at the mid-levels of cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions were measured. Sections obtained from different levels were stained with different stains. Morpho-metric measurements involved the relative elastic area, relative collagen area, elastic area% and collagen area% were measured.The results of the height, width and thickness of the LF at different spinal levels showed gradual increase in their mean values respectively. The LF midline gaps were found in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions. The morphometrical measure-ments showed that the average elastic area was highest in the cervical region and lowest in the tho-racic region. In the lumbar region, the percentages of both elastic area and the collagen area were nearly the same. The characterization of morpho-logical and histological aspects of the LF at differ-ent spinal levels will be of great importance for ap-plications in spinal surgery, biomechanical and physical rehabilitation of vertebral column.Keywords: Ligamentum Flavum – Spinal – Collagen and elastic fibers
Correlation between acl injury and involvement of the anterolateral ligament ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background:
Clinical testing has demonstrated the role of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in controlling anterolateral laxity and knee instability at high angles of flexion. Few studies have discussed the association between an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ALL injury, specifically after residual internal rotation and a post-ACL reconstruction positive pivot-shift that could be attributed to ALL injury. The goal of this study was to assess the correlation between ALL injury and ALL injury with concomitant ACL injury using MRI.
Material and Methods:
This was a retrospective study of 246 patients with unilateral ACL knee injuries from a database that was reexamined to identify whether ALL injuries occurred in association with ACL injuries. We excluded the postoperative reconstructed cases. The charts were reviewed on the basis of the presence or absence of diagnosed ACL injury with no regard for age or sex.
Results:
Of the 246 patients with ACL injury, there were 165 (67.1%) patients with complete tears, 55 (22.4%) with partial tears, and 26 (10.6%) with sprains. There were 176 (71.5%) patients with ALL and associated ACL injuries, whereas 70 (28.5%) did not have associated ACL injuries. There was a significant statistical relationship between ACL and ALL injuries (P<0.0001).
Conclusions:
There is high incidence of ALL tears associated with ACL injuries. Clinicians should be aware of this injury and consider the possibility of simultaneous ALL and ACL repair to prevent further knee instability.
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury, a setting in which the functional mass is ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Liver ischemia reperfusion is induced during sur-gical procedures like liver transplantation and re-section. Multiple mechanisms have been postulat-ed to liver damage following liver ischemia reperfu-sion injury, such as oxidative stress and inflamma-tory reactions. The present study declares the pos-sible mechanism of tadalafil, toward modulating the inflammatory response. Forty-eight rats were divided into 4 groups as follows; Sham group sub-jected to midline laparotomy only. Tadalafil group administered Tadalafil 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal 45 min before sham operation. I/R (Ischemia-reperfusion) group, rats undergo 60 min of hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Tada-lafil + I/R group rats undergo a similar pattern of I/R after the treatment with Tadalafil 10 mg/kg, 45 min before ischemia. At the end of the reperfusion, the blood samples were collected for estimation of biochemical markers including liver enzymes using colorimetric assay method and serum: TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (interleukin 6) le-vels, ICAM- 1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1) were measured. Tissues were evaluated by semi-quantitative and morphometrical approaches. Ta-dalafil succeeded in restoring normal levels of liverenzymes and ameliorating the oxidative stress as evidenced by decreasing MDA and restoring redu-ced glutathione levels in liver tissue homogenate. Also, Tadalafil exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, as it significantly decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL6 and ICAM-1. The findings are supported by BCL-2, TNF-α immunomarkers. It is concluded that modulation of the inflammatory response might be one of the mechanisms of Tadalafil-mediated he-patoprotection, so it is recommended as an adju-vant therapy in liver surgery.Keywords: Ischemia/reperfusion injury – Oxidative stress – Apoptosis – TNF-α – BCL-2
Neuro-amelioration of cinnamaldehyde in aluminum-induced Alzheimer’s disease ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxic substance which has played an important role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and development of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. This study was carried out to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of aqueous cinnamon extract against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Forty adult male albino rats, randomly divided into four equal groups. Control group; ACE200 group administered aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE) orally; AlCl3 group received daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of AlCl3 for 60 days to induce neurotoxicity and AlCl3 + ACE200 group received a combination of AlCl3 and ACE in the same dose and route as previous groups. Aluminum administration significantly enhanced the memory impairment and the Aβ formation in the rat model. The cerebellum exhibited a significant reduced number of Purkinje cells, marked decrease in the density of dendritic arborization and prominent perineuronal spaces in the molecular layer. There was loss of dendritic spines, neurofibrillary degeneration, and appearance of neuritic plaques. Concomitant administration of AlCl3 and ACE displayed an observable protection against these changes with progressive improvement in memory and intellectual performance. In conclusion, ACE may play a protective role against formation of amyloid-β plaques in cerebellum.
Analytical Study of Clinicopathological Data of Saudi Patients with Osteoarth...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease. Epidemiological studies have revealed various risk
factors for OA, including sex, aging, obesity, occupational illnesses, and chronic diseases. Here we evaluate the clinical, pathological,
and radiological findings of knee OA in a subset of Saudi patients who were subjected to total knee replacement (TKA). The study
population included 30 Saudi patients with knee OA who were operated by TKA (from June 2014 to December 2015) in the Department
of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Patient’s clinical and radiological data were collected
from the hospital files. Pathological examination of the excised superior articular surface of tibia and femoral condyles were done.
Pearson Chi-squared analysis was used to test for differences between the variables in associated risk factors. There were more women
than men. Sixty per cent of patients were older than 60 years [mean age, 59.2 (females) and 61.7 (men) years-old]. All patients exceeded
obesity class 1, with females being more obese than males. Pathological examination of the superior articular surface of tibia and femoral
condyles showed high score lesions, which was more apparent in females than in males. Radiological findings showed that most lesions
were high grade. The findings of this study will help to understand the pathogenesis of OA and improve treatment decision making
relevant to TKA in knee OA in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere.
KEY WORDS: Osteoarthritis; Knee; Arthroplasty.
A Study on the Toxic Effect of Different Doses of Diclofenac Sodium on the De...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
SUMMARY: The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by
morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and
divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9
mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth
were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin
and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels,
increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group.
Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects
that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
KEY WORDS: Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis;Cyclooxygenase.
Thymoquinone ameliorates oxidative damage and histopathological changes of de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) toxicity is known to be a chief environmental health issue, especially for pregnant
women and young children. Today, the use of medicinal herbs in the treatment of many diseases
and different toxic agents has become highly accepted due to their effectiveness and lower costs.
