This document provides an overview of the anatomy and development of the iris and some common congenital anomalies. It discusses the embryonic development of the iris from the optic cup and neural crest cells. The iris has 3 layers - an anterior limiting layer, iris stroma with muscles and blood vessels, and a posterior pigmented epithelial layer. The iris receives its arterial blood supply from the long and anterior ciliary arteries. It is innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that control the sphincter and dilator pupillae muscles. Common congenital anomalies discussed include heterochromia, aniridia, persistent pupillary membrane, and colobomata.
The tear film constitutes Three layers :- An outermost lipid (oily) layer An aqueous (watery) layer that makes up 90% of the tear film volume; and A mucin layer that coats the corneal surface.
3. To form smooth optical surface on cornea. To keep the surface of cornea & conjunctiva moist It serve as lubricant It transfer oxygen Provide antibacterial action Wash debris out It provides a pathway for WBC in case of injury
4. Functions of lipid layer Retards evaporation of tear film Prevents the overflow of tears
5. Function of Aqueous Layer Flushes, buffers and lubricates the corneal surface Delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the corneal surface Wash out debris Delivers antibacterial enzymes and antibodies such as lysozyme.
6. Functions of Mucin Layer Spreads tears over corneal surface. Protects the cornea against foreign substances . Makes corneal surface smooth by filling in surface irregularities
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Lecturer: Tatyana V. Ryazantseva
2. Outer eye: Eyelids The eyelids fulfill two main functions: protection of the eyeball secretion, distribution and drainage of tears
3. Lid movement The levator extends from an attachment at the orbital apex to attachments at the tarsal plate and skin. ● The lids are securely attached at either end to the bony orbital margin by the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments. Trauma to the medial ligament causes the lid to flop forward and laterally, impairing function and cosmesis.
4. Innervation - Sensory innervation is from the trigeminal (fifth) cranial nerve, via the ophthalmic division (upper lid) and maxillary division (lower lid). - The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial (seventh) nerve. - The levator muscle in the upper lid is supplied by the oculomotor (third) nerve.
5. Blood supply and lymphatics The eyelids are supplied by an extensive network of blood vessels which form an anastomosis between branches derived from the external carotid artery via the face and from the internal carotid artery via the orbit.
6. Blood supply and lymphatics Lymphatic fluid drains into the preauricular and submandibular nodes. Preauricular lymphadenopathy is a useful sign of infective eyelid swelling (especially viral).
The tear film constitutes Three layers :- An outermost lipid (oily) layer An aqueous (watery) layer that makes up 90% of the tear film volume; and A mucin layer that coats the corneal surface.
3. To form smooth optical surface on cornea. To keep the surface of cornea & conjunctiva moist It serve as lubricant It transfer oxygen Provide antibacterial action Wash debris out It provides a pathway for WBC in case of injury
4. Functions of lipid layer Retards evaporation of tear film Prevents the overflow of tears
5. Function of Aqueous Layer Flushes, buffers and lubricates the corneal surface Delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the corneal surface Wash out debris Delivers antibacterial enzymes and antibodies such as lysozyme.
6. Functions of Mucin Layer Spreads tears over corneal surface. Protects the cornea against foreign substances . Makes corneal surface smooth by filling in surface irregularities
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Lecturer: Tatyana V. Ryazantseva
2. Outer eye: Eyelids The eyelids fulfill two main functions: protection of the eyeball secretion, distribution and drainage of tears
3. Lid movement The levator extends from an attachment at the orbital apex to attachments at the tarsal plate and skin. ● The lids are securely attached at either end to the bony orbital margin by the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments. Trauma to the medial ligament causes the lid to flop forward and laterally, impairing function and cosmesis.
4. Innervation - Sensory innervation is from the trigeminal (fifth) cranial nerve, via the ophthalmic division (upper lid) and maxillary division (lower lid). - The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial (seventh) nerve. - The levator muscle in the upper lid is supplied by the oculomotor (third) nerve.
5. Blood supply and lymphatics The eyelids are supplied by an extensive network of blood vessels which form an anastomosis between branches derived from the external carotid artery via the face and from the internal carotid artery via the orbit.
6. Blood supply and lymphatics Lymphatic fluid drains into the preauricular and submandibular nodes. Preauricular lymphadenopathy is a useful sign of infective eyelid swelling (especially viral).
