This document summarizes a study that investigated the response of cholesterol in the presence of varying concentrations of alanine and other blood constituents like salt, urea, and glucose. The study used radio frequency spectroscopy techniques to analyze sample solutions with different combinations of constituent concentrations in the 10-500 MHz range. The results showed that cholesterol absorption increased or decreased at certain frequencies as its concentration increased, despite varying alanine levels, suggesting that alanine does not significantly influence cholesterol estimation. The study aims to help develop methods for monitoring cholesterol levels.

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology
(IJECET)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 101-106, Article ID: IJECET_07_01_010
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=7&IType=1
Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.2691 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
ISSN Print: 0976-6464 and ISSN Online: 0976-6472
© IAEME Publication
RESPONSE OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE
PRESENCE OF ALANINE AND OTHER
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS
Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth
Research Scholar Dept. of Electronics, Taleigao Plateau, Goa University, Goa, India
Sulaxana R. Vernekar
Research Scholar, Dept. of Electronics, Taleigao Plateau, Goa University, Goa, India,
Rajendra S. Gad
Associate Prof., Dept. of Electronics, Taleigao Plateau, Goa University, Goa, India,
Gourish M. Naik
Professor & Head, Dept. of Electronics, Taleigao Plateau, Goa University, Goa, India
ABSTRACT
High Cholesterol levels in the blood plays an important role in developing
heart diseases. The paper discusses the response of Cholesterol with varying
Alanine concentration in the presence of other blood constituents like Salt,
Urea and Glucose. The response is given in the 10 MHz to 500 MHz range
with Alanine varying from normal to above normal. The study proposes to
establish the influence of Alanine on the determination of Cholesterol. In
order to record the responses, an RF spectroscopic technique is used. The
study is performed with low cost tracking generator and spectrum analyzer. It
has been found that the results are consistent.
Key words: Cholesterol, Alanine, RF Spectroscopy, Tracking Generator,
Spectrum Analyzer.
Cite this Article: Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth, Sulaxana R. Vernekar, Rajendra S.
Gad and Gourish M. Naik. Response of Cholesterol In The Presence of
Alanine and Other Blood Constituents. International Journal of Electronics
and Communication Engineering & Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 101-106.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=7&IType=1

2. Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth, Sulaxana R. Vernekar, Rajendra S. Gad and Gourish M. Naik
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp 102 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Heart disease is a major disease caused by high Cholesterol and the No. 1 killer in the
world. In India, most of the people are prone to heart attacks and eventually every 5th
person succumbs to it. Around 79% of Indians have high lipid levels which cause
damage to vessel walls and blockage of arteries leading to heart problems.[1][2]
Approximately 72.3% have low levels of HDL and 11.8% have high levels of LDL.
High levels of triglycerides or fats are associated with the Indian diet consisting
mostly of carbohydrates and fats. Low levels of HDL are due to the high levels of
triglycerides. There is an inverse relationship between HDL and triglycerides. About
30% of Indians have a high level of triglycerides. In a lipid profile test, if the ratio of
triglycerides and HDL is greater than 3.8, then a person has dense and small LDL.
Indian guidelines should correct these ratios and dietary demands to cut down on
refined carbohydrates.[3] The expenditure incurred by India on CVD is less than 1%
and since the government spends around 18%, the balance of over 80% is borne by
the common man.[4][5][6] Hence each year, 30 million people are driven into
poverty.[7][8] The combination of the in and out patient expenditure of CVD ranged
from $2917 in high income group, to $1593 in middle income group and to $773 in
low-income group in India. [9]
Amino acids are tiny molecules that are linked together in various patterns to form
a protein to build healthy and strong muscles.[10] Essential amino acids are the ones
which cannot be manufactured by the body and hence acquired by the food intake.
Mental and physical health, are both affected if any of the essential amino acids
requirements are not adhered to. Non essential amino acids are the ones which can be
manufactured by the body and hence need not be obtained directly through diet.
Alanine is one of the non essential amino acids found in a various types of foods
especially in meats.
Good sources of alanine comprises of the following
 Vegetarian: whole grains, legumes, nuts, beans, soy, seeds, whey, brown rice, brewer's yeast,
corn, bran.
 Non Vegetarian: seafood, meat, eggs, dairy products, gelatin, fish, lactalbumin.
Alanine or L-alanine is a hydrophobic molecule. It is ambivalent, meaning that it
can be on either side of the protein molecule. It helps to convert the simple sugar
glucose into energy, regulate blood sugar and remove surplus toxins from the liver.
Alanine helps in maintaining glucose levels boosts energy in the body. Chronic
fatigue syndrome and Epstein-Barr virus have been correlated to low levels of
tyrosine & phenylalanine and excessive alanine levels. An enzyme commonly found
in the cells of the kidney and liver is known as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). [11]
Fewer amounts of the same are found in the muscles and heart. ALT levels in the
blood in healthy individuals are normally low. When the liver is injured, ALT is
released into the bloodstream, even before signs like jaundice occur.
Alanine is very important for preserving equal balance of nitrogen and glucose
levels in the body through a sequence of chemical actions called the alanine cycle.
During the alanine cycle, any surplus amino acids present in the cells or tissues are
moved to a receptor molecule called pyruvate, which is created by the breakdown of
glucose. In order to avoid a deficiency, alanine supplements are needed to be taken by
people with eating disorders, low-protein diets, diabetes, liver disease or genetic
conditions that cause Urea Cycle Disorders (UCDs). Alanine helps the body to
process vitamin B5 & B6 essential for good health. An international study found a
link between high levels of alanine and Cholesterol levels, body mass index, energy

3. Response of Cholesterol In The Presence of Alanine and Other Blood Constituents
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intake and high blood pressure. Other causes of increase in ALT include heart
damage, cirrhosis, obstruction of bile ducts and tumors in the liver. [12]
2. METHODOLOGY
The Alanine in the normal human blood ranges from 10-20 mg/dL. The concentration
of Cholesterol is below 250mg/dL, Glucose is 70-110mg/dL, Salt is 9g/L, and Urea is
10-20mg/dL. The experiment is performed with average concentrations of Alanine i.e.
15mg/dL, glucose i.e. 90mg/dL and urea i.e. 15mg/dL. 14mL double distilled water is
used along with 1mL alcohol to prepare solution samples with concentrations ranging
between 0.75 and 2.5 times the normal concentration of Cholesterol. Alanine varying
from 0.5 to 3 (1.13mg/15mL to 6.75 mg/15mdL) along with constant average
concentrations of other constituents is used in the solution sample. Experiments were
conducted in slow sweep and fast sweep and repeated after a gap of 1 and 2 hours, to
ensure repeatability.
A cell to measure the RF responses of Alanine and Cholesterol in the presence of
various blood constituents is designed. [13] A Tracking Generator and Signal
Analyzer is used to transmit and receive signals after being passed through the cell.
The samples are evaluated in the range of 10MHz to 500MHz. The multifrequency
RF spectrum can be modelled through multivariate and curve-fitting statistical
applications to develop summary parameters to estimate body composition such as
Cholesterol, Alanine, Glucose, Urea etc.[14]
3. RESULTS
The graphs are recorded in Figure 1 to Figure 5, by using the above cell along with
the various combinations. Varying Cholesterol and Alanine with constant
concentrations of other constituents were used in the solution sample in the frequency
range of 10MHz to 500MHz. Only particular frequency regions where Alanine is at
the normal average value are shown in the following figures.
It is observed from Figure 1 that as the Cholesterol concentration increases from
0.75 - 2.5, the absorption increases in the range 24MHz to 30MHz when Alanine and
the other constituents are at the normal average value.
Figure 1 Graph of 24MHz – 30MHz
The graph shown in Figure 2 gives the variation in the attenuation of signal, for
different concentrations of Cholesterol where Alanine and the other constituents are
retained at the normal value in the range 120MHz to 130MHz.

4. Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth, Sulaxana R. Vernekar, Rajendra S. Gad and Gourish M. Naik
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET.asp 104 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Graph of 120MHz – 130MHz
It is noted from the graph shown in Figure 3 that as concentration of Cholesterol
increases, the absorption increases in the range 200MHz to 280MHz. Here,
Cholesterol increases from 0.75 to 2.5 and the other constituents are maintained at 1,
i.e. normal average value.
Figure 3 Graph of 200MHz – 280MHz
It can be observed from the graph shown in Figure 4 that as concentration of
Cholesterol increases from 0.75 to 2.5 and the other constituents are maintained at
normal range, the absorption decreases in the range 330MHz to 350MHz.
Figure 4 Graph of 330MHz – 350MHz
It can be observed from the graph shown in Figure 5 that as concentration of
Cholesterol increases, the absorption increases in the frequency range 490MHz -
500MHz. Here Cholesterol is varied between 0.75 and 2.5 and Alanine and the other
constituents are kept at the normal values.

5. Response of Cholesterol In The Presence of Alanine and Other Blood Constituents
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Figure 5 Graph of 490MHz – 500MHz
4. CONCLUSION
The manuscript reports a variation of absorption values in samples of solution
consisting of different constituents like Cholesterol, Alanine, Glucose, Salt and Urea.
The study demonstrates that Cholesterol has a significant change in the attenuation at
certain frequencies, in the range of 10MHz - 500MHz, despite concentration of
Alanine varying from half times normal, to three times the normal average Alanine,
found in the human blood. The study is significant for the development of monitoring
Cholesterol. Due to the present lifestyle of people, if Alanine had to influence the
estimation of Cholesterol, the development of instrumentation could be more
complex. The above results can be used in regression analysis to determine the
concentration of Cholesterol. The study conducted is in progress aiming towards the
development of a user friendly and portable device to monitor health parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth is grateful to the Goa University for providing a
scholarship for the above work.
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[11] https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/alt/tab/test/
[12] http://www.vitaminstuff.com/amino-acid-alanine.html
[13] Ingrid Anne P. Nazareth, Sulaxana R. Vernekar, Rajendra S. Gad, Gourish M.
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