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Retina
A thin transparent and delicate membrane which is the
innermost layer of the eyeball.
It extends from optic disc to ora serrata.
Grossly it is divided
into
Posterior pole
Peripheral retina
Posterior pole includes two
areas
Optic disc
Macula lutea
Optic disc
Optic disc: a well defined circular area of 1.5-2mm
diameter.
Here all the retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibres
A depression is seen in the disc called as Physiological cup
Significance of physiological cup: the central retinal artey
and vein emerge through the centre of this cup
Macula lutea
Also called as the Yellow Spot
It is about 5.5 mm in diameter
Fovea centralis is the central deeper part of macula (1.5mm
in diameter) which is the most sensitive part of the retina
In its centre a shining pit called foveola is located
Internal limiting
membrane
Nerve fibre layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner Nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
External limiting
membrane
Layers of rods and cons
Retinal Pigmented
epithelium
Functional division of retina
Temporal retina Nasal retina
Nerves arising from temporal retina
Pass through optic nerve and optic tract
of same side to terminate in Ipsilateral
Geniculate body
Nerves arising from nasal retina
Pass through optic nerve cross in
optic chiasma and travel to contra
lateral optic tract and eliminate in
contra lateral geniculate body
Blood supply
Outer four layers are supplied
by choroidal vessels
Inner six layers are supplied
by central retinal artery , a
branch of Ophthalmic artery
Disease of retina
Congenital
and
developmental
disorders
Inflammatory
disorders
Vascular
disorders
Macular
disorders
Dystrophy and
degenerative
disorders
Retinal
detachment
Tumors
Congenital and developmental disorders
Anomalies of optic
disc
Crescents
Situs
inversus
Congenital
pigmentati
on
Coloboma
Drusen
Hypoplasia
of optic
disk
Anomalies of
nerve fibres
Medullated/opa
que nerve
fibres
Anomalies of
vascular
elements
Persistent
hyaloid
artery
Congenital
tortuosity of
retinal vessels
Anomalies of
Retina proper
Albinism
Night
blindness
Day
blindness
Oguchi
disease
Retinal
cyst
Retinal
detachmen
t
Coloboma
of fundus
Anomalies of
macula
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
coloboma
Coloboma of optic disc
• Cause: due to failure of closure of embryonic
fissure
• Occurs in two forms:
Minor
coloboma
Fully
developed
coloboma
Inflammatory disorders of the retina
Retinitis
Non specific
• Acute purulent: occurs as metastatic infections from patients
having pyaemia resulting in endopthalmitis or panopthalmitis
• Subacute retinitis of Roth: occurs in patients suffering from
SubAcute Bacterial Endocarditis. characterized by multiple
superficial retinal hemorraghes,involving posterior part of fundus
they have a white spot in centre.blurred vision is the symptom
Specific
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Mycotic
• parasitic
Retinal vasculitis/Eales’ disease
• Clinical features:
– Sudden appearing
floaters(black spots
infront of the eyes)
– Painless loss of
vision(due to vitreous
hemorrhage)
 Inflammation of retinal
vessels
 Eales’ disease is idiopathic
inflammation of peripheral
retinal veins
 Characterized by recurrent
vitreous hemorrahe
 Etiology: hypersensitivity
reaction to tubercular protein
• Stage of inflammation
• Stage of Ischemia
• Stage of retinal
neovascularization
• Stage of sequelae
Clinical
stages
of the
disease
• Treatment
• Oral corticosteroids
• Laser photo
coagulation
• Vitreo retinal
surgery
(CRAO) CENTRAL RETINAL
ARTERY OCCLUSION
Signs and symptoms
• Central retinal
artery occlusions
cause sudden,
acute, and painless
loss of vision in one
eye.
 Central retinal artery
occlusion (CRAO) is a disease
of the eye where the flow of
blood through the central
retinal artery is blocked
(occluded). There are several
different causes of this
occlusion, the most common
is carotid
artery atherosclerosis.