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
these slide are modified or upgraded from the slid belonging to this website.i had added some of the content.hope that it will be more helpful to you all.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. ANATOMY OF IRIS
AND
IT’S CONGENITAL
ANOMALIES
MODERATOR
DR. J. J. KULI
Professor
PRESENTER
DAISYVISHWAKARMA
Post Graduate Student
DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
ASSAM MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL , DIBRUGARH
2. INTRODUCTIONIRIS -
A circular disc corresponding to diaphragm of a
camera
Lies in the frontal plane of the eye between the
anterior & posterior chamber
At its centre, there is an aperture called PUPIL
Colour comes from microscopic pigment cells
(melanin )
Colour, texture & pattern of each person’s iris is
as unique as a fingerprint
3. DEVELOPMENT
19th day – neural groove
20th day – neural fold
Optic sulcus
22nd day – fusion of neural
fold begins
Closure of neural groove in
cranial & caudal direction
to develop into the neural
tube
Neuroectodermal cells
proliferate from future
crest of neural folds –
population of Neural crest
cells
4. Before closure – optic
sulcus – optic pits –
optic vesicles
31/2 weeks –
appearance of optic
vesicle, grows laterally
to come in contact with
surface ectoderm
Optic stalk is
continuous with
diencephalon – third
ventricle
5. 27th day – lens placode
concurrently optic vesicles are developing
into optic cups
33rd day – lens vesicle separates from surface
ectoderm
6. 5th week (5.5-6 mm) –
development of embryonic fissure
7mm- hyaloid artery enters the
fissure & reaches upto posterior
pole of lens vesicle
6th week (11-12mm) – beginning of
closure of fissure in mid-portion
13-14mm- almost complete
closure of fissure except anterior
posterior extents
7th week (15-16mm)- distal end
closure complete
20-21 mm- proximal end closed
7. DEVELOPMENT OF IRIS
Mesenchyme on anterior
surface of lens- pupillary
membrane
2 layers of neuroectoderm
(that form edge of optic cup)
extend onto posterior surface of
pupillary membrane
3 structures- non-pigmented
epithelium, pigmented
epithlium & pupillary membrane
fuse to form – IRIS
Sphincter & dilator pupillae –
anterior epithelium
(neuroectodermal)
8. PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
Attached to edge of
pupil
As mesenchyme splits
the membrane
separates from iris but
remains attached
anteriorly
9th month- degenerates
& disappears
9. VASCULATURE
6th week -Vascular channels
arise as blind outgrowths
LPCA join peripheral vessels of
tunica vaculosa lentis- major
arterial circle
Vascular loops from LPCA &
major arterial circle – pupillary
membrane
End of 4th month- 2 layers of
vascular system of iris
Anteriorly- vessels of
iridopupillary membrane
Posteriorly -vessels of tunica
vasculosa lentis
10. COLLARETTE
Related to arteriovenous loops of pupillary
membrane
6th month- pupillary portion ofTVL regress
(central region to peripupillary region of iris)
Incomplete AV anastomosis (lesser circle) forms
at ciliary end of sphincter muscle - collarette
12. CILIARY ZONE
RADIAL STREAKS
> due to underlying radial vessels
> straighten on miosis & get
wavy on mydriasis
CRYPTS
> Peripheral crypts ( near root )
> Central crypts ( near collarette )
CONTRACTION FURROWS
> prominent in outer ciliary zone
> prominent on mydriasis
13. PUPILLARY ZONE
1.6 mm wide
Between Collarette & pigmented Pupillary Ruff
Pupillary Ruff
• Represents anterior end of embryonic optic cup
• Posterior epithelial layers of iris extend forward
at the pupillary margin
• Crenations result from a forward extension of
radial folds of posterior iris surface
14. POSTERIORSURFACEOF IRIS
SCHWALBE’S CONTRACTION FOLDS
> radial furrows commencing 1mm from
pupillary border
SCHWALBE’S STRUCTURAL
FURROWS
> commencing 1.5mm from pupillary
border
CIRCULAR FURROWS
> finer than radial furrows
> more marked near the pupil
15. PUPIL
Defined as an aperture in the iris of about
(3-4)mm, which regularises the amount of light
reaching the retina.
