Retinoblastoma
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Retinoblastoma is a rapidly-growing childhood eye cancer that affects the retina. It can be genetic or non-genetic. Symptoms include an unusual white pupil reflection and eye deformation. It is detected via eye exam and confirmed through retinal scans or other tests. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation, cryotherapy or laser treatments, and sometimes surgical eye removal. Most patients are cured and retain vision, though a few may lose an eye or vision.
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Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinitis pigmentosa ppt
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes the rods and cones in the retina to deteriorate over time. This leads to progressive vision loss starting with night blindness and loss of peripheral vision, which can eventually cause total blindness. There is no cure, but vitamin A supplementation and an omega-3 rich diet have been shown to potentially slow the progression of the disease. It is diagnosed through visual field tests and ERG testing, and patients are referred to low vision specialists who can prescribe aids to help maximize remaining vision.
Retinoblastoma
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in young children. It arises from primitive retinal cells.
- The patient was a 19 month old boy referred for a white pupil in the right eye noticed for 4 months. Examination found a white pupil and squint in the right eye.
- Investigations including ultrasound and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma in the right eye. The family then took the child to another hospital for further chemotherapy and management.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene that regulates cell growth. The disease can be hereditary or sporadic. Presenting symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, and vision loss. Diagnosis is usually made through eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI. Treatment depends on disease stage and extent, and may include enucleation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or brachytherapy to preserve vision and the eye. Retinoblastoma can spread from the eye to other parts of the body if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are important for good outcomes.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is the most common eye cancer in children and its incidence ranges from 1 in 14,000 to 1 in 34,000 live births worldwide. The document discusses the epidemiology, genetics, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, management options including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy and enucleation, and importance of genetic counseling for families with retinoblastoma.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. It begins with night blindness and peripheral vision loss and can progress to tunnel vision or legal blindness. Genetic mutations affecting photoreceptor structure and function or RNA splicing are responsible. On examination, bone spicule pigmentation, vascular attenuation, optic nerve pallor and RPE changes are seen. Diagnosis is confirmed by electroretinography showing photoreceptor dysfunction. There is currently no cure but management focuses on low vision aids, vitamins, and gene or stem cell therapies which are under investigation.
Retinoblastoma
This document provides information on retinoblastoma, including its history, epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and management. Some key points:
- Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that typically presents in childhood. It can be hereditary or sporadic.
- Presenting signs may include leukocoria, strabismus, reduced vision. Advanced cases can involve the optic nerve or orbit.
- Diagnosis involves examinations like ultrasonography, MRI, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk.
- Staging considers tumor size, location, laterality and extent. Prognostic factors include age and
Diabetic Maculopathy
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Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare form of cancer, that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina ( the light-detecting tissue of the eye). It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children.
Cancer of the Eye
Diagnosis: Birth-~6 years olds
Unilateral or Bilateral
~3% of Pediatric Cancers
Retinitis pigmentosa ppt
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes the rods and cones in the retina to deteriorate over time. This leads to progressive vision loss starting with night blindness and loss of peripheral vision, which can eventually cause total blindness. There is no cure, but vitamin A supplementation and an omega-3 rich diet have been shown to potentially slow the progression of the disease. It is diagnosed through visual field tests and ERG testing, and patients are referred to low vision specialists who can prescribe aids to help maximize remaining vision.
Retinoblastoma
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in young children. It arises from primitive retinal cells.
- The patient was a 19 month old boy referred for a white pupil in the right eye noticed for 4 months. Examination found a white pupil and squint in the right eye.
- Investigations including ultrasound and MRI confirmed the diagnosis of retinoblastoma in the right eye. The family then took the child to another hospital for further chemotherapy and management.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene that regulates cell growth. The disease can be hereditary or sporadic. Presenting symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, and vision loss. Diagnosis is usually made through eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI. Treatment depends on disease stage and extent, and may include enucleation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or brachytherapy to preserve vision and the eye. Retinoblastoma can spread from the eye to other parts of the body if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are important for good outcomes.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina. It is the most common eye cancer in children and its incidence ranges from 1 in 14,000 to 1 in 34,000 live births worldwide. The document discusses the epidemiology, genetics, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, classification systems, management options including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy and enucleation, and importance of genetic counseling for families with retinoblastoma.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. It begins with night blindness and peripheral vision loss and can progress to tunnel vision or legal blindness. Genetic mutations affecting photoreceptor structure and function or RNA splicing are responsible. On examination, bone spicule pigmentation, vascular attenuation, optic nerve pallor and RPE changes are seen. Diagnosis is confirmed by electroretinography showing photoreceptor dysfunction. There is currently no cure but management focuses on low vision aids, vitamins, and gene or stem cell therapies which are under investigation.