Fundoscopic exam will
show a red lesion, called a
"cherry red spot," with
surrounding pale retina
(the pale color is caused
by ischemia of the retina)
• The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical
Society lists Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
(CRAO) as an approved indication
for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.[3] This a
treatment for CRAO that is covered by medical
insurance in North America. Existing
treatments include ocular massage, anterior
chamber paracentesis, and inhalation therapy
of a mixture of 5% carbon dioxide and 95%
oxygen

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Retina

  • 1.
  • 2. Retina A thin transparent and delicate membrane which is the innermost layer of the eyeball. It extends from optic disc to ora serrata. Grossly it is divided into Posterior pole Peripheral retina Posterior pole includes two areas Optic disc Macula lutea
  • 3. Optic disc Optic disc: a well defined circular area of 1.5-2mm diameter. Here all the retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibres A depression is seen in the disc called as Physiological cup Significance of physiological cup: the central retinal artey and vein emerge through the centre of this cup
  • 4. Macula lutea Also called as the Yellow Spot It is about 5.5 mm in diameter Fovea centralis is the central deeper part of macula (1.5mm in diameter) which is the most sensitive part of the retina In its centre a shining pit called foveola is located
  • 5. Internal limiting membrane Nerve fibre layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner Nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layers of rods and cons Retinal Pigmented epithelium
  • 6. Functional division of retina Temporal retina Nasal retina Nerves arising from temporal retina Pass through optic nerve and optic tract of same side to terminate in Ipsilateral Geniculate body Nerves arising from nasal retina Pass through optic nerve cross in optic chiasma and travel to contra lateral optic tract and eliminate in contra lateral geniculate body
  • 7. Blood supply Outer four layers are supplied by choroidal vessels Inner six layers are supplied by central retinal artery , a branch of Ophthalmic artery
  • 9. Congenital and developmental disorders Anomalies of optic disc Crescents Situs inversus Congenital pigmentati on Coloboma Drusen Hypoplasia of optic disk Anomalies of nerve fibres Medullated/opa que nerve fibres Anomalies of vascular elements Persistent hyaloid artery Congenital tortuosity of retinal vessels Anomalies of Retina proper Albinism Night blindness Day blindness Oguchi disease Retinal cyst Retinal detachmen t Coloboma of fundus Anomalies of macula Aplasia Hypoplasia coloboma
  • 10. Coloboma of optic disc • Cause: due to failure of closure of embryonic fissure • Occurs in two forms: Minor coloboma Fully developed coloboma
  • 11. Inflammatory disorders of the retina Retinitis Non specific • Acute purulent: occurs as metastatic infections from patients having pyaemia resulting in endopthalmitis or panopthalmitis • Subacute retinitis of Roth: occurs in patients suffering from SubAcute Bacterial Endocarditis. characterized by multiple superficial retinal hemorraghes,involving posterior part of fundus they have a white spot in centre.blurred vision is the symptom Specific • Bacterial • Viral • Mycotic • parasitic
  • 12. Retinal vasculitis/Eales’ disease • Clinical features: – Sudden appearing floaters(black spots infront of the eyes) – Painless loss of vision(due to vitreous hemorrhage)  Inflammation of retinal vessels  Eales’ disease is idiopathic inflammation of peripheral retinal veins  Characterized by recurrent vitreous hemorrahe  Etiology: hypersensitivity reaction to tubercular protein • Stage of inflammation • Stage of Ischemia • Stage of retinal neovascularization • Stage of sequelae Clinical stages of the disease • Treatment • Oral corticosteroids • Laser photo coagulation • Vitreo retinal surgery
  • 13. (CRAO) CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION Signs and symptoms • Central retinal artery occlusions cause sudden, acute, and painless loss of vision in one eye.  Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a disease of the eye where the flow of blood through the central retinal artery is blocked (occluded). There are several different causes of this occlusion, the most common is carotid artery atherosclerosis. Fundoscopic exam will show a red lesion, called a "cherry red spot," with surrounding pale retina (the pale color is caused by ischemia of the retina) • The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society lists Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) as an approved indication for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.[3] This a treatment for CRAO that is covered by medical insurance in North America. Existing treatments include ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, and inhalation therapy of a mixture of 5% carbon dioxide and 95% oxygen