Thymoquinone (TQ), which is extracted from Nigella sativa seeds, is a potent antioxidant and anti
inflammatory agent. This study was designed to explore the optional protectivity of TQ against
maternal and fetal oxidative stress and brain damage induced by Pb administration. Pregnant
rats were distributed into seven groups: control group, TQ group, DMSO group, two groups Pb
treated (160 and 320 ppm), and two groups Pb-treated (160 and 320 ppm) co-treated with TQ.
Administration started from gestation day 1 (GD1) to day 20 (GD20) through oral gavage once
daily. Lead administration caused a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also,
the histopathological assessment of the brains from Pb-treated groups showed marked altera
tions. Co-treatment of with TQ and Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared
with those treated with Pb alone and amelioration of histopathological changes in the brains. It
was concluded that co-treatment of TQ along with gestational Pb exposure could mitigate the
effects against Pb-induced maternal and fetal neurotoxicity.
KEYWORDS
Lead; oxidative stress; brain;
Thymoquinone; fetal toxicity
A study on the toxic effect of different doses of Diclofenac sodium on the de...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The toxic effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the kidney on the postnatal period (0-7 days) by morphometrical and immunohistochemical methods were investigated. For this purpose, 15 female adult wistar albino rats were used and divided into 5 main groups. Group Ia served as normal control, physiologic group Ib received normal saline, group II received low dose (3.9 mg/kg), group III received medium dose (9 mg/kg) and group IV received high dose (18 mg/kg). Male offspring’s from 0-7 days after birth were used in this study. On the 8th day of postnatal life, all animals were anesthetized. Then, the kidney samples were analyzed. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed degeneration and necrosis, apparent atrophy of the glomeruli, mononuclear cell infiltration, congested vessels, increased fibrous tissue and distortion of the proximal convoluted tubules with interruption of the brush margin of the DS treated group. Increased level of Caspase-3 and upregulation of TNF-α with different doses of DS. In light of our findings, DS may lead to adverse effects that are dose-dependent in the prenatal subjected kidney to this drug.
Keywords : Diclofenac sodium; Proximal convoluted tubules; Apoptosis; Cyclooxygenase.
Zingiber Officinale Alleviates Maternal and Fetal Hepatorenal Toxicity Induce...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study was designed to address the protective effects of Zingiber officinale on the toxic outcomes of prenatal Cadmium administration on pregnancy outcome. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (eight rats/each), control group received distilled water, 2nd group treated with 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b. wt, 3rd group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, and 4th group treated with 250 mg of Zingiber officinale/kg b. wt, followed by 8.8 mg of CdCl2/kg b.wt. Daily body weight of pregnant was recorded from GD1-GD20, and then pregnant rats were sacrificed at GD20. Samples of maternal and fetal livers and kidneys were processed for histological examination. Administration of Cd to pregnant rats showed adverse effects on pregnant mothers and their fetuses; reduced maternal weight gain, reduced absolute organ weights, reduced fetal growth parameters and placental weights together with altered histological appearance of the maternal and fetal livers and kidneys. While co-administration of Zingiber officinale showed an improvement of these toxic alterations. Zingiber officinale through its antioxidant activity could be beneficial against toxic outcomes of Cd exposure during pregnancy.
Evaluation of the safety of conventional lighting replacement by artificial d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background
Short morning exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations termed as artificial daylight is beneficial for the mental health of people living in geographical areas with important seasonal changes in daylight illuminance. However, the commercial success of high illuminance light sources has raised the question of the safety of long hour exposure.
Methods
We have investigated the effect of the replacement of natural daylight by artificial daylight in Swiss mice raised under natural lighting conditions. Mice were monitored for neurotoxicity and general health changes. They were submitted to a battery of conventional tests for mood, motor and cognitive functions’ assessment on exposure day (ED) 14 and ED20. Following sacrifice on ED21 due to marked signs of neurotoxicity, the expression of markers of inflammation and apoptosis was assessed in the entorhinal cortex and neurons were estimated in the hippocampal formation.
Results
Signs of severe cognitive and motor impairments, mood disorders, and hepatotoxicity were observed in animals exposed to artificial daylight on ED20, unlike on ED14 and unlike groups exposed to natural daylight or conventional lighting. Activated microglia and astrocytes were observed in the entorhinal cortex, as well as dead and dying neurons. Neuronal counts revealed massive neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation.
Conclusions
These results suggest that long hour exposure to high illuminance visible electromagnetic radiations induced severe alterations in brain function and general health in mice partly mediated by damages to the neocortex-entorhinal cortex-hippocampus axis. These findings raise caution over long hour use of high illuminance artificial light.
Beneficial Effects of Curcumin Inmaternal and Fetal Oxidativestress and Brain...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
This study was planned to explore the protective role of curcumin (Cur) against maternal and fetal oxidative stress and cerebral damage induced by lead (Pb) during pregnancy. Positively pregnant female rats were divided into seven groups: control group, Cur group (300 mg/kg of Cur/b.wt.), DMSO group (50% DMSO), two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt./day of Pb acetate, respectively), and two groups treated with both Pb and Cur (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 300 mg/kg b.wt./day of Cur). Treatments through oral gavage once a day started from gestation day 1 (GD1) till day 20 (GD20), where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the fetuses. Different chemical parameters were assessed. Brain specimens of mother and fetal groups were processed with examination. The results displayed that Pb administration to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also, there was a significant rise in lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in the brains of the different Pb-treated groups. The histological examination of the brain of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations. Co-treatment of Cur along with Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone, improving the oxidative condition with amelioration of the brain’s histopathological changes. Co-administration of Cur could have ameliorative effect against Pb-induced neurotoxicity through the reduction of oxidative stress and reversal of histopathological changes.
Keywords:
Lead; Oxidative Stress; Brain; curcumin; Fetal toxicity
Immunohistochemical Study of the Ameliorative Effect of Vitamin E on Liver Re...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The liver is almost unique in its capacity for regeneration after hepatectomy but the exact mechanisms are not yet fully clarified. Antioxidants have been shown to promote liver regeneration after major hepatectomy. The present study evaluated the ameliorative effect of vitamin E administration on the liver regeneration after different periods of partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Fifty-six adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: Control sham operated group; partially hepatectomized group which were divided into three subgroups sacrificed at 1day, 3 days and 7days after the operation respectively; Partially Hepatectomized group with vitamin E pretreatment before PH where the rats were given a daily oral dose of vitamin E until the time of sacrifice of the rats. Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and labeling index were demonstrated. After PH, the PCNA positive hepatocytes and the PCNA labeling indices were significantly high after the 1st day and then much decreased after the 3rd day, to be followed by a slight increase at the 7th day. Vitamin E pretreatment in PH rats resulted in a decrease in PCNA positive cells and its labeling indices in the 1st day with a gradual increase in the 3rd and 7th days. Vitamin E has an inhibitory effect in the first 24 hours on liver regeneration followed by stimulatory effect at the third and seventh days after PH. These data indicated that vitamin E pretreatment has an important role in regulation and enhancement of liver regeneration after PH.