Retinoblastoma
This document provides information on retinoblastoma, including its history, epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and management. Some key points:
- Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the retina that typically presents in childhood. It can be hereditary or sporadic.
- Presenting signs may include leukocoria, strabismus, reduced vision. Advanced cases can involve the optic nerve or orbit.
- Diagnosis involves examinations like ultrasonography, MRI, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk.
- Staging considers tumor size, location, laterality and extent. Prognostic factors include age and
Diabetic Maculopathy
Diabetic maculopathy is a form of damage to the eye causing by diabetic macular oedema where fluids build up on the macula. It can be cured by laser surgeries.
Retinoblastoma
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene and can be hereditary or non-hereditary. Symptoms include white pupil reflex and strabismus. Diagnosis involves examinations like indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Treatment depends on tumor staging and may include focal therapies like thermotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, or enucleation. Prognosis is generally good if caught early but risks include secondary cancers and recurrence so lifelong follow-up is important. Genetic counseling is also critical given hereditary risks for family members.
Vogt Koyanagi Harada Disease
1) VKH disease is a multisystem disorder characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exudative retinal detachments and associated neurologic and cutaneous manifestations.
2) It was first described separately by three doctors (Vogt, Koyanagi, and Harada) in the early 20th century before being recognized as a single disease.
3) It has distinct prodromal, uveitic, chronic, and chronic recurrent stages with characteristic ocular and systemic findings at each stage. International criteria have been developed to classify its complete, incomplete, and probable forms.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the photoreceptors. It initially affects rods, resulting in night blindness and peripheral vision loss, and later involves cones leading to tunnel vision. Symptoms include nyctalopia and peripheral field defects. Signs include bone spicule pigmentation, arteriolar attenuation, and disc pallor. It can be inherited in autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked patterns. Investigations include electroretinography to detect photoreceptor dysfunction and optical coherence tomography. There is currently no cure or treatment to stop progression.
Retinitis pigmentosa
1. Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically determined, progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that affects both eyes symmetrically. It initially impacts rods, followed by cones.
2. Symptoms include night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, light sensitivity, and eventual loss of central vision. It can be inherited in autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked patterns.
3. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, visual fields, color vision, dilated fundus exam showing bone spicule pigmentation, attenuated vessels, and disc pallor. Electroretinography can detect early disease. There is no cure but vitamin supplementation and low-light lifestyle adaptations can
Diabetic retinopathy management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an obstruction of the retinal venous system by thrombus formation and may involve the central, hemi-central or branch retinal vein.
The most common aetiological factor is compression by adjacent atherosclerotic retinal arteries.
Other possible causes are external compression or disease of the vein wall e.g. vasculitis.
Thyroid ophthalmopathy
Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition causing inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the orbit, raising pressure. It produces symptoms related to proptosis, extraocular muscle involvement, and soft tissue changes. Management involves treatment of thyroid dysfunction, artificial tears, tobacco cessation, immunosuppression with steroids for moderate to severe disease, and orbital decompression or strabismus surgery for complications like dysthyroid optic neuropathy or diplopia. The disease progresses through inflammatory and fibrotic phases, and different classification systems evaluate severity and activity to guide treatment.
Conjunctival tumors
This document discusses various conjunctival tumors including benign and malignant/premalignant tumors. Some key points:
- Benign tumors include conjunctival naevus, papilloma, limbal dermoid, dermolipoma, and pyogenic granuloma.
- Malignant/premalignant tumors include primary acquired melanosis (PAM), conjunctival melanoma, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and Kaposi sarcoma. PAM can progress to conjunctival melanoma in situ or invasive melanoma.
