The document summarizes key events during the English Restoration period from 1660 to 1688. It discusses the return of the monarchy under Charles II after the Puritan rule of Oliver Cromwell. Though Charles II promised religious tolerance, the Clarendon Code imposed restrictions on non-Anglicans. Tensions increased under James II over his Catholicism, leading to the Glorious Revolution and replacement of James II by his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange in 1688.

1. Lic. Gabriela A.
Llaneza
The Restoration
English Constitutional
Monarchy

2. The Stuart Monarchy

3. The Puritans
• They wanted the Anglican church to become more
Presbyterian
 Reduce the power of the bishops.
 Reduce Sunday pleasures
 Ban Catholics from the country
 Reading of the bible
• Radical Puritans were punished and this increased the fear
of “Popery”

4. The Beheading of Charles I, 1649

5. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]
The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]
† The Commonwealth
(1649-1653)
† The Protectorate
(1654-1660)

6. The Commonwealth
(1649-1653)
PAX QUÆRITUR
BELLO
Republican government which ruled
first England and then Ireland and
Scotland from 1649 to 1660.
For the first two years of the
Commonwealth, the Rump faced
economic depression and the risk of
invasion from Scotland and Ireland.

7. Paintingof CharlesI's children.The future Charles II is depicted
at centre, stroking the dog

8. The Restoration
England
needed both
King and
Parliament
Monarchy
Puritans had
proved as
dangerous as
Catholics
Anglican
Church
Common
people could be
dangerous to
order.
Aristocracy

9. Declaration of Breda (1660)
• A general pardon would be issued
• Offered religious toleration
• Security for private property would be
assured.

10. KingCharles II [r. 1660-1685]
 Had charm, poise, & political
skills.
 Restored the theaters and
reopened the pubs and
brothels closed during the
Protectorate.
 Favored religious toleration.
 Had secret Catholic
sympathies.
 Realized that he could not
repeat the mistakes his
father had made.
 Absolutist at heart

11. • Intelligent, approachable and witty.
• Great patron of the arts and science
• Introduced new fashion and
pleasures in his court
• Had no legitimate children
• Spent most of his money on parties
and entertainment.
The Merry Monarch

12. His women
Queen Catherine of
Braganza
Nell Gwyn

13. Royalists
 Restore the Great Chain of Being
 Restore Anglican Church
 Eliminate Puritans from public life
♣ 1661  “Cavalier” Parliament [filled with
Royalists]
 Disbanded the Puritan army.
 Pardoned most Puritan rebels.
 Restored the authority of the Church of
England.

14. Limitations to Charles’ power
• King
 Power to make peace or
war
 Call or prorrogue
parliament
 Name government officials
& remove judges
 Call out the militia
 Dispense law when needed
 Finantial settlement,
customs duties and restored
lands
• Parliament
 Right to vote money for a
standard army
 Parliament had to be
called every three years.
 They could empeach
government officials
 It was up to the gentry to
gather forces
 They could decide when it
was really necessary.
Estimates failed

15. Main problems Charles II faced
• Financial Problems:
• Sovereignty:
• Local Control:
• Religion:
• Foreign Policy

16. Religion: Clarendon Code
Though Charles had promised religious toleration Parliament was tough
on dissenters.
♣ 1661 Corporation Act
 Pardoned most Puritan rebels.
 Restored the authority of the Church of England.
♣ 1662  Quaker Act
♣ 1662  Act of Uniformity
 All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican Book
of Common Prayer.
 It forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith,
or attend English universities.
♣ Licensing Act
♣ Five- mile Act
♣ Conventicler Act

17. Sovereignty
 English Sovereignty was shared with Parliament
 Absolute monarchs didn’t depend on a Parliament to
get money or decide religion
 Charles could not turn towards Absolutism without
money.
 To the English Absolute Monarchy was the same as
Roman Catholicism.
 Fear of Absolutism and Roman Catholicism was
evident during the Exclusion Crisis

18. Great London Plague, 1665

19. The Great Fire of London

20. The Great Fire of London

21. Anglo-Dutch Wars
Continuous opposition for trade. By the early 1680s
Britain established supremacy: Commercial
Revolution
* First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-1665
* Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-1667
* Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1672-1674

22. Charles II’s Foreign Policy
1665 – 1668: Second Anglo-Dutch War
 Charles tried to save money and that gave headway
to the Dutch
 Disastrous fire to the English navy
 England got New York

23. Charles II’s Foreign Policy
1672 – 1674: Third Anglo-Dutch War
 To Charles II, Louis XIV is an ideal ally against the
Dutch.
 1670 Treaty of Dover: Charles would help Louis
XIV with the navy and receive money in return.
 Charles could do without Parliament for a while but
when the war failed….
 Parliament demanded the repeal of the Declaration
of Indulgence.
 Peace with the Dutch 1674

24. King Charles II r. 1660-1685
 1670  Declaration of Indulgence
 Charles granted religious toleration to Catholics
and Protestants
 1673  Test Act
 Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from
civilian and military positions.
[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were
considered “radicals” and the Catholics were
seen as “traitors!”]

25. Danby’s Policy
 Control of expenses and increase central control to
raise more money
 Rear Mary and Anne as Protestants
 The Franco-Dutch War 1672-1678 (English trade
boomed)
 Give pensions and offices to peers who supported
the king in Parliament
Charles became more powerful and some
dissenters grew uneasy.
Country Block

26. The Popish Plot 1678
 National Hysteria
Innocent people attacked and imprisoned
Impeachment of Danby and Queen accused of high
treason
 Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament
 1679  Habeas Corpus Act
 Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a
writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to
explain why he had lost his liberty.