Keywords:
Immunohistochemistry; Labeling Index; Vitamin E; Partial Hepatectomy; PCNA
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in A Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model
2. 286 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Renal IRI represents the main factor
accounting for AKI; other causes include ureteral
obstruction and kidney ischemia 4
. Renal IRI occurs
spontaneously in many clinical situations, such as
renal transplantation, partial nephrectomy, renal
artery angioplasty, and ureteral obstruction. IRI is
responsible for 30% of the total cases of delayed
graft dysfunction after renal transplantation 5
.
Multiple theories have been developed to explain
the tissue damage occurring due to IRI, including
hypoxic injury, inflammatory processes, and
oxidative stress (OS) injury. All these mechanisms
result in the insufficiency of both the renal endothelial
and tubular cells and mitochondrial dysfunction,
ending in tissue damage and necrosis 6
.
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a vastly
selective and effective a2-adrenergic agonist used
as a sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, antioxidant, and
anti-inflammatory agent. Dex is used for alleviating
IRI conditions in several organs, including the heart,
brain, and kidney 7
.
Benincasa cerifera (BC) Savi is a member
of Cucurbitaceae family that has high biological
value and is used in herbal medicine. It is mainly
cultivated in EastAsia, and its fruit is nutritive, acting
as an immunopotentiator, diuretic, vasoconstrictor,
and anti-anthelmintic. Moreover, it has been
used in the treatment of many diseases, as it has
anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant
properties 8
. Phytochemically, BC contains lupeol and
p-sitosterol and their acetates, as well as cucurbitin,
cucurbitacin-B, isovitexin, rhamnose, alkali, fat,
glucose, adenine, alnusenol, trigonelline, histidine,
n-triaconatol, vitamin-B, pectic polysaccharide,
mannitol, and amino acids 8
.
IRI is a common condition that has serious
effects; thus, it is important to find components
that can ameliorate these side effects. Thus, the
present work aims to evaluate the beneficial effects
of BC extract and Dex on renal IRI in STZ-induced
diabetes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This animal experimental study was
conducted in King Fahd Research Center, King
Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The study protocol was approved by the Hospital
Biomedical and Research Ethics Committee,
Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University,
Saudi Arabia, and the procedures were carried out
in accordance with the National Institutes of Health
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(NIH Publication No. 8023, revised 1978).
Drugs and Plants
BC was obtained from Taif City, Saudi
Arabia. Dex was obtained from Hospira, Inc. (Lake
Forest, USA). Furthermore, ketamine was obtained
from King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia). Finally, streptozotocin (STZ) was obtained
from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Experimental Animals
Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain),
weighing 250–300 g, were obtained from the
Experimental Animal Care Center of King Fahad
Medical Research Center, KingAbdulaziz University.
Animals were kept in special cages at 20–22°C and
humidity (60%) under 12-h dark and light cycles.
Rats were supplied with standard pellet chow with
free access to tap water for 2 days for acclimatization
before the experiment.
METHODS
Collection and Preparation of Benincasa cerifera
BC was collected from Taif City in the
summer season. The freshly peeled rind was cut
into small pieces and dried in a freeze-dryer device
(IlShin Bio Base, Korea), then crushed using an
electrical blender (Waring Commercial, USA) at King
Fahd Center of Medical Research. The resulting
powder was then extracted by dissolution with 70%
v/v ethanol; the mixed solution was shaken for 24
h. The mixture was evaporated and dried using a
gas-dryer device (Hahnvapor, Korea). Following
this, the evaporated solution was placed in the
first freeze-dryer device (IlShin Bio Base, korea)
to evaporate the water and obtain a solid powder
form of the extracted plant 9
. The extracted powder
was dissolved in water and administered orally in
a dose of 500 mg/kg/day per group [3] for 30 days
after diagnosis of STZ-induced DM via fasting blood
glucose assessment 10
.
3. 287HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Dexmedetomidine
Dex was administered as single dose (100
µg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]) 5 min before renal IRI
induction 11
.
Induction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemia was induced by a single i.p.
injection of STZ at a dose of 55 mg/kg 12
into animals
deprived of food for 18 h. STZ was dissolved in 0.1 M
citrate buffer (pH 4.5) just prior to injection. Seventy-
two hours later, hyperglycemia was confirmed by
determining the blood glucose level using an Accu-
check glucose meter (Roche Diagnostics, Basel,
Switzerland). Blood samples were withdrawn from
the retro-orbital venous plexus under light ether
anesthesia. Rats with blood glucose levels less
than 20 mmol/L were excluded from the study. The
day on which hyperglycemia was confirmed was
designated as day zero (72 h after STZ injection
and confirmation of hyperglycemia) 12
.
Induction of Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury
The diabetic rats were anesthetized with
ketamine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) 13
and then a midline
laparotomy was performed, and the abdominal
cavity was fully exposed. Body temperature was
maintained at 37°C ± 0.5°C throughout the surgery.
Bilateral renal pedicles were carefully isolated
without damaging the ureter and clamped using
nontraumatic microvascular clamps to result in
complete cessation of the renal arterial blood flow.
After 1 h, the clamps were removed to allow the
return of blood flow to the kidneys, and the kidneys
were observed while they underwent reperfusion for
1 h 14-16
.
Experimental Design
The rats were divided into four main groups,
as follows:
• Group 1: Sham: Sham non-diabetic rats
were used as the negative control group, which
was administered a single dose of saline daily for
30 days;
• Group 2: DM + IRI: STZ-induced diabetic
rats exposed to renal IRI on days 30 after diagnosis
of diabetes were used as the positive control group;
• Group 3: DM + IRI + BC: STZ-induced
diabetic rats treated with BC for 30 days after
diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and
• Group 4: DM + IRI + Dex: STZ-induced
diabetic rats treated with Dex 5 min before induction
of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes,
then exposed to renal IRI.
Physical Parameters
The body and kidney weights of each rat
were measured.
Preparation of Blood Samples and Serum
After 30 days of experimentation, the
animals were fasted overnight (12–14 h), and 1
h after reperfusion initiation, blood samples were
collected by eye puncture of the anesthetized rats.