- Conjunctival melanoma often arises from an area of PAM and has a mortality rate up to 30% from metastasis to lymph nodes, lung
Primary open angle glaucoma (poag)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the primary risk factor. Treatment involves medical therapy to lower IOP through various drug classes, laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow, and surgeries like trabeculectomy or newer minimally invasive procedures if medication is insufficient. The goal is to lower IOP enough to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Vitreous hemorrhage
Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.[1] The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia.
It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
Lasers in DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. A study compared the standard treatment of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) to initial treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab) to delay or prevent the need for PRP. At 2 years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while vision remained unchanged in the PRP group. The study suggests initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab may be as effective as immediate PRP treatment and could help delay or reduce the need for destructive PRP therapy.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare form of eye cancer that affects young children, most commonly presenting as a white color in the pupil or eyes appearing to look in different directions. It begins in the retina and may occur in one or both eyes. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests, while treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and surgery.
Nystagmus
This document summarizes different types of nystagmus including physiological nystagmus, pathological nystagmus, pendular nystagmus, jerk nystagmus, latent nystagmus, acquired nystagmus, and discusses grading systems, congenital nystagmus, low vision nystagmus, nystagmus with relatively normal vision, bilateral nystagmus, spasmus nutans, see-saw nystagmus, supranuclear gaze control, gaze palsies, Parinaud's syndrome, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and paralytic pontine exotropia.
Anti VEGF in Ophthalmology
Anti-VEGF agents such as bevacizumab, ranibizumab, pegaptanib, and aflibercept are used to treat retinal diseases caused by abnormal blood vessel growth due to VEGF overexpression. They work by inhibiting VEGF to prevent new blood vessel proliferation and leakage. Common uses include treating wet age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and retinopathy of prematurity. Ranibizumab and aflibercept are approved by the FDA, while bevacizumab is commonly used off-label. Monthly intravitreal injections are typically required initially, then treatments are extended based on disease response. Adverse events include inflammation, increased intraocular pressure, and
Anisocoria
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pupil and its innervation. It covers topics like:
- The muscles that control the pupil (sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae) and their innervation.
- Causes of anisocoria (unequal pupil size) like drugs, trauma, and neurological conditions.
- Horner's syndrome which causes ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to interruption of the sympathetic pathway.
- Adie's tonic pupil which shows a paradoxical constriction to light and dilation with accommodation due to damage to the parasympathetic pathway.
- Third nerve palsy which can cause ptosis, diplo
Proptosis
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Retinoblastoma: A Beginner's Guide....
Retinoblastoma: A Beginner's Guide....Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal
This is a beginner's guide to retinoblastoma. I have briefly covered all the aspects of this most common intraocular tumor of childhood. Hope it will help the undergraduate medical students. Please check out our blog, http://pgblaster.wordpress.com for more presentations and useful stuffs like this one.Oculomotor nerve palsy
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3). It describes the nucleus and course of the nerve, causes of lesions, clinical features of total oculomotor nerve palsy, treatment options which may include surgery or monitoring, and differential diagnoses. History, examination, and investigations are outlined to evaluate patients presenting with oculomotor nerve palsies.
idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome
Dr. Nishtha Jain provides a detailed overview of orbital inflammatory disease (OID), also known as orbital pseudotumor. OID is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by orbital inflammation of unknown cause. It can affect any orbital structure and presentations range from abrupt to insidious onset. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes via imaging such as CT and MRI. Treatment primarily involves systemic corticosteroids, with radiation or other immunosuppressants used for refractory cases. OID remains a diagnostic challenge due to its varied presentations and similarities to other orbital conditions.
Optic neuritis
By Dr Piyush Ojha , DM Resident, GMC Kota
under guidance of Prof. Dr Vijay Sardana (HOD,Neurology)
Retinoblastoma case presentation
A 2-year old female child presented with white opacities in both eyes since birth, poor vision, and recent protrusion and redness in the right eye. Her parents noted she did not see or smile as an infant and had frequent falls. Examination found proptosis, exposure keratopathy, and inflammation in the right eye, with leukocoria and a whitish membrane in the left. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, orbital cellulitis, and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Investigations such as imaging, hematological tests, and ocular fluid analysis were planned to determine the cause.
