LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and an actual cure for astigmatism, since it is in the cornea. LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye's cornea in order to improve visual acuity. For most people, LASIK provides a long-lasting alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses.
The planning and analysis of corneal reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the American National Standards Institute, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis. The FDA website on LASIK states,
"Before undergoing a refractive procedure, you should carefully weigh the risks and benefits based on your own personal value system, and try to avoid being influenced by friends that have had the procedure or doctors encouraging you to do so."
The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.
Complex cases in Cataract surgery and its management.pptxMadhumitaBooks
Complex case scenarios in Cataract surgery. Small pupil , hard Cataract, posterior polar Cataract, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy, run away rhexis. Management of complicated Cataract.
corneal-surgery
Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue (the graft). When the entire cornea is replaced it is known as penetrating keratoplasty and when only part of the cornea is replaced
LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and an actual cure for astigmatism, since it is in the cornea. LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye's cornea in order to improve visual acuity. For most people, LASIK provides a long-lasting alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses.
The planning and analysis of corneal reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the American National Standards Institute, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis. The FDA website on LASIK states,
"Before undergoing a refractive procedure, you should carefully weigh the risks and benefits based on your own personal value system, and try to avoid being influenced by friends that have had the procedure or doctors encouraging you to do so."
The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.
Complex cases in Cataract surgery and its management.pptxMadhumitaBooks
Complex case scenarios in Cataract surgery. Small pupil , hard Cataract, posterior polar Cataract, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy, run away rhexis. Management of complicated Cataract.
corneal-surgery
Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue (the graft). When the entire cornea is replaced it is known as penetrating keratoplasty and when only part of the cornea is replaced
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3. Treatment guidelines for retinal breaks
Aphakia /
pseudophaki
a
treat
Treat some
treat
observe
Type of Phakic High myopia Fellow eye
break
HST treat treat treat
symptomatic
HST observe Treat some treat
asymptomatic
Operculated Treat some treat treat
symptomatic
Operculated observe Treat few observe
asymptomatic
Round hole observe observe Treat some
asymptomatic
observe
Lattice observe observe
without holes
Treat some
unless lattice
more than 6
clock hours
observe
Lattice with
round holes
observe observe observe
4. Selection of the surgical procedure to re-attach
the retina with least morbidity.
Scleral buckling.
Vitrectomy( classical/sutureless/using gas/silicone
oil & if needed , an encircling silicone band)
Pneumatic retinopexy.
5. METHOD Reattachment
rate
limitations/complicati
ons
benefits
Scleral
buckling
94% Morbidity,infection,buckle
extrusion,ocular motility
disturbances.
Excellent long term
anatomic
success,good visual
outcomes.
Pars plana
vitrectomy
71-92%(primary
success rate)
95%(final
success rate)
Iatrogenic retinal
breaks,PVR,lens
trauma,cataract
progression.
Visualization of all
breaks,removal of
opacities/synechiae
,anatomic success
in complicated
detachments.
Pneumatic
retinopexy
64%(primary
success rate)
91%(final success
rate)
Use limited to
uncomplicated RRD with
sup. Breaks,need for post
op positioning ,creation of
iatrogenic breaks.
In- office
procedure,minimall
y invasive,reduced
recovery
time,better post-op
VA.
6. Scleral buckling
The term “buckle” refers to deformation of a
structure understress. Sometimes the term
“buckle” is used synonymously with some
form of encircling explant, while others use
the term to describe local explants.
7. mechanics
Biomechanics :alters the shape of the eye
depending on the type of buckling
material.
The location
The tension of the scleral sutures.
The circumferential tightening of an encircling buckle.
Changes after buckling:- AL change
astigmatism
volume of the eye
patient compliance
scleral buckle placement
12. Pre operative assesment
Macular involvement
Features suggesting that the retinal detachment is
nonrhegmatogenous .
The presence of vitreous detachment
Significant ocular co-pathology, which may affect
management (e.g., glaucomatous optic neuropathy,
aphakia with vitreous in the anterior chamber, a
history of strabismus surgery)
The number and position of the retinal breaks
23. RETINOPEXY
The indent from the explants helps in closing the
retinal breaks .