The blood sample obtained from each rat was
divided into three tubes, one containing EDTA and
mixed well for estimation of hemoglobin Alc
(HbAlc
),
the second for glucose estimation, and the third
for other biochemical markers. Following this, the
samples from the second and third tubes centrifuged
at 3,000 rpm for 20 min to obtain the serum and
stored in a clean Eppendorf tube for biochemical
marker measurement.
Tissue Sampling
At the end of the experiment, the rats
were sacrificed; the kidneys were obtained and
perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
to remove all blood. The right kidney was kept in
10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological
studies, while the left kidney was stored at –80°C
until the assay. Tissue homogenates were prepared
in ice-cold phosphate-buffer (pH 7.5). Homogenates
were centrifuged at 12,000 g for 10 min, and the
supernatants were used for further biochemical
analysis.
Biochemical Investigations
Estimation of Fasting Serum Glucose, Insulin,
and HbAlc
Serum glucose was quantitated via the
glucose oxidase peroxidase method using the rat
glucose assay kit (Cat. No. 81693, Crystal Chem Inc.,
Spain). Serum insulin was determined using an ultra-
sensitive rat insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) kit (Cat. No. 90060, Crystal Chem Inc,
Spain) following the manufacturer’s instructions. In
addition, HbAlc was measured using a commercial
kit (Cat. No. 80300, Crystal Chem Inc. Spain).
4. 288 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Assessment of Renal Function
The serum creatinine (Creat) level was
measured via the enzymatic colorimetric method
using kits purchased from Crystal Chem (Cat. No.
80340, Crystal Chem Inc. Spain). Serum blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured using
a rat BUN ELISA kit (Cat. No. MBS752119, My
BioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) following the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Assessment of Lipid Profile
Total cholesterol (TC) serum levels were
measured using the rat TC ELISA kit (Cat. No.
MBS752119, My BioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA,
USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Serum triglyceride levels were determined, using a
commercially available kit (Cat. ab65336; Abcam,
Cambridge, UK). High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–very LDL (VLDL)
serum levels were measured via the fluorometric
method using a commercially available kit (Cat.
ab65390; Abcam, Cambrige, UK) following the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Assessment of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase
Rat lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was
measured using an ELISAkit (Cat. No. MBS043166,
My BioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) following
the manufacturer’s instructions.
Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers in
Serum and Tissue Homogenate
Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in serum
and tissue homogenate were measured using the rat
reduced GSH ELISA kit (Cat. No. MBS046356, My
BioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) following the
manufacturer’s instructions. Malondialdehyde levels
in serum and tissue homogenate were estimated
using the rat malondialdehyde ELISA kit (Cat. No.
MBS738685, My BioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA,
USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were
measured using an ELISAkit (Cat. No. CSB-E08722r,
Cusabio Biotech Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei Province,
China) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Plasma DNAoxidation levels were determined using
the rat 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) ELISA
kit (Cat. No. CSBE10526r, Cusabio Biotech Co. Ltd.)
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Histopathological Examination
The kidneys were dehydrated with a
graded series of alcohol, cleared in xylene, and
embedded in paraffin wax. Tissues were then cut into
sections of 3–5 µm in thickness using a microtome
and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for
general observations, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) for
observation of glycogen, and Masson’s trichrome
(MT) for distinguishing collagen. For each specimen,
at least three to five slides were examined using an
Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with a DP73
camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) 12
.
Immunohistochemical Detection
Using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase
technique, the endogenous peroxidase activity was
eliminated using 10% H2
O2
for 15 min. Sections
were then incubated for 1 h with the primary
antibody against Bcl2-associated X (BAX) protein,
a monoclonal antibody (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA;
dilution: 1:200; cytoplasmic cellular site), as a marker
for apoptotic death. They were similarly incubated
with the primary antibody against tumor necrosis
factor alpha (TNF-a), a mouse monoclonal antibody
(Dako; 5–10 µg/ml; cytoplasmic cellular site), as a
marker for inflammatory cytokines. Sections were
incubated for 20 min in 3,30-diaminobenzidine
(DAB) chromogen and counterstained with Mayer’s
hematoxylin. Negative control sections were
prepared by omitting the primary antibody. Positive
control standard laboratory slides were used for all
stains to demonstrate the technique’s success. All
the slides were examined under light microscopy,
and the presence of labeled cells was documented.
Absence of staining was recognized as a negative
result (-), while the presence of brown staining was
recognized as a positive result (+) 17
.
Semi-Quantitative Morphometric Measurements
A minimum of ten non-overlapping fields
for each animal were selected indiscriminately and
histopathologically analyzed by a pathologist who
was blind to the treatment given. The measurements
were performed using Image-Pro Plus v6.0
(Media Cybernetics, MD, USA) and NIH ImageJ
(v1.50; http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) with an Olympus
BX53 microscope. The renal cortex and outer
medullary regions from control and other groups
were examined for apoptosis (pyknotic nuclei),
Erythrocyte extravasation, dilatation of Bowman’s
5. 289 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Table 1: Effect of BC and Dexmedetomidine on body weight, Kidney
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
N=15 N=15 N=15 N=15
Body weight (g) 417.00±21.93 264.66±4.16 318.66±1.52 268.66±1.52
1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.674
Kidney weight (g) 1.34± 0.04 1.5±0.08 1.38±0.00 1.41±0.02
1
P= 0.001 1
P= 0.061 1
P= 0.001
2
P= 0.001 2
P= 0.001
Values are Mean± SD: standard deviation. Comparison between groups done by ANOVA followed by
LSD post hoc test. 1
P: compared to Sham group. 2
P: compared to DM+IRI groups.
capsule, tubular swelling, tubular dilatation,
congestion, tubular cell degeneration, tubular
necrosis, tubular hyaline casts and lymphocytic
infiltration. Changes were scored as follows: no
damage (–), mild (+), moderate (++), and severe
(+++) damage 18-23
. Reaction to PAS was evaluated
and scored semiquantitatively as follows: none
(–), mild (+), moderate (++), and severe (+++). In
addition, apoptotic cells (BAX-positive cells) were
counted in an area of 20,000 µm2
and selected
randomly in the Bax-protein-stained sections at ×400
magnification. The optical density (OD) of TNF-a
immunopositive cells was evaluated 24
.
Statistical Analysis
Quantitative data were expressed as
the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of different
parameters for the treated groups. The data were
analyzed using one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), followed by the LSD post hoc test. The
statistical analysis was performed using SPSS
version 23. The values were considered significant
when p < 0.05 25
.