Leucocorias
Este documento describe varias anomalías oculares pediátricas, incluyendo:
1) Leucocoria, que es una pupila blanca que puede indicar catarata, retinoblastoma u otras masas oculares;
2) Retinopatía del prematuro, que afecta a bebés prematuros y puede causar ceguera si no se trata;
3) Retinoblastoma, un tumor ocular maligno común en niños menores de 5 años; y
4) Glaucoma congénito, una elevación de la presión ocular que puede caus
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Retinoblastoma
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene and can be hereditary or non-hereditary. Symptoms include white pupil reflex and strabismus. Diagnosis involves examinations like indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Treatment depends on tumor staging and may include focal therapies like thermotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, or enucleation. Prognosis is generally good if caught early but risks include secondary cancers and recurrence so lifelong follow-up is important. Genetic counseling is also critical given hereditary risks for family members.
Vogt Koyanagi Harada Disease
1) VKH disease is a multisystem disorder characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exudative retinal detachments and associated neurologic and cutaneous manifestations.
2) It was first described separately by three doctors (Vogt, Koyanagi, and Harada) in the early 20th century before being recognized as a single disease.
3) It has distinct prodromal, uveitic, chronic, and chronic recurrent stages with characteristic ocular and systemic findings at each stage. International criteria have been developed to classify its complete, incomplete, and probable forms.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited retinal diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the photoreceptors. It initially affects rods, resulting in night blindness and peripheral vision loss, and later involves cones leading to tunnel vision. Symptoms include nyctalopia and peripheral field defects. Signs include bone spicule pigmentation, arteriolar attenuation, and disc pallor. It can be inherited in autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked patterns. Investigations include electroretinography to detect photoreceptor dysfunction and optical coherence tomography. There is currently no cure or treatment to stop progression.
Retinitis pigmentosa
1. Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically determined, progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that affects both eyes symmetrically. It initially impacts rods, followed by cones.
2. Symptoms include night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, light sensitivity, and eventual loss of central vision. It can be inherited in autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked patterns.
3. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, visual fields, color vision, dilated fundus exam showing bone spicule pigmentation, attenuated vessels, and disc pallor. Electroretinography can detect early disease. There is no cure but vitamin supplementation and low-light lifestyle adaptations can
Diabetic retinopathy management
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy and its management. It begins by stating that diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of vision impairment worldwide. It then describes the clinical presentation and stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to proliferative, as well as diabetic macular edema. The management section discusses preventing and treating diabetic retinopathy through controlling blood sugar and blood pressure systematically, as well as local treatments like pan-retinal photocoagulation laser, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy surgery. It emphasizes that timely screening and treatment according to guidelines can reduce the risk of severe vision loss to less than 5%.
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an obstruction of the retinal venous system by thrombus formation and may involve the central, hemi-central or branch retinal vein.
The most common aetiological factor is compression by adjacent atherosclerotic retinal arteries.
Other possible causes are external compression or disease of the vein wall e.g. vasculitis.
Thyroid ophthalmopathy
Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition causing inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the orbit, raising pressure. It produces symptoms related to proptosis, extraocular muscle involvement, and soft tissue changes. Management involves treatment of thyroid dysfunction, artificial tears, tobacco cessation, immunosuppression with steroids for moderate to severe disease, and orbital decompression or strabismus surgery for complications like dysthyroid optic neuropathy or diplopia. The disease progresses through inflammatory and fibrotic phases, and different classification systems evaluate severity and activity to guide treatment.
Conjunctival tumors
This document discusses various conjunctival tumors including benign and malignant/premalignant tumors. Some key points:
- Benign tumors include conjunctival naevus, papilloma, limbal dermoid, dermolipoma, and pyogenic granuloma.
- Malignant/premalignant tumors include primary acquired melanosis (PAM), conjunctival melanoma, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and Kaposi sarcoma. PAM can progress to conjunctival melanoma in situ or invasive melanoma.