This is done in order to increase the bond between
retina & retinal pigment epithelium .
Even if the indent disappears.
24. CRYOTHERAPY
AIM: to produce freezing of
healthy retina surrounding all
the retinal breaks.
OBSERVATIONS:- whitening
of the retina after few seconds.
Break is seen as the darker area
over the white freezed area
which confirms the success of
cryo.
36. CUT DOWN TECHNIQUE
A scleral incision 3 mm in length is made in the
sclera, repeatedly spreading the edges, then incising
the base of the resulting groove the choroid becomes
increasingly visible in the base of the incision. Finally
a small knuckle of bare choroid protrudes slightly
40. Post operative complications:
Recurrent retinal detachment
Glaucoma
Presence of epiretinal membrane
Extrusion /infection
41.
42. Pneumato retinopexy
History:-
Ohm performed the first intravitreal air injection for
retinal detachment in 1911.
In 1938 rosengren
In 1973 norton reported use of sulfur hexafloride SF6
At 1985 meeting of american association of
ophthalmology Hilton & Grizard introduced the term
“PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY”
43. BASIC PRINCIPLES
The value of intraocular bubble is based on three
features:
Buoyancy
Surface tension
Isolation of retinal tears from intraocular contents.
SF6{sulphur hexafluoride} & C3F8{carbon
perfluoropropane}
USFDA approved in 1993 for use in PR.
44.
45. Gases triad in viteroretinal surgery
NON EXPANSILE EXPANSILE
Air SF6
Nitrogen C4F10
Helium CF4
Oxygen C2F6
Argon C3F8
Xenon C4F10
Krypton C5F12
47. GAS Avg. duration Largest size of
the
bubble(duratio
n)
Average
expansion
Non expansile
concentration
Air 3 days Immediate No expansion --
Sf6 12 days 36 hrs 2 times 18%
C3F8 38 days 72 hrs 4 times 14%
48. Surgical technique
Anaesthesia :
Topical anaesthesia usually with subconjunctival
anesthesia or application of lidocaine soaked pledgets
may be adequate
NO should not be used in case of general anaesthesia
if intraocular gas is to be usesd.
49. STERILIZATION
Sterile lid speculum
Several drops of povidine & iodine .
The injection site is dried with a cotton tipped
applicator & is ready for paracentesis & injection.
50. Preparation of the gas
A 30 guage ,1/2 inch {12 mm} needle is then placed tightly &
excess gas is expelled out, gas should not be kept for more than
few minutes as it can get diluted with the room air.
51. Pure gas is stored in a
cylinder with a regulatory
valve. Two sterile filters
should be connected
between the cylinder and the
syringe in use.
52. As physiological dead
space exists within the
system, accuracy maybe
affected by the air
contained within these
spaces. Pure gas should
then be drawn from
the cylinder and the
syringe flushed a few
times to ensure
complete
evacuation of air from
the dead space.
Appropriate amount of
pure
gas is then drawn into
the syringe.
53. The syringe with one
filter is
then disconnected. The
three-way tap is then
turned to the other
unused filter, and air is
drawn in to achieve the
appropriate
concentration of air–gas
mixture.
54. PARACENTESIS
Performed before injection
Requires:- half inch, 30 guage needle mounted on 1
ml syringe without a plunger.
Site: paracentesis should be performed through the
limbus in phakic patients.
Otherwise it should be done from the pars plana .
60. Introduction
Silicone oil (SO) was first introduced as an internal
tamponade agent in the early 1960s.
Clinical usage of SO in treating retinal detachment
was first introduced by Paul Cibis in the 1960s,
before the introduction of pars plana vitrectomy.
Indications of SO
giant retinal tears, viral retinitis, traumatic retinal
detachments , (PDR), complicated pediatric retinal
detachments, macular hole surgeries, and
endophthalmitis.
61. Physical property of SO
specific gravity: same as that of aqueous(1.00).