17. Ciliary border to
Collarette
Gives colour to Ciliary
portion of iris
In it lies the iris crypts,
bounded by the
trabeculae of the
Collarette
SUPERFICIAL MESENCHYMAL LAYER
18. DEEP MESENCHYMAL LAYER
Ciliary border to Pupillary edge
Superficial mesenchymal layer is
loosely attached & glides freely over
it
On mydriasis, the pupillary edge
approaches nearer to the collarette
19. POSTERIOR SURFACE
is dark brown in color & smooth in
appearance
displays radial and circular furrows
20. SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
circular group of muscle
contracts pupillary size
in bright light
DILATOR PUPILLAE
radial group of muscle
dilates pupillary size in
dim light
MUSCLES OF IRIS
2 GROUPS OF MUSCLES –
22. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
ANTERIOR LIMITING LAYER
consists of melanocytes & fibroblasts
deficient in areas of crypts & very thin at
contraction furrows
definitive colour of iris depends on this layer
24. IRISSTROMA
1. SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
> 1mm broad circular band in the
pupillary part of iris
> derived from Neuro - ectoderm
> supplied by parasympathetic fibers
through the 3rd nerve
> constricts pupil
2. DILATOR PUPILLAE
> derived from Neuro - ectoderm
> extends from iris root towards pupil
> supplied by cervical sympathetics
> dilates pupil
25. 3. BLOODVESSELS
> radial vessels are derived from CIRCULUS
ARTERIORUS MAJOR
> responsible for the radial streaks
> straighten when pupil constricts & wavy when pupil
dilates
> absence of internal elastic lamina
> non - fenestrated capillary – endothelium
4. PIGMENT CELLS
Melanocytes
Clump cells
27. BLUE IRIS
It is due to the absence of pigment in the iris stroma,
the pigment in the retinal epithelium being seen
through the translucent membrane
28. ANTERIOR EPITHELIAL LAYER
anterior continuation of the pigment
epithelium of retina & ciliary body
lacks in melanocytes
Dilator pupillae arises from basal processes
of this layer
29. POSTERIOR PIGMENTED
EPITHELIAL LAYER
anterior continuation of Non – pigmented
epithelium of Ciliary body (continuation of the
sensory retina)
derived from Internal layer of the optic cup
30. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Iris is mainly supplied by –
Long posterior ciliary
arteries
Anterior ciliary arteries
These arteries form 2 arterial
arcades –
a) Circulus Arteriosus Major
b) Circulus Arteriosus Minor
33. VENOUS DRAINAGE
Iris is drained mainly by VORTEXVEINS
4 - 8 in number
Superior – temporal, Superior – nasal, Inferior –
temporal & Inferior – nasal
Superior vortexV. Superior ophthalmicV.
Inferior vortexV. Inferior ophthalmicV.
44. WAARDENBURG KLEIN SYNDROME
Autosomal dominant
Iris heterochromia
Complete / partial / segmental
Unilateral or bilateral
Lateral displacement of medial canthi
White forlocks
Deafness
45. INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI
X linked dominant trait
All cases – female
Hyperpigmented macules – ‘splashed paint’ app
Iris heterochromia
1/4th to 1/3rd patients – proliferative retinal
vasculopathy
46. BASED ON STRUCTURE
COLOBOMATA OF IRIS
• Greek koloboma meaning “mutilated” or
“curtailed”
ANIRIDIA
CONGENITAL ECTROPION UVEAE
PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
48. TYPICAL COLOBOMATA OF IRIS
Due to defective closure of the embryonic
fissure
Inferonasal quadrant of the eye
49. COMPLETE COLOBOMATA
extends from pupil to the optic nerve
Sector-shaped gap occupying 1/8th of the
circumference of the retina, choroid, ciliary body,
iris
corresponding indentation of the lens where
zonular fibres are missing
53. ANIRIDIA
Rare bilateral condition
Abnormal neuroectodermal development
secondary to PAX6 gene linked to 11p13
PAX6 is adjacent toWT1
Mutation of WT1 predisposes to WILM’s tumour
Associated withWAGR syndrome
May be total or partial
54. CEU
iris stromal
atrophy
congenital
fibrosis of the
anterior iris
stroma
CONGENITALECTROPIONUVEAE
Iris pigment epithelium present at
pupillary margin & on anterior iris
stroma
Exhuberant growth of neural
ectoderm over the iris stromal
mesenchyme
55. PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
Continued existence of the anterior vascular
sheath of the lens (tunica vasculosa lentis); a
fetal structure which normally disappears shortly