- Conjunctival melanoma often arises from an area of PAM and has a mortality rate up to 30% from metastasis to lymph nodes, lung
Primary open angle glaucoma (poag)
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. It is characterized by an open anterior chamber angle, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and glaucomatous optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the primary risk factor. Treatment involves medical therapy to lower IOP through various drug classes, laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow, and surgeries like trabeculectomy or newer minimally invasive procedures if medication is insufficient. The goal is to lower IOP enough to prevent further optic nerve damage and vision loss.
Vitreous hemorrhage
Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.[1] The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia.
It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
Lasers in DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. A study compared the standard treatment of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) to initial treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab) to delay or prevent the need for PRP. At 2 years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while vision remained unchanged in the PRP group. The study suggests initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab may be as effective as immediate PRP treatment and could help delay or reduce the need for destructive PRP therapy.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare form of eye cancer that affects young children, most commonly presenting as a white color in the pupil or eyes appearing to look in different directions. It begins in the retina and may occur in one or both eyes. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests, while treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and surgery.
Nystagmus
This document summarizes different types of nystagmus including physiological nystagmus, pathological nystagmus, pendular nystagmus, jerk nystagmus, latent nystagmus, acquired nystagmus, and discusses grading systems, congenital nystagmus, low vision nystagmus, nystagmus with relatively normal vision, bilateral nystagmus, spasmus nutans, see-saw nystagmus, supranuclear gaze control, gaze palsies, Parinaud's syndrome, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and paralytic pontine exotropia.
Anti VEGF in Ophthalmology
Anti-VEGF agents such as bevacizumab, ranibizumab, pegaptanib, and aflibercept are used to treat retinal diseases caused by abnormal blood vessel growth due to VEGF overexpression. They work by inhibiting VEGF to prevent new blood vessel proliferation and leakage. Common uses include treating wet age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and retinopathy of prematurity. Ranibizumab and aflibercept are approved by the FDA, while bevacizumab is commonly used off-label. Monthly intravitreal injections are typically required initially, then treatments are extended based on disease response. Adverse events include inflammation, increased intraocular pressure, and
Anisocoria
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pupil and its innervation. It covers topics like:
- The muscles that control the pupil (sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae) and their innervation.
- Causes of anisocoria (unequal pupil size) like drugs, trauma, and neurological conditions.
- Horner's syndrome which causes ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to interruption of the sympathetic pathway.
- Adie's tonic pupil which shows a paradoxical constriction to light and dilation with accommodation due to damage to the parasympathetic pathway.
- Third nerve palsy which can cause ptosis, diplo
Proptosis
- The document discusses the evaluation of proptosis, which is the abnormal forward protrusion of the eyeball. It defines different types of orbital abnormalities and provides the approach to examining a patient with proptosis, including taking a thorough history, performing a local and systemic examination, ordering appropriate imaging and lab tests, and considering histopathological studies if needed. The causes of proptosis can be divided into categories such as inflammatory, mass effect, vascular changes, and infiltrative processes. Key aspects of the evaluation are to determine if the proptosis is unilateral or bilateral and whether there are associated signs and symptoms to suggest an underlying cause.
Retinoblastoma: A Beginner's Guide....
Retinoblastoma: A Beginner's Guide....Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal
This is a beginner's guide to retinoblastoma. I have briefly covered all the aspects of this most common intraocular tumor of childhood. Hope it will help the undergraduate medical students. Please check out our blog, http://pgblaster.wordpress.com for more presentations and useful stuffs like this one.Oculomotor nerve palsy
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3). It describes the nucleus and course of the nerve, causes of lesions, clinical features of total oculomotor nerve palsy, treatment options which may include surgery or monitoring, and differential diagnoses. History, examination, and investigations are outlined to evaluate patients presenting with oculomotor nerve palsies.
idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome
Dr. Nishtha Jain provides a detailed overview of orbital inflammatory disease (OID), also known as orbital pseudotumor. OID is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by orbital inflammation of unknown cause. It can affect any orbital structure and presentations range from abrupt to insidious onset. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes via imaging such as CT and MRI. Treatment primarily involves systemic corticosteroids, with radiation or other immunosuppressants used for refractory cases. OID remains a diagnostic challenge due to its varied presentations and similarities to other orbital conditions.