RESULTS
General Toxicity
No death or visible signs of toxicity were
observed in any group during the experiment.
Effects of BC and Dex on the Physical Parameters
Effect on Body and Kidney Weight
There was a significant decrease in total
body weight in all the study groups compared with
the sham group. Kidney weight exhibited a significant
increase in the DM + IRI group compared with the
sham group, while treatment with BC and Dex
improved the kidney weight (Table 1).
Effect of BC and Dex on the Serum Levels of
Different Biochemical Parameters
Diabetic Indices
This study indicated a significant increase in
the serum levels of fasting glucose and glycosylated
hemoglobin, as well as a significant decrease in the
serum levels of insulin, in all studied groups (DM +
IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and DM + IRI + Dex). The DM
+ IRI + BC group showed an improved diabetic
condition, as indicated by the significant decrease
in the serum levels of fasting blood glucose and
glycosylated hemoglobin and increase in serum
insulin levels (Table 2).
Renal Functions and Serum Lactate
Dehydrogenase
The results of this study showed significant
elevation in serum Creat, BUN, and LDH in all groups
(DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC and DM + IRI + Dex). DM
+ IRI + BC and DM + IRI + Dex showed significant
reductions in serum Creat, BUN, and LDH compared
with the untreated group (DM + IRI; Table 2).
Lipid Profile
There were significant elevations in the
serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL
in all the study groups (DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC,
and DM + IRI + Dex). Treatment with BC (DM + IRI +
BC) and Dex (DM + IRI + Dex) resulted in significant
reductions in the serum levels of triglycerides,
cholesterol, and LDL when compared with the
untreated group DM + IRI (Table 2). Moreover,
there was a significant decrease in serum levels
6. 290HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Table 2: Effect of BC and Dex on serum biochemical parameters
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
N=15 N=15 N=15 N=15
Glucose (GLU) 5.80± 0.30 60.46±0.40 11.33±0.51 60.50±0.79
(mmol L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.941
Insulin (INS) 18.00±0.100 12.9000±0.100 16.7000±0.100 13.033±0.15275
(mU/mL) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.195
Glycosylated Hemoglobin 5.33±0.83 12.00±9.07 7.3333±.0.90738 11.1667±1.04083
(HbA1c) (%) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= .033 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.313
Creatinine (Creat) 30.66±1.52 120.00±1.00 59.00±1.00 100. 00±1.00
(mmole/L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Blood urea Nitrogen (BUN) 5.86±0.25 25.56±0.92 9.03±0.152 23.23±0.65
(mmole/L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.001
Lactate Dehydrogenase
(LDH) 217.00±1.00 1492.6±6.42 406.66±6.11 1286.6±5.85
(U/L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Triglycerides (TG) 1.35±0.05 7.50±0.26 2.03±0.05 6.23±0.15
(mmole/L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.001 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Cholesterol 1.93±0.15 8.06±0.15 3.20±0.10 7.00±0.20
(Chol) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
(mmole/L) 2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) 0.90±0.10 5.10±0.10 1.40±0.10 4.40±0.10
(mmole/L) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
High Density Lipoprotein 1.50±0.10 0.43±0.05 1.36±0.05 0.43±0.05
(HDL) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.045 1
P= 0.000
(mmole/L) 2
P= 0.000 2
P= 1.000
Values are Mean± SD: standard deviation. Comparison between groups done by ANOVA followed by LSD
post hoc test. 1
P: compared to sham group. 2
P: compared to DM+IRI
of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in all the study groups
(DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and DM + IRI + Dex).
Treatment with BC (DM + IRI + BC) resulted in a
significant increase in the serum levels of HDL-C
when compared with the untreated group (DM + IRI;
Table 2). No significant difference regarding serum
HDL-C levels were detected between the untreated
group (DM + IRI) and Dex (DM + IRI + Dex).
Effects of BC and Dex on Oxidative Stress
Markers in Serum and Renal Tissue Homogenate
Lipid Peroxidation
There was a significant elevation in the
serum levels of MDA and renal tissue homogenate
MDA in all groups (DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and
DM + IRI + Dex). Treatment with BC (DM + IRI +
BC) resulted in significant reductions in serum MDA
7. 291 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Table 3: Effect of BC and Dex on oxidative stress markers in serum
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
N=15 N=15 N=15 N=15
Malondialdhyde (MDA) 1.70±0.01 4.14±0.15 2.99±0.01 4.09±0.17
(nmole /mL) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.585
8- Hydroxy-Desoxyguanosine 0.19±0.01 0.88±0.01 0.31±0.01 0.83±0.01
(8-OHdG) (ng/mL) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) 11.30±0.55 41.70±0.75 13.86±1.73 16.36±0.45
(ng/mL) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.014 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.002
Glutathione 19.20±0.20 4.73±0.25 14.96±0.20 5.76±0.25
(GSH) 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
(micromole/L) 2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.001
Values are Mean± SD: standard deviation. Comparison between groups done by ANOVA followed
by LSD post hoc test. 1
P: compared to Sham group. 2
P: compared to DM+IRI
Table 4: Effect of BC and Dex on oxidative stress markers in renal tissue homogenate
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
N=15 N=15 N=15 N=15
Malondialdhyde (MDA) 3.5033 11.2420±0.17880 7.9471±0.32443 7.6667±0.34512
(Nano mole /gm renal tissue) ±.05508 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
8- Hydroxy-Desoxyguanosine 8.1000 20.5200±2.85517 10.3857±2.51690 8.9000±2.58147
(8-OHdG) (ng/mg renal tissue) ±0.72111 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.200 1
P= 0.655
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) 3.5667 19.0600±1.35757 9.1429±1.47970 5.8333±1.63666
(ng/mg renal tissue) ±0.41633 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.037
2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Glutathione 15.9667 1.3000±0.59582 15.4143±1.57208 14.4667±1.57208
(GSH) ±1.30512 1
P= 0.000 1
P= 0.539 1
P= 0.115
(micromole/gm renal tissue) 2
P= 0.000 2
P= 0.000
Values are Mean± SD: standard deviation. Comparison between groups done by ANOVA followed by LSD
post hoc test. 1
P: compared to Sham group. 2
P: compared to DM+IRI
levels, while treatment with Dex (DM + IRI + Dex)
did not induce a significant difference (Table 3).
Treatment with BC (DM + IRI + BC) and Dex (DM +
IRI + Dex) resulted in significant reductions of MDA
in renal tissue homogenate (Table 4).