before birth
56. TYPES OF PPM
DUKE ELDER CLASSIFICATION
TYPE – I
membranes that are attached solely to iris
57. TYPE – II IRIDOLENTICULAR ADHESIONS
In a sub-variant of type – II
Pigmented dendritic iris stromal melanocytes (singly
& in clumps) situated on anterior lens capsule
Pigmented stars -- “chicken tracks”
58. TYPE – III
Membranes which are attached to the cornea
Typically occurs in AXENFELD – RIEGER syndrome
61. CONGENITALCORECTOPIA
Eccentric location of the pupil
Normal or malformed
Pupil may have an abnormal
shape (dyscoria) & not in line
with the lens
Marker for chromosomal or CNS
abnormalities
May be associated with
coloboma of iris
62. CONGENITAL CORECTOPIA
Ectopia lentis et pupillae
Autosomal recessive trait
eccentric location of both
the lens & pupil
eccentric together and in
line or
displaced in opposite
direction (more common)
Axial myopia
63. ANISOCORIA
Unequal sizes of pupils
Defined by difference of 0.4 mm or more
May be normal & asymptomatic
May be associated with Congenital Horner’s
Syndrome or other congenital neurological
abnormalities
64. POLYCORIA
Condition in which there
are many openings in
the iris
Local hypoplasia of the
iris stroma & pigment
epithelium
TYPES
True polycoria
multiple openings
in iris with intact
sphincter action
Pseudopolycoria
multiple openings
in iris without
sphincter action
65. CONGENITAL ANOMALES OF IRIS
ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER
ANOMALIES
OCULAR ALBINISM
CONGENITAL HORNER’S SYNDROME
COGAN – RESSE SYNDROME
AXENFELD – RIEGER SYNDROME
PETER’S ANOMALY
66. OCULAR ALBINISM
Genetic condition due to disorder of
melanosome biosynthesis
GPR143 gene mutation
Minor skin manifestations & congenital
and persistent visual impairment in
affected males
X – linked Inheritance
Males are affected
Females are carrier
Typical carrier signs
irregular retinal hypopigmentation
mild iris transillumination
67. OCULAR CHARACTERISTICS -
Infantile Nystagmus
Hypopigmentation of the Iris
Hypopigmentation of ocular fundus
Foveal hypoplasia
Reduced visual acquity
Aberrant optic pathway projections
68. CONGENITALHORNER’SSYNDROME
Defect in sympathetic innervation to the eye &
adnexal structures
Ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos &
anhydrosis of the face
Less than 5% of cases are truly congenital
69. CAUSES OFCHS-
Birth trauma resulting in brachial plexus injury
Thoracic & Cervical neuroblastoma
Agenesis of the Internal carotid artery
Complications from perinatal surgical procedures
Carotid artery aneurysms
70. IRIS NAEVUS ( COGAN – RESSE )
SYNDROME
Characterized by
diffuse naevus which covers the anterior iris or
iris nodules
71. AXENFELD– RIEGERSYNDROME
It is characterized by –
AXENFELD ANOMALY
Autosomal dominant trait
Posterior embryotoxon & bridges of iris tissue
crossing anterior chamber angle to insert at
Schwalbe’s line
72. RIEGER ANOMALY
It is characterized by –
Posterior embryotoxon
Iris stromal hypoplasia
Ectropion Uvea
Corectopia & full thickness iris defects
74. PETERSANOMALY
Extremely rare but serious condition
Defective neural crest cell migration in
the 6th to 8th weeks of fetal development
( time of development of anterior
chamber )
75. It is characterized by –
Central corneal opacity of
variable density
underlying posterior stromal
defect
defect in the descement
membrane & endothelium with
or without irido-corneal or
lenticulo-corneal adhesions
77. EPITHELIAL CYSTS
Lesions arise from iris epithelium
Unilateral or Bilateral
Solitary or multiple globular structures
Brown or transparent
Location may be at the pupillary border or in
the mid zone of the iris root
78. STROMAL CYSTS
Solitary & U/L
Smooth translucent anterior wall
Remain dormant for many years or
Suddenly enlarge & cause Secondary Glaucoma
& Corneal decompensation
79. CONCLUSION
Iris is an important ocular structure
It regulates the amount of light entering
the interior of the eye
It regulates the flow of aqueous from
posterior to anterior chamber
It keeps the interior of the eye dark
Knowledge of its structural anatomy &
embryology is very important for diagnosis
& evaluation of not only various congenital
& acquired anomalies of eye but also of
other systems as it is associated with
various syndromes