Optic neuritis
By Dr Piyush Ojha , DM Resident, GMC Kota
under guidance of Prof. Dr Vijay Sardana (HOD,Neurology)
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A 2-year old female child presented with white opacities in both eyes since birth, poor vision, and recent protrusion and redness in the right eye. Her parents noted she did not see or smile as an infant and had frequent falls. Examination found proptosis, exposure keratopathy, and inflammation in the right eye, with leukocoria and a whitish membrane in the left. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, orbital cellulitis, and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Investigations such as imaging, hematological tests, and ocular fluid analysis were planned to determine the cause.
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Este documento describe varias anomalías oculares pediátricas, incluyendo:
1) Leucocoria, que es una pupila blanca que puede indicar catarata, retinoblastoma u otras masas oculares;
2) Retinopatía del prematuro, que afecta a bebés prematuros y puede causar ceguera si no se trata;
3) Retinoblastoma, un tumor ocular maligno común en niños menores de 5 años; y
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Retinoblastoma
El retinoblastoma es un tumor canceroso de la retina que se desarrolla en niños pequeños debido a mutaciones en el gen RB1. Puede ser hereditario u no hereditario, y su tratamiento incluye cirugía, radiación, quimioterapia o enucleación del ojo, dependiendo del tamaño y propagación del tumor. Si no se ha diseminado más allá del ojo, casi todos los pacientes pueden curarse.
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Retinoblastoma é um tumor maligno raro que afeta a retina dos olhos de crianças pequenas, sendo mais comum apresentar um reflexo anormal na pupila. O diagnóstico é feito por exames oculares e de imagem e o tratamento varia desde laser e quimioterapia para tumores pequenos até remoção do olho para tumores maiores.
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Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that develops from mutations in the RB1 gene. It is the most common eye cancer in children. Treatment involves various modalities like chemotherapy, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, or external beam radiotherapy to preserve vision and the eye if possible. Enucleation is recommended if over 50% of the eye is involved or there is suspicion of extraocular extension. Retinoblastoma management aims to preserve life first, then the eye, and vision.
05. retinoblastoma 2013
O documento descreve o retinoblastoma, um tumor maligno primário e o mais comum dos olhos em crianças. Ele ocorre com mais frequência em crianças menores de 3 anos e pode ser unilateral ou bilateral. O gene responsável está localizado no cromossomo 13 e há risco de 50% de transmissão genética para os filhos. O diagnóstico é feito principalmente por exame oftalmológico e o tratamento varia desde enucleação até quimioterapia e radioterapia dependendo do estágio e localização do tumor.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned how certain changes in a person’s DNA can cause cells of the retina to become cancerous. The DNA in each of our cells makes up our genes, which are the instructions for how our cells function. We usually look like our parents because they are the source of our DNA. But DNA affects much more than how we look. Some genes control when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die at the right time. Certain genes that help cells grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes. Others that slow down cell division or cause cells to die at the right time are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. The most important gene in retinoblastoma is the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. This gene makes a protein (pRb) that helps stop cells from growing too quickly. Each cell normally has 2 RB1 genes. As long as a retinal cell has at least one RB1 gene that works as it should, it will not form a retinoblastoma. But when both of the RB1 genes are mutated or missing, a cell can grow unchecked. This can lead to further gene changes, which in turn may cause cells to become cancerous.
Retino
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the retina that usually develops in young children. It can occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
- If left untreated, it is almost always fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to save the child's life and preserve vision.
- Retinoblastoma is caused by a mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. It can be inherited or sporadic. Inherited retinoblastoma tends to be bilateral and occur at an earlier age.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, focal therapies like cryotherapy or photocoagulation, and enucleation depending on severity and chance of vision preservation. The goal is to cure the cancer while minimizing side
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects young children. It occurs when nerve cells in the retina develop genetic mutations, causing uncontrolled growth of tumor cells in the eye. Symptoms can include a white pupil, crossed eyes, eye redness or swelling. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor size and location, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser treatment, cryotherapy or surgery to remove the eye. Removing the eye is necessary if the tumor is too large for other treatments, but artificial eyes and rehabilitation can help children adapt.
Retinoblastoma
Lo esencial por saber del retinoblastoma. Utilizado en exposición final del curso de patología, 3er año de medicina
Retinoblastoma
Brief revision of a very important ophthalmologic & pediatric tumor, includes epidemiology, classification, clinical picture, imaging studies and treatment. Also contains several photos of patients with the disease.