8-Hydroxy-Deoxyguanosine
There were significant elevations of the
serum 8-OHdG levels in all groups (DM + IRI, DM +
IRI + BC, and DM + IRI + Dex). Treatment with BC
(DM + IRI + BC) and Dex (DM + IRI + Dex) resulted in
8. 292HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Fig 1(A): Section of sham group showed normal histoarchitecture. Note glomerulus (G), proximal
tubule (P), distal tubule (D). Fig 1(B). Section of DM+IRI group showed degeneration and necrosis
of proximal tubule epithelial cells (white-arrow) that poured into the lumen (black-arrow), severe
erythrocyte extravasation surrounding the glomeruli and the tubules (star) and accumulation of
proteinaceous material in the tubules (arrowhead) vacuolar degeneration of the tubules, and some
tubules are dilated with distorted cellular boundaries. Fig 1(C). Sections of DM+IRI+BC showed
reduced pathological findings with minimal degeneration of the tubules (white-arrow), minimal
erythrocyte extravasation (star) and no apparent proteinaceus material (arrowhead). Fig 1(D).
Sections of DM+IRI+Dex showed slight degeneration of the tubules (white-arrow) and mild erythrocyte
extravasation (star) and reduced appearance of proteinaceus material at tubules (arrowhead) (H&E,
Scale bar 20 µm).
significant reductions in the serum levels of 8-OHdG
in the untreated group (DM + IRI; Table 3). The
renal tissue homogenate levels of 8-OHdG showed
a significant increase compared with the untreated
group (DM + IRI). Treatment with BC (DM +BC +
IR) and Dex (DM+ Dex + IR) resulted in significant
reductions in the renal tissue homogenate levels of
8-OHdG (Table 4).
Myeloperoxidase Activity
There was a significant elevation in the
serum levels and renal tissue homogenate of MPO
in all groups (DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and DM +
IRI + Dex; Tables 3 and 4). Treatment with BC (DM
+ IRI + BC) and Dex (DM + IRI + Dex) resulted in
significant reductions of serum and renal tissue
homogenate levels of MPO when compared with
the untreated group (DM + IRI; Tables 3 and 4).
Reduced Glutathione
There were significant reductions in serum
GSH in all groups (DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and
DM + IRI + Dex). Treatment with BC (DM + IRI +
BC) and Dex (DM + IRI + Dex) resulted in significant
increases in serum GSH when compared with the
untreated group (DM + IRI; Table 3). Concerning
renal tissue homogenate, GSH showed a significant
decrease in the untreated group (DM + IRI).
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Table 5: Histopathologic assessment of Renal Cortex
and outer medullary regions of the different groups
Groups sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
Apoptosis (pyknotic nuclei) -- ++ + +
Erythrocyte extravasation -- +++ + +
dilatation of Bowman’s capsule -- +++ + ++
Tubular cell swelling -- +++ + +
Tubular dilatation -- +++ ++ ++
Congestion -- +++ ++ +
Tubular cell degeneration
Tubular Necrosis -- +++ + +
Tubular hyaline casts -- +++ + ++
Lymphocytic infiltration -- ++ + +
Note: None (--); mild (+), moderate (++), severe (+++). N= (15)
Treatment with BC (DM + IRI + BC) and Dex (DM
+ IRI + Dex) resulted in significant increase of renal
tissue homogenate levels of GSH when compared
with the untreated group (DM + IRI; Table 4).
Histopathological Examination
Histological Results
The normal histological architecture was
demonstrated in the sham group (Fig. 1A). The DM +
IRI group showed varying degrees of deterioration in
the histological architecture, including degeneration
and necrosis of the proximal tubule epithelial cells
that poured into the lumen; severe erythrocyte
extravasation surrounding the glomeruli and the
tubules and accumulation of proteinaceous material
at tubules; vacuolar degeneration of the tubules;
and dilation of some tubules, with distorted cellular
boundaries (Fig. 1B). The DM + IRI + BC group
displayed minimal histological alterations of the
glomeruli and tubules (Fig. 1C). The DM + IRI +
Dex group revealed a slight degeneration of the
tubules, mild erythrocyte extravasation, and reduced
appearance of proteinaceous material at the tubules
(Fig. 1D; Table 5).
Histological Findings for Masson’s Trichrome
The sham group showed minimal collagen
fiber deposition (Fig. 2A). The DM + IRI group
revealed an apparently thickened parietal layer of
the Bowman’s capsule; proximal and distal tubules
with some collagen fiber condensation; obvious
blood congestion; and a vacant area between some
tubular cells and basal lamina (Fig. 2B). The DM +
IRI + BC group displayed mild collagen deposition
in the glomeruli surrounding the Bowman’s capsules
and near the convoluted tubules (Fig. 2C). The DM
+ IRI + Dex group revealed minimal intraglomerular
collagen fibers, with no remarkable changes in terms
of glomerular basal lamina thickness or change in
the basal lamina of convoluted tubules (Fig. 2D).
Histological Findings for PAS
The sections from the sham group showed
a normal PAS reaction, with the presence of regular
brush borders of the proximal convoluted tubules
and basement membranes (Fig. 3A). The DM + IRI
group sections showed an increased PAS reaction
(Fig. 3B), while the DM + IRI + BC group showed an
obvious reaction (Fig. 3C). Finally, DM + IRI + Dex
showed an apparent PAS reaction (Fig. 3D; Table
6).
Immunohistochemical Detection of BAX
Expression
An immunohistochemical study using
the anti-BAX antibody showed an increase in the
intensity of the glomerular and tubular epithelial
cell staining in the DM + IRI group, with obvious
apoptosis, in comparison with the sham group,
which showed minimal BAX expression. The DM
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Fig 2(A): Section of sham group showed minimal collagen fibers in the glomeruli (G), around
Bowman’s capsule (black arrow) and around the proximal (black arrowhead), distal tubules (white
arrow); Fig 2(B). Section of DM+IRI group revealed some condensation of collagen fibers in the
glomeruli (G), around the apparently thickened parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule (black arrow), the
proximal (black arrowhead) and distal tubules (white arrow). Note congested blood (star) and vacant
area between some tubular cells and basal lamina (curved arrow); Fig 2(C). Sections of DM+IRI+BC
showed mild collagen in the glomeruli (G), surrounding Bowman’s capsule (black arrow) and the
proximal (black arrowhead), distal tubules (white arrow). Note congested blood (star); Fig 2(D).
Sections of DM+IRI+Dex revealed minimal intraglomerular (G) collagen fibers with no change in the
basal lamina thickness (black arrow) and no notable changes in the proximal (black arrowhead),
distal tubules (white arrow) (Masson’s trichrome, Scale bar 20 µm).