BUOYANCY : it is small which makes the SO to take
aspherical shape.
Surface & interfacial tension: interfacial tension
refers to the force that tends to keep a bubble as a
whole It has been found that an oil bubble remains
intact as long as the interfacial tension is above 6
mN/m (milli-Newton/meter).
68. MECHANICS
Peeling:Force along the axis of a collagen fiber
bundle causes non-elastic collagen fibers to slightly
stretch and ultimately to fail. Membrane peeling
requires force perpendicular and tangential to the
retina which causes failure of the attachment at the
vitreoretinal interface by elongation.
69. Fig. 101.2 Forceps designed to place one
blade under the epiretinal
membrane (ERM) damage the retinal
surface. Similarly, pics and
membrane scrapers damage the retinal
surface.
70. SHEAR
Shear cutting occurs when force is applied along two
opposing parallel edges moving past each other.
Vitreous cutters and scissors use shearing to cut
tissue.
71.
72. Fig. 101.3 Scissors create a push-out
force; if they are inserted open
and then closed they tear the retina at the
epiretinal membrane
attachment points
73.
74. FATIGUE FAILURE
Fatigue failure occurs when repetitive motion,
elongation, and compression weaken tissue structure
and cause failure. Ultrasonic cavitation
(fragmentation, phacoemulsification) is an
example of this mode of cutting.
75. An
excessively steep
entry angle creates
a long scleral
tunnel, but
increases the risk
of infusing into the
suprachoroidal or
subretinal space
76. Infusion into the suprachoroidal space
causes expansion of
the peripheral choroid.
77. If the infusion cannula does not extend
into the vitreous
cavity, a 25G MVR blade can be used to
incise the tissue covering
the tip.
78. Infusion through a 25G needle will
compress the choroid
and cause egress of the suprachoroidal
fluid around the cannula.
81. Vitreous cutters
All current vitreous cutters utilize suction and
inclusive shearingi deal tissue cutting is defined as that
producing zero displacement of the tissue to be
removed and no vitreoretinal
traction.
82.
83.
84. SCLEROTOMY
Sclerotomies should be located to avoid
conjunctival
scars, filtering blebs, regions of abnormal
pars plana, and allow the
greatest degree of intraocular access.
85. The 25G vitrectomy systems utilize
transconjunctival
trocars, which eliminate suturing, reduce
surgery times, and increase
patient comfort. Conjunctival displacement
ensures that the
conjunctival wound does not overlay the
scleral wound.
86.
87. PATIENT SELECTION
Patients with wide and bullous RD.
Older patients with presence of RD.
The presence of RD with marked traction with
different anterior posterior depth of breaks.
The presence of breaks in multiple quadrants, or
the
Absence of an apparent retinal break in a
pseudophakic patient,a liquefied vitreous.
88. PRINCIPLES:
Removal of the vitreous gel and preretinal tractional
membrane.
Intraoperative flattening of the detached retina.
Application of retinopexy.
Placement of a tamponade in the vitreous cavity.
89. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Primary vitrectomy is commonly performed using a
wide-angle viewing system attached to an operating
microscope.
CREATES THREE PORTS THROUGH PARS PLANA:
Firmly insert the infusion cannula. Irrigation pressure is set
around 20–35 mmHg, depending on the choice of operating
system gauge. Confirm that the infusion cannula is in the vitreous
cavity by examining its position using an exterior light pipe.
90. CORE VITRECTOMY:
The central vitreous is removed.
Detached retina with posterior vitreous
detachment is
shown. Core vitrectomy is performed
91. PERIPHERAL VITRECTOMY
A bubble of perfluorocarbon
liquid (PFCL) has been
injected to displace posterior
subretinal fluid. While holding
down the
detached posterior retina,
peripheral vitreous base is
safely shaved
and the flap of the retinal break
is cut to release the
vitreoretinal
traction.
97. After
peripheral vitreous
base dissection,
more PFCL has
been injected to the
level of peripheral
tear. Subretinal fluid
was first displaced
anteriorly by PFCL,
and then aspirated
through the
peripheral
retinal break.