2015 10 21_pathology_wim_vancriekinge
The document discusses epigenetics and DNA methylation in oncology. It provides an introduction to epigenetics and how epigenetic modifications can regulate gene expression without changing DNA sequence. It then discusses using DNA methylation as an epigenetic biomarker for cancer, including prostate and bladder cancers. Specific methylated genes are highlighted as biomarkers for bladder cancer detection in urine samples from patients with hematuria. Validation study results show the biomarkers can accurately detect bladder cancer with high sensitivity and negative predictive value, reducing unnecessary cystoscopies.
Rb gene and cell cycle
This document discusses retinoblastoma, a cancer that develops in the retina. It describes the genetic and non-genetic forms of the disease. The genetic form is caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13. For tumor development to occur, both copies of the RB1 gene must be inactivated. The RB protein normally acts to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting the cell cycle. Loss of RB function contributes to unregulated cell growth and cancer development. Nearly all cancers involve disruption of the RB pathway that controls the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition.
Retinoblastoma, brief overview, June 2013
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Tumour supressor gene
Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell growth and division. When functioning properly, they inhibit tumor formation but when mutated or inactivated, they lose this ability. Examples include p53, Rb, APC, BRCA1, BRCA2. p53 is mutated in 50% of cancers and regulates DNA repair/cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Li-Fraumeni syndrome results from germline p53 mutations increasing cancer risk. The APC gene regulates beta-catenin to control cell growth. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes are often required for tumor development according to the two-hit hypothesis as seen with retinoblastoma caused by Rb mutations.
Retinoblastoma dr vandana
Laser photocoagulation is used to destroy small tumors by burning them with a laser beam. It is used for very small tumors away from important eye structures like the macula and optic disc. Side effects can include retinal edema and detachment.
Tumor suppressor gene
The document discusses tumor suppressor genes, which help regulate cell growth and division. It defines tumor suppressor genes and describes their functions, types, and examples. Key tumor suppressor genes discussed include RB, p53, BRCA1, and BRCA2. The document also outlines stimuli that can affect tumor suppressor genes and mentions that further research may lead to improved cancer treatments.
Tumor Suppressor Gene
Tumor suppressor genes help repair damaged DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and cancer growth. They fall into two categories: caretaker genes that maintain genome integrity through DNA repair, and gatekeeper genes that inhibit proliferation or promote death of cells with damaged DNA. Key tumor suppressor genes include p53, Rb, APC, WT1, NF1, VHL, p15, p16, BRCA1, BRCA2, and PTEN. Mutation of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene, as with the two-hit hypothesis for retinoblastoma, can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development.
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Retinoblastoma Eye (retina cancer) Surgery in India – Full information
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a cancer of the retina. Retinoblastoma is the most common primary ocular malignancy of childhood. Although this disorder can occur at any age, it usually develops in young children. Most cases of retinoblastoma occur in only one eye, but both eyes can be affected. Untreated, retinoblastoma is almost always fatal, hence the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects young children, usually under the age of 5. It is caused by a mutation in the retinoblastoma gene and symptoms can include eye movement issues, redness, differences in pupil size or iris color. Early diagnosis is key, as untreated retinoblastoma is fatal. Treatment options include chemotherapy, cryotherapy, eye removal, radiation therapy, laser treatment and have improved survival rates to over 90%.
Retinoblastoma
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
RETIONOBLASTOMA.pptx
Retinoblastoma is a rare form of eye cancer that affects young children. It occurs when nerve cells in the retina develop genetic mutations causing uncontrolled growth. In about 40% of cases it is inherited from a parent with a faulty gene. Symptoms include a white pupil, eye misalignment, poor vision, and eye swelling/redness. Treatment aims to preserve the child's life, then vision, and minimize side effects. Options include thermotherapy, laser photocoagulation, and cryotherapy. Children also face risks of cancer recurrence or developing other cancers.
Retinoblastoma
I have made this ppt to present in my genetics seminar. I have derived slides and other content from various sources on the internet.