+ IRI + BC group showed minimal cytoplasmic Bax
expression, and the DM + IRI + Dex group showed
mild cytoplasmic Bax expression (Figure 4).
Apoptotic Cell Number
The mean number of apoptotic cells in
the DM + IRI group was significantly increased
compared with the sham group. In addition, the
apoptotic cell number improved significantly in the
DM + IRI + BC and DM + IRI + Dex groups compared
with the DM + IRI group (Table 7).
Immunohistochemical Detection of TNF-a
Expression
The DM + IRI group showed strong
inflammatory cytokine expression for TNF-a in the
glomeruli and renal tubular cells in comparison with
the sham group, which showed weak cytoplasmic
inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, the
DM + IRI + BC group showed minimal cytoplasmic
inflammatory cytokine expression, and the DM + IRI
+ Dex group showed mild cytoplasmic inflammatory
cytokine expression (Figure 5). The OD supported
the immunohistochemical findings (Table 8).
DISCUSSION
The transient cessation of renal blood flow
occurs in numerous clinical conditions, such as renal
transplantation and partial nephrectomy, as well as
in major vascular and cardiothoracic surgeries 26
.
This cessation leads to renal IRI, which causes a
11. 295 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
Fig 3(A): Section of sham group showed normal reaction of a glomerulus (G), boundaries of
Bowman’s capsule (white-arrow), and basement membranes of proximal and distal convoluted
tubules (arrowhead). Note regular curved brush border (curved arrow). Fig 3(B). Section of DM+IRI
group showed increased reaction of the glomerulus (G), boundaries of Bowman’s capsule (white-
arrow), and basement membranes around proximal and distal convoluted tubules (arrowhead)
with the presence of vascular congestion (star). Note vacuoles inside and around the tubules
(V). Fig 3(C). Sections of DM+IRI+BC showed a mild reaction in the glomerulus (G), boundaries of
Bowman’s capsule (white-arrow), and basement membranes around proximal and distal convoluted
tubules (arrowhead). Fig 3(D). Sections of DM+IRI+Dex showed a mild reaction in the glomerulus
(G), boundaries of Bowman’s capsule (white-arrow), and basement membranes around proximal
and distal convoluted tubules (arrowhead) (PAS, Scale bar 20 µm).
decrease in the renal glomerular filtration and blood
flow 5, 23, 27
.
In the current study, there was a disturbance
in the diabetic profiles of the STZ-induced diabetic
groups (DM + IRI, DM + IRI + BC, and DM + IRI
+ Dex); these results are in line with previous
findings, which were explained in relation to multiple
factors, such as improper insulin secretion or insulin
resistance, along with the alteration in carbohydrate,
lipid metabolism, and OS markers 12, 28-30
. The present
work demonstrated that BC ameliorated the diabetic
condition; these results are in agreement with
previous reports, which attributed the hypoglycemic
effects of BC to insulin release from the remnant
pancreatic b-cells and enhancement of peripheral
glucose metabolism 31
. Researchers have analyzed
the contents of BC extract and found that it is rich
in catechins, carotenes, tannins, uronic acids, and
polyphenol compounds, one of the most important
of which is gallic acid 32
. BC extract normalized the
blood glucose level and restored the insulin level due
to its enrichment of gallic acid 33
. In contrast, Dex
did not have any ameliorative effect on the diabetic
condition, which may be explained by the inhibitory
effects of Dex on insulin secretion 34
.
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Table 6: Reaction to PAS of the different experimental groups
Histopathological findings Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
PAS (+) granules in tubules - ++ + +
None (-); mild (+), moderate (++), severe (+++).
Fig 4(A): Section of sham group showed minimal cytoplasmic Bax (BCL2-associated X)
immunoreactivity. Fig 4(B). Section of DM+IRI group showed strong positive cytoplasmic Bax
immunoreactivity lining the glomeruli, cortical and in the tubular epithelial cells (white-arrow). Fig
4(C). Sections of DM+IRI+BC showed minimal cytoplasmic Bax immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of
some renal tubular cells (white-arrow). Fig 4(D). Sections of DM+IRI+Dex showed mild cytoplasmic
Bax immunoreactivity (white-arrow) in most renal tubular cells (BAX, Scale bar 20 µm).
Renal IRI is more frequent in diabetics and
considered a complex inflammatory process that
is initiated with ischemia and aggravated during
reperfusion of ischemic renal tissue. It results a
complex series of cellular events, inflammatory
processes, apoptosis, and OS 29
.
There was an improvement of serum Creat
and serum BUN in this study that demonstrated the
beneficial effects of both BC extract and Dex. These
results agree with previous studies indicating that
STZ-induced diabetes resulted in renal impairment,
as evidenced by significant increases in the serum
Creat and serum BUN 12, 28-30
.
This study showed that treatment with
BC resulted in a significant improvement in renal
functions, in accordance with a previous study that
attributed these results to the antihyperglycemic
and antioxidant effects of the polyphenol content
of BC 1
. In addition, the renal functions improved
due to treatment with Dex; these results agree
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Table 7: Mean ± SD of apoptotic cell number/20000 µm2
of the different groups
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
Apoptotic cell number 3.64 ± 0.76 9.57 ± 0.24 4.36 ± 0.59 6.02±0.62
P1
< 0.001 P1
< 0.01 P1
< 0.001
P2
< 0.001 P2
< 0.001
SD, standard deviation. P < 0.05 is significant. P1
Significance versus sham-operated. P2
Significance
versus ischemia reperfusion.
Fig 5(A): Section of sham-operated group showed weak cytoplasmic TNF-a protein expression. Fig
5(B). Section of ischemia reperfusion group showed strong positive cytoplasmic immunoreaction for
TNF-a in the glomeruli and in the renal tubular cells (white-arrow). Fig 5(C). Sections of reperfusion
treated with benincasa cerifera showed minimal cytoplasmic TNF a immunoreactivity in the
cytoplasm of some renal tubular cells (white-arrow). Fig 5(D). Sections of reperfusion treated with
dexmedetomidine showed mild cytoplasmic TNF a immunoreactivity (white-arrow) in renal tubular
cells (TNF-a, Scale bar 20 µm).
with previous studies that attributed these results
to reduced vasoconstriction, promotion of renal
arterial vasodilation, decreased vascular resistance,
and increased glomerular filtration rate and filtration
fraction 7, 11, 35
, thereby improving renal IRI 36
.