27. Exclusion Crisis
 Charles stood by the Queen
 Sent James Duke of York out of the country
 Made some consetions to pacify Anglicans
 Waited for a royalist reaction against

28. Listening task : First Political Parties:
Whigs vs. Tories
* Exclude James from the succession in favour of
illegitimate Monmouth WH
* Hereditary succession and passive obedience TO
* Pro-Dutch policy WH
* Dutch perceived as trading rivals TO
* Supremacy of Anglicanism BOTH
* Anti-Catholic but in favour of any type of
Protestantism WH
* Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING T
* Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT

29. Listening task : First Political Parties:
Whigs vs. Tories
* Parliament should be more powerful than king WH
* King more powerful that Parliament TO
* Lavish funds for the court TO
* Limited funds for the court WH
* Claimed to represent country values WH
* Claimed to stand for court and city values TO
* Commissioned propaganda and used the church TO
* Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets WH
* Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner parties to
spread their ideas BOTH

30. Exclusion Crisis: Whigs
• Exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth
• Parliament should be more powerful than king
• Limited funds for the court
• Pro-Dutch policy
• Anti-Catholic
• Claimed to represent country values
• Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets
• Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT
• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner parties to spread
their ideas

31. Exclusion Crisis: Tories
• Hereditary succession
• King more powerful that Parliament
• Lavish funds for the court
• Dutch perceived as trading rivals
• Supremacy of Anglicanism
• Claimed to stand for court and city values
• Commissioned propaganda and used the church
• Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING
• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner parties to
spread their ideas

32. Charles’ policies to support
Tories
 Corporation Act: Redraw district to favour
Tories
 Cut expenses to avoid calling Parliament
before elections
 Commercial Revolution (more revenue)
 Secret money from Louis XIV
 Please and promote Anglican Church
 Discovered Whig plans to kill him and James

33. Restoration Literature
• Neo-Classicism
• Neo-Classicism means a return to the Classic
ideals of: clearness, elegance, symmetry, and
repose produced by attention to traditional forms.
It was sometimes synonymous with excellence or
artistic quality of high distinction. Also, the term
refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek
and Roman literature, art, and architecture.

34. King James II [r. 1685-1688]
 Was a bigoted convert
to Catholicism without
any of Charles II’s
shrewdness or ability to
compromise.
 Alienated even the
Tories.
 Provoked the revolution
that Charles II had
succeeded in avoiding!

35. Monmouth's Rebellion (1685).
• The Parliament granted customs revenues for life as well
as emergency military aid to suppress the rebellion
• The Duke of Monmouth and Shaftesbury recruited
tradesmen and farmers as he marched through the west
country
• Defeated Sedgemoor.
• Monmouth was executed
• Bloody Assizes (1685): more than 600 of his supporters
were either hanged or deported

36. King James II [r. 1685-1688]
 Introduced Catholics into the
High Command of both the
army and navy.
 Camped a standing army a few
miles outside of London.
 Surrounded himself with
Catholic advisors & attacked
Anglican control of the
universities.
 Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts
of Parliament.
 1687  Declaration of Liberty of Conscience
He extended religious toleration without
Parliament’s approval or support.

37. • James II angered his subjects and clashed with Parliament.
– tried Anglicans who opposed religious toleration
• James’ wife had a son, who would certainly be raised a
Catholic.
• Parliamentary leaders invited William and Mary to become
rulers of England.
• When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled
to France.
• This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the
Glorious Revolution.

38.  James II’s daughter Mary
[raised a Protestant] & her
husband, William of Orange.
 He was a vigorous enemy
of Louis XIV.
 He was seen as a champion
of the Protestant cause.
 He wanted to protect
Mary’s claim to the English
throne
 He needed English
resources to fight Louis.

40. WilliamIII andMary II
Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had
to accept the English Bill of Rights, which:
 ensured superiority of Parliament over the
monarchy.
 gave the House of Commons “power of the purse.”
 prohibited a monarch from interfering with
Parliament.
 barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the
throne.
 restated the rights of English citizens.

41. English Bill of Rights [1689]
 Main provisions:
1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of
justice.
3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime
without Parliament’s consent.
4. Freedom of speech in Parliament.
5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from
excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
7. The monarch must be a Protestant.
8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
9. Censorship of the press was dropped.
10.Religious toleration.

42. EnglishBill of Rights [1689]
 It settled all of the
major issues between
King & Parliament.
 It served as a model
for the U. S. Bill of
Rights.
 It also formed a base
for the steady
expansion of civil
liberties in the 18c and
early 19c in England.

43. Why GloriousRevolution?
 There was no bloodshed
 It was orderly
 The ruling class remained in charge
 There were good Protestant omens
 It marked a definite break with Medieval thought
 It clearly established the sovereignty of Parliament
 Britain and Netherlands were allied against France
 Dissenters gained more power
 Gentry became more directly involved in
government administration.

44. James II in Ireland (1689)
• Campaign to regain England
• He promised Catholic emancipation
• After initial success they fail to take
Londonderry
• William III arrived in 1690 to aid Protestants
• Battle of Boyne
Jamesneverreturned

45. Read this poem:
How does the form
of the poem relate to
the topic?
What were the
initial terms of the
Treaty?
What party got
the worst in the
bargain?
TheTreatyofLimerick

47. The Seesaw of King & Parliament:
1603-1689