Retinoblastoma : Dr Shylesh B Dabke
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. There are two main types - sporadic which occurs spontaneously, and hereditary which is inherited. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent, and may include chemotherapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye for large tumors. The goal is to save vision if possible or life if the eye cannot be saved. Screening of family members is important given the hereditary risk.
RETINOBLASTOMA 3.pdf
Retinoblastoma is a rare form of eye cancer that develops from immature retinal cells in children younger than 5 years old. It is caused by mutations in both copies of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Symptoms may include a white pupil, crossed eyes, eye inflammation or pain, and vision loss. Diagnosis involves eye examination and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor size and spread but may include focal therapies like laser treatment or chemotherapy followed by focal therapies. Outcomes are generally good if caught early, but survivors require long-term monitoring due to risks of secondary cancers from radiation treatment.
retinoblastoma by dr george deogratias
Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer of the retina that mostly affects young children. It can be hereditary, arising from a genetic mutation, or non-hereditary. Clinical features include a white pupil reflex or leukocoria. Diagnosis involves eye examination and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or eye removal. Close monitoring of family members is needed if hereditary to screen for the condition.
Retinoblastoma
1. The child presented with vomiting for 15 days and decreased oral intake for 10 days. An MRI showed recurrence of a large suprasellar mass along the left optic nerve.
2. In June 2021, the child had presented with whitish discoloration of the left eye for 1 year. An MRI revealed a lesion in the left eyeball consistent with retinoblastoma. The left eye was subsequently enucleated.
3. Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects young children under 5 years old. It occurs due to genetic mutations in the RB1 gene controlling cell division in the retina. Symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, eye redness or swelling.
Early diagnosis of cancer in neonate and young Infant
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on early diagnosis of cancer in neonates and young infants. It discusses how cancer can present non-specifically in infants, with symptoms like lethargy and feeding difficulties. Several common childhood cancers are mentioned, including neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, and leukemia. Challenges in diagnosing and treating neonatal cancer are outlined, such as the need for specialized pathology expertise and reduced chemotherapy doses. The presentation concludes with acknowledgements and a call for improved early diagnosis and shared care models for childhood cancer.
preservingeyesight
Vision loss affects 285 million people worldwide and is caused by conditions like uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and eye cancer. The major global causes of vision impairment are uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma which can often be treated, while the major causes of blindness are cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Left untreated, common age-related eye diseases like dry and wet macular degeneration, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy can lead to profound vision loss or blindness.
Preserving Eyesight
Normal vision means attaining 20/20 on a routine eye exam ie, one can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. Approximately 285 million people worldwide cannot pass this test without correcting their vision. Sight problems range from normal to moderate or severe visual impairment. Thirty-nine million people are blind and ~90% of visually impaired people live in low-income settings. This presentation digs into the details and current treatments. This information is for educational purposes only and all medical cases should be discussed with licensed healthcare providers.
retinoblastoma 2.pptx
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor that arises from these photoreceptor cells in the retina, most commonly affecting young children under 5 years old. It can be hereditary if caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene, resulting in bilateral and multifocal tumors, or non-hereditary if caused by somatic mutations, usually presenting as a unilateral tumor. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent but may include chemotherapy, local therapies like cryotherapy or brachytherapy, and enucleation of the eye for advanced cases. Early diagnosis and treatment can help preserve vision and life.
Retinoblastoma.pptx
- Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina, usually in young children under 5 years old. It typically presents as leukocoria (white pupil reflection).
- There are two main types - heritable (genetic) and non-heritable. Heritable retinoblastoma is often bilateral and multifocal due to a germline gene mutation, while non-heritable is typically unilateral from a somatic mutation.
- Treatment aims to cure the disease while preserving vision if possible, and includes chemotherapy, cryotherapy, radiation plaques, enucleation, or external beam radiation depending on tumor size and location. Screening of at-risk children is important for early detection and treatment.
Childhood ocular tumor
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Management Of Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare pediatric eye tumor arising from retinal cells. It can be hereditary or sporadic. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent, and may include focal therapies, radiation, chemotherapy, enucleation, or a combination. The goal is to save the patient's life while preserving vision and the eye if possible. Advanced disease requiring enucleation or exenteration carries a worse prognosis. Staging systems help determine prognosis and guide management.
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