In this study, there was a significant
increase in serum LDH in the untreated group, which
indicated tissue necrosis and tissue damage due
to renal IRI; protection with BC and Dex resulted
in significant decreases in the serum LDH levels,
mainly due to their renoprotective effects, which
resulted from their antioxidant properties 37
. This
study showed that untreated groups demonstrated
dyslipidemia; these results are in accordance with
previous studies stating that, due to disturbances in
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Table 8: OD of TNF-a expression of the different groups, mean ± SD, (n=15)
Groups Sham DM+IRI DM+IRI+BC DM+IRI+Dex
OD of TNF a 0.521±0.813 5.03±1.166 3.85±0.124 4.23±0.089
P1
< 0.001 P1
< 0.001 P1
< 0.001
P2
< 0.001 P2
< 0.05
TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor a, SD, standard deviation. P < 0.05 is significant. P1
Significance versus sham-operated. P2
Significance versus ischemia reperfusion.
metabolism associated with STZ-induced diabetes
as result of glucose intolerance, decreased insulin
levels enhance lipolysis and increase LDL synthesis
38, 39
. Treatment with BC resulted in a significant
improvement of all parameters of the lipid profile,
in agreement with a previous study 40
, which
attributed this finding to the antihyperlipidemic
properties of BC. The authors explained that the
antihyperlipidemic effects of BC arise from multiple
mechanisms, including its regenerative effects on
pancreatic b-cells, which result in increasing the
serum insulin levels, inhibitory effects on PPAR
signaling and HMG-CoA reductase, and antioxidant
properties 41
. In this study, Dex administration
improved dyslipidemia, which may have been due
to its antioxidant activity 36
.
OS plays a critical role in renal IRI, as with
initiation of ischemia, renal tissues are exposed to
hypoxia and the depletion of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP); then, during the reperfusion phase, the
OS continues via the release of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and free radicals36
. ROS activate
inflammation and vasoconstrictors, resulting in
the damage of tubular cells 42
. The results of the
current work confirmed the role of OS in renal IRI,
as evidenced by the significant elevation of MDA,
8-OHdG, and MPO and decrease of GSH in serum
and renal ischemic tissue homogenate in the
untreated group (DM + IRI) as indicators of OS 43, 44
.
The results of this study agree with those
of previous studies showing a significant increase
in the MDA levels in renal IRI groups, which is used
as an indicator of lipid peroxidation causing damage
to the cellular and mitochondrial membranes,
thereby leading to cellular disturbance and possibly
ending with cell necrosis 3, 42, 45-48
. The renal IRI
group showed a significant increase in serum and
renal tissue homogenate levels of 8-OHdG, which
is considered a sensitive index for oxidative DNA
damage resulting from OS produced due to renal
IRI; these results agree with previous studies 49,
50
. Moreover, the MPO levels were increased in
both serum and renal tissue homogenate; MPO
is considered a marker of neutrophil infiltration in
the renal tissue, leading to the release of multiple
inflammatory cytokines; these results are in
accordance with previous studies 51-53
. Studies
have demonstrated that neutrophil infiltration plays
a critical role in initiating the inflammatory response
as a consequence neutrophil degranulation, which
exacerbates MPO, cytokine, and ROS release,
leading to a cellular disturbance and loss of function
in renal tissues 54
.
The results of the current work showed
a significant decrease in the level of GSH in the
untreated group, indicating the consumption of
endogenous antioxidants like GSH. These findings
agree with those of previous studies 55, 56
.
The antihyperglycemic and antioxidants
effects of BC and its power in stabilizing cellular
membranesthroughtheinhibitionoflipidperoxidation,
cellular infiltration, and restoration of reduced GSH
levels mean that BC delays renal complications
stemming from DM 10, 41, 57
. The antioxidant effects
of BC are due to its high content of polyphenols
and flavonoids, which act as hydrogen donors for
free radicals. They break the chain reaction and
inhibit lipid peroxidation, promote the endogenous
antioxidant defense system, and modulate the
oxidant/antioxidant balance; hence, there is a
positive correlation between phenolic content and
antioxidant activity 57-59
.
15. 299 HEGAZY et al., Biomed. & Pharmacol. J., Vol. 11(1), 285-303 (2018)
In this study, the administration of Dex
significantly ameliorated OS conditions, as found
in other studies 60
. Similar results documented that
pretreatment with Dex results in the improvement
of MDA and MPO levels in lung tissue homogenate
after IRI 61, 62
. These authors explained that the
renoprotective action of Dex makes it an effective
á2-adrenergic receptor agonist, producing effects on
the kidney by decreasing the efferent sympathetic
outflow of the renal nerve, resulting in increased
diuresis and natriuresis 60
. Moreover, by stabilizing
cellular membranes to prevent lipid peroxidation,
Dex antioxidant activity reduces malondialdehyde
levels, restores total GSH levels, free radical
scavenging activity, activates antioxidant enzymes,
and maintains the integrity of DNA and cellular
protein 36
.
In the current study, pretreatment with BC
protected the kidney’s architectural and cytological
structure from lipid peroxidation and OS, coinciding
with previous findings 10
. BC’s renoprotective effect
on renal IRI can be explained by its antioxidant
activity 63
.
Asignificant decrease was detected in BAX
immunoreactivity in the groups treated with Dex and
BC, suggesting that apoptosis, a major pathway
of IRI, could be reduced or prevented by both
substances. This coincided with other researchers’
findings 64
.
Kocoglu et al 65
reported a significant
decrease in the histopathological injury in a renal
IRI model, supporting the current findings. Dex’s
renoprotective effect of Dex may be attributed to
the increase of renal blood flow and glomerular
filtration by reducing the release of noradrenaline
66
. Villela et al. 67
reported that Dex decreased the
urinary osmolality and plasma vasopressin level and
produced free water diuresis. Previous researchers
found that Dex improves renal function, urine flow,
and glomerular filtration 68
. In addition, it has been
reported to increase renal arterial vasodilation
via direct vascular effects 65
. The renoprotective
effect of Dex has been attributed to the increase
in antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and (Mouse double minute
2 homolog) Mdm-2 expression; this increase has
been associated with a decrease in the levels of
proapoptotic Bax 69
. This coincided with the current
BAX immunohistochemistry findings. In the present
study, the renoprotective role of Dex, was revealed
by an improvement in post-ischemic attenuated
histological damage, decreased number of apoptotic
cells, and reduction of TNF-a70
.
In conclusion, the present study
demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief
role in renal IRI in an STZ-induced diabetic model.
Treatment with BC extract achieved excellent
ameliorative effects on both diabetes and renal IRI,
while treatment with Dex improved renal IRI, renal
functions, and dyslipidemia, but it did not affect the
diabetic condition.
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