The lungs are the essential organs for respiration in air-breathing animals.

1. Uttarakhand Ayurveda
University
Gurukul Campus, Haridwar
Guided by :-
Dr, R.K. Gautam
(Professor & H.O.D,
Rachna Sharira)
Dr. Mohan Sharma
(Professor)
Presented by :-
Mahak
Roll no. : A230101034
Batch 2023
B.A.M.S. 1st proff.

2. Lungs (फ
ु फ्फ
ु स)

3. Lungs (फ
ु फ्फ
ु स)
1. Situation-
• The lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in the thoracic cavity.
• Each lung invaginates the corresponding pleural cavity.
• The right and left lungs are separated by the mediastinum.
• The lungs are spongy in texture.
2. Colour-
• In the child- Pink colour.
• In the young- Brown or grey in colour.
• Gradually they become mottled black because of the deposition of
inhaled carbon particles.

4. 3.Weight- Right lung-625 gm.
Left lung-575 gm.
4.External feature- Each lung is conical in shape. It has-
1. Apex
2. Base
5. Border Anterior border
Posterior border
Inferior border

5. 6. Surfaces Costal surface
Medial surface Vertebral part
Mediastinal part
1. Apex (Cupola)- The apex is blunt and lies above the level of the anterior
end of the first rib. It reaches nearly an one inch above the medial 1/3 of the
clavicle. Just medial to the supraclavicular fossa.
2. Base- • The base is semilunar and concave.
• It rests on the diaphragm which separates the right lung from the right lobe
of the liver and the left lung from the left lobe of the liver, the fundus of the
stomach and the spleen.

6. Borders-
(i) Anterior border- is very thin.
• Anterior border of the left lung shows a wide cardiac notch below the level
of 4th costal cartilage.
• The heart and pericardium are uncovered by the lung in the region of this
notch.
(ii) Posterior border-is thick and ill defined.
• It extends from the C7-T10 spine.
(iii) Inferior border- It separate the base from the costal and medial surfaces.

7. Surfaces
(i) Costal surface- is large and convex.
(ii) Medial surface- is divided into two parts.
• Vertebral part or posterior part.
• Mediastinal part or anterior part.
The costal surface is large and convex. It is in contact with the costal pleura and
the overlying thoracic wall.
The medial surface is divided into a vertebral part and mediastinal part. The
mediastinal part shows a cardiac impression, the hilum

8. 5. Fissures and lobes of the lungs-
• Right lung
• Lobes
• Fissures
• Left lung
• Lobes
• Fissures
Superior lobe (Upper lobe)
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe (Lower lobe)
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Superior lobe (Upper lobe)
Inferior lobe (Lower lobe)
Oblique fissure

9. 6. Root of the lungs:-
• It is short, broad pedicle which connect medial surface of
the lung to mediastinum.
• Lie opposite the bodies of 5th 6th 7th thoracic vertebrae.
Contents:
• Principal Bronchus on the left side.
• Eparterial and Hyparterial on the right side
• One pulmonary artery
• Two pulmonary veins :-
Superior and Inferior
• Bronchial arteries:
One on right side
Two on left side

10. • Bronchial veins
• Anterior and posterior pulmonary
plexus of nerves.
• Lymphatics of lungs
• Broncho pulmonary Lymphnodes
• Areolar tissue.

11. 7. Structures related to the mediastinal surface of right and left lung-
Right lung
1. Rt. atrium and auricle
2. A small part of right ventricle
3. Lower part of right brachio-
cephalic vein
4. Oesophagus
5. Right vagus nerve
6. Right phrenic nerve
7. Superior venacava
8. Azygos vein
9. Inferior venacava
10. Trachea
Left lung
1. Left auricle
2. Left ventricle
3. Left brachio cephalic vein
4. Oesophagus
5. Left vagus nerve
6. Left phrenic nerve
7. Pulmonary trunk
8. Arch of aorta
9. Descending thoracic aorta
10. Thoracic duct

12. 8. Bronchial tree :-
• The trachea divides at the level of lower border of the 4th thoracic
vertebrae into two primary bronchi.
• One for each lungs. The right principal bronchus is shorter ( 1 inch)
wider and vertical than the left principal bronchus.
• Inhaled particles, therefore, tend to pass more frequently to the right
lung. With the result than infection are more common on the right side
than on the left.
• The left principal bronchus is longer (2 inches), narrower and more
oblique than the right bronchus.

13. Trachea
↓
Rt. and left principal bronchi (Primary)
↓
Secondary bronchi (Lobar)
↓
Tertiary bronchi (Segmental)
↓ Divides repeately
Terminal bronchioles
↓ Still smaller
Respiratory bronchioles

14. 9. Pulmonary unit
• Each respiratory bronchioles aereates a small part of lung known
as pulmonary unit.
• The respiratory bronchiole end in microscopic passages which are
termed-
1. Alveolar duct
2. Atria
3. Air saccules
4. Pulmonary alveoli

15. 10. Bronchiopulmonary segments
There are well defined sectors of the lungs.

16. Right lung Left lung
Upper lobe Apical Upper lobe Apical
Anterior Anterior
Posterior Posterior
Middle lobe Medial Superior lingular
Lateral Inferior lingular
Lower lobe Superior Lower lobe Superior
Medial basal Medial basal
Anterior basal Anterior basal
Lateral basal Lateral basal
Posterior basal Posterior basal

17. 11. Arterial supply
• Bronchial arteries
• Pulmonary artery- Do2, blood.
12. Venous drainage
• Bronchial veins Right bronchial vein drains into-Azygos vein
Left bronchial vein drains into-Hemiazygos vein.
13. Lymphatic drainage
• Bronchiopulmonary nodes.
Right side one bronchial artery.
Left side two bronchial artery.

18. 14. Nerve supply
• Sympathetic nerve-T2-T5,
• Parasympathetic nerve- Vagus.
15. Applied aspect
• C.O.P.D – Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Disease Such as
Asthma , Bronchitis, Emphysema have in
common degree of obstruction of the air
ways.
Air flow obstruction - coughing, wheezing,
dyspnea.

19. • Pneumonia
Acute infection or inflammation of the Alveoli.
• Pneumothorax
Presence of air in pleural cavity..
• Bronchogenic Carcinoma
A common lung cancer.
Start in the Wall of the Bronchi..

20